Annelere Yönelik Psiko-Eğitim Programının Annelerin Çocuk Eğitimi Yeterlik Algılarına Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 579 - 592, 31.12.2024

Esra Teke , Umay Bilge Baltacı , Selahattin Avşaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1519487

Abstract

Ebeveyn yeterliğini takdir araştırmalarla vurgulanan bir olgu olsa da bu konuda az sayıda topluluk programı değerlendirilmiştir. Oysa ebeveynlik, çocuğun gelişiminde önemli bir faktördür ve çocukların gelişimsel süreçleriyle ilgili sonuçları öngörmektedir. Bu araştırmada annelere yönelik psiko-eğitim programının, annelerin çocuk eğitimi yeterlilik algısına etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen çalışmada ön-test son-test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya deney grubunda 10, kontrol grubunda 10 olmak üzere Türkiye’de ikamet eden, ilkokul çocuğuna sahip 20 anne katılmıştır. Deney grubundaki annelere her biri 50 dakika süren 10 oturumdan oluşan psiko-eğitim programı uygulanmıştır. Psiko-eğitim çalışmasından önce deney ve kontrol grubunun Çocuk Eğitimi Yeterliği Ölçeği (ÇEYÖ) ve ölçeğin sorumluluk kazandırma, iletişim-etkileşim, çocuğu tanıma, çocuğu geliştirme ve çocuğu yönlendirme alt boyutlarından aldıkları puanlar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda deney grubunun psiko-eğitimden sonra aldıkları ÇEYÖ ve ölçeğin alt boyut puanlarının tamamı, psiko-eğitimden önce aldıkları puanlara göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubunun ise psiko-eğitimden önce ve sonra ÇEYÖ ve sorumluluk kazandırma, iletişim-etkileşim, çocuğu tanıma, çocuğu geliştirme, çocuğu yönlendirme alt boyutlarından aldıkları puanlar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı saptanmıştır. Ek olarak psiko-eğitimden sonra deney grubunun kontrol grubuna göre ÇEYÖ ve sorumluluk kazandırma, iletişim-etkileşim, çocuğu geliştirme alt boyutlarından aldıkları puanların anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu, çocuğu yönlendirme, çocuğu tanıma alt boyutlarında ise anlamlı bir farklılığın olmadığı saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, annelerin yeterlik düzeylerinin arttırılabileceğini ortaya koymakta ve yeterlik üzerinde etkili olabilecek muhtemel mekanizmaları açıklamaktadır.

Keywords

Anne eğitimi, psiko-eğitim, yeterlik algısı, özyeterlik, deneysel çalışma

Examining the Efficacy of Psycho-Educational Program for Mothers on Mothers' Perception of Child Education Competence

Abstract

Though parental efficacy is emphasized in much admirable research, very few social programs have been assessed. Parenting is a potential protective or risk factor for the development of the child and predicts outcomes related to the child’s developmental processes. In this study, the effect of a psychoeducation program on the childhood education efficacy perceptions of mothers was examined. The study is a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group. 20 mothers with primary school children residing in Turkey, 10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group, participated in the research. Each mother in the experiment group completed a psychoeducation program comprising 10 sessions lasting 50 minutes. Prior to the psycho-education, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups obtained from the Child Education Efficiency Scale (CEES) as well as the Bringing Responsibility, Communication-Interaction, Knowing the Child, Developing the Child, and Guiding the Child subscales. The result of the research revealed that the experimental group had significantly higher scores for the Child Education Efficiency Scale and all subscales after receiving psychoeducation compared to before the training. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the scores of the control group from the CEES or any subscales before and after psychoeducation. In addition, after psychoeducation, the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher for the CEES and Bringing Responsibility, Communication-Interaction, and Developing the Child subscales compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the Guiding the Child, Knowing the Child subscales. The results indicate that the efficacy levels of mothers can be increased and explain the probable mechanisms that may affect efficacy.

Keywords

Maternal education, psychoeducation, perception of efficacy, self-efficacy, experimental study

References

• Adamson, M., Morawska, A. & Sanders, M. R. (2013). Childhood feeding difficulties: a randomized controlled trial of a group-based parenting intervention. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(5), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182961a38
• Akosmanoğlu, E., & Bedel, A. (2023). Examining the Effect of The Psychoeducation Program for Mothers of Preschoolers on Self-Efficacy Perception of Mothers and Communication with Their Children. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(2), 653-669. https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1285913
• Aksüt, G. S. (2022). Ebeveyn Öz-yeterliliği üzerine bir derleme: Müdahale programlarına yönelik bir bakış. Nesne-Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(26), 620-636. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-26-06
• Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(3), 333-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661
• Amin, N. A. L., Tam, W. W., & Shorey, S. (2018). Enhancing first-time parents’ self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of universal parent education interventions’ efficacy. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 82, 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.021
• Aydoğdu, F., Aysu, B., Aral, N. & Gürsoy, F. (2021). An examination of the relationship between mothers’ self-efficacy levels and children's psychological problems and psychosocial developments. Journal of Education and Future, (20), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.825453
• Bağatarhan, T., & Nazlı, S. (2013). Ebeveyn eğitim programının annelerin ebeveynlik öz-yeterliklerine etkisi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(31), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.84068
• Bandura A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191
• Bandura A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
• Bandura A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.) In: Encyclopedia of human behavior (pp. 71-81). Academic Press.
• Bandura A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Psychology, 2 (1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024
• Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389-1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.
• Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527692
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
• Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410606
• Bandura, A. & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586– 598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586
• Barlow, J., Coren, E., & Stewart‐Brown, S. (2003). Parent‐training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002020.pub2
• Barrera, M., Jr., Prelow, H. M., Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Michaels, M. L., Roosa, M. W. & Tein, J. (2002). Pathways from family economic conditions to adolescents’ distress: Supportive parenting, stressors out- side the family, and deviant peers. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10000
• Benedetto L. & Massimo I. (2018). Parental self-efficacy in promoting children care and parenting quality. L. Benedetto, I. Massimo (Eds.) In: Parenting: empirical advances and ıntervention resources (pp. 31-58). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68933
• Berge, J. M., Law, D. D., Johnson, J., & Wells, M. G. (2010). Effectiveness of a psychoeducational parenting group on child, parent, and family behavior: a pilot study in a family practice clinic with an underserved population. Families, Systems, & Health, 28(3), 224. https:// doi.org/10.1037/a0020907
• Bloomfield, L., & Kendall, S. (2007). Testing a parenting programme evaluation tool as a pre‐and post‐course measure of parenting self‐efficacy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(5), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04420.x
• Bloomfield, L., & Kendall, S. (2012). Parenting self-efficacy, parenting stress and child behaviour before and after a parenting programme. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 13(4), 364. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423612000060
• Boeldt, D. L., Rhee, S. H., DiLalla, L. F., Mullineaux, P. Y., Schulz‐Heik, R. J., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E. & Hewitt, J. K. (2012). The association between positive parenting and externalizing behaviour. Infant and Child Development, 21(1), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.764
• Bradley, S. J., Jadaa, D. A., Brody, J., Landy, S., Tallett, S. E., Watson, W., Shea, B. & Stephens, D. (2003). Brief psychoeducational parenting program: An evaluation and 1-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1171-1178. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200310000-00007
• Brown, N. W. (1998). Psychoeducational groups. Taylor-Francis.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem.
• Çabuk, F. U., & Şahin, F. T. (2017). Anne eğitim programı'nın anne çocuk iletişimine etkisinin incelenmesi. Turan: Stratejik Arastirmalar Merkezi, 9(35), 270. Çekiç, A. (2019). Annelerin kendi ebeveynlik davranışlarına ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi. EJERCongress 2019 Bildiri Kitabı, 81-89.
• Clayborne, Z. M., Kingsbury, M., Sampasa-Kinyaga, H., Sikora, L., Lalande, K. M., & Colman, I. (2021). Parenting practices in childhood and depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56, 619-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01956-z
• Coleman, P. K. & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47-85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
• Coleman, P. K. & Karraker, K. H. (2003). Maternal self-efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(2), 126-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10048
• Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting self-efficacy among mother of school age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Family Relation, 49, 13-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00013.x
• Cowls, J., & Hale, S. (2005). It's the activity that counts: What clients value in psycho-educational groups. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(3), 176-182. doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200305
• Croake, J. W., & Glover, K. E. (1977). A history and evaluation of parent education. Family Coordinator, 151-158. https:// doi.org/10.2307/583363
• D’Aoust, R. F. (2008). The ımpact of early childhood poverty on academic achievement and the ınfluence of supportive parenting [Ph.D. Thesis unpublished]. University of Rochester.
• Dallaire, D. H., Pineda, A. Q., Cole, D. A., Ciesla, J. A., Jacquez, F., LaGrange, B., & Bruce, A. E. (2006). Relation of positive and negative parenting to children's depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_15
• Davis, M. L., Witcraft, S. M., Baird, S. O., & Smits, J. A. (2017). Learning principles in CBT. In The science of cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 51-76). Elsevier. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803457-6.00003-9
• De Haan, A. D., Prinzie, P., & Deković, M. (2009). Mothers’ and fathers’ personality and parenting: The mediating role of sense of competence. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1695. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016121
• DeLucia-Waack, J. L. (2006). Leading psychoeducational groups for children and adolescents. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204291
• Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.) In: Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 503–541). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939406.ch13
• Enebrink, P., Danneman, M., Benvestito Mattsson, V., Ulfsdotter, M., Jalling, C., & Lindberg, L. (2015). ABC for parents: pilot study of a universal 4-session program shows increased parenting skills, self-efficacy and child well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1917-1931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9992-6
• Faber, A. &, Mazlish, E. (2023). Kardeş rekabeti hakkında bilgiler (D. Dalgakıran, Çev.). Doğan Kitap
• Furr, R.S. (2000). Structuring the group experience: A format for designing psychoeducational groups. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 25(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920008411450
• Gartstein, M. A., & Iverson, S. (2014). Attachment security: The role of infant, maternal, and contextual factors. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 14(2), 261-276.
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics 25 Step By Step (15. B.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351033909
• Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020779000183
• Güçray, S. S., Çekici, F., & Çolakkadıoğlu, O. (2009). Psiko-eğitim gruplarının yapılandırılması ve genel ilkeleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 134-153.
• Hamovitch, E. K., Acri, M. C., & Bornheimer, L. A. (2019). An analysis of the relationship between parenting self-efficacy, the quality of parenting, and parental and child emotional health. Journal of Family Social Work, 22(4-5), 337-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2019.1635939
• Hess, C. R., Teti, D. M., & Hussey-Gardner, B. (2004). Self-efficacy and parenting of high-risk infants: The moderating role of parent knowledge of infant development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.06.002
• Jiang, N., Xu, J., Li, X., Wang, Y., Zhuang, L., & Qin, S. (2021). Negative parenting affects adolescent internalizing symptoms through alterations in amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: A longitudinal twin study. Biological Psychiatry, 89(6), 560-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.002
• Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
• Karaırmak, Ö., Özeke-Kocabaş, E., & Toker, N. (2016). Ergenlerde olumsuz kimlik gelişiminin önlenmesine yönelik aile rehberlik programı. Yaşadıkça Eğitim, 30(2), 1-20.
• Kim, J.-Y., & Chung, M.-J. (2006). The effectiveness of the counseling-utilized parent education for mothers (CUPEM). Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 44(7), 53-62.
• Kılıçaslan A. (2007). Ebeveynliğe geçiş̧ döneminin çeşitli doğum öncesi ve doğum sonrası etkenler acısından incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış̧ Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Kuechler, C. F., & Andrews, J. (1996). Providing a bridge between psychoeducational groups and social work. Transactional Analysis Journal, 26(2), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/036215379602600209
• Kuzu, B., & Kısa, C. (2019). Ebeveynlerin öz yeterlik algılarıyla duygu sosyalleştirme davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, Biruni Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 1-23. http://openaccess.biruni.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12445/2897/12.pdf?sequence=1
• Kwok, & Wong. (2000). Mental health of parents with young children in Hong Kong: The roles of parenting stress and parenting self‐efficacy. Child & Family Social Work, 5(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.2000.00138.x Lara, E. B., & de los Pinos, C. C. (2017). Families with a disabled member: impact and family education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 418-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.084
• Lavenda, O. & Kestler-Peleg, M. (2017). Parental self-efficacy mitigates the association between low spousal support and stress. Psychiatry Research, 256, 228-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.060
• Leerkes, E. M. & Crockenberg, S. C. (2002). The development of maternal self-efficacy and its impact on maternal behavior. Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 3(2), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_7
• Mackenzie, R. J. (2000). Setting limits with your strong-willed child: Eliminating conflict by establishing clear, firm, and respectful boundaries. Prima.
• Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2018). Social learning influences: Modelling, instructions, consequences. Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan, 67-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_4
• McCoy, A., Melendez-Torres, G. J., & Gardner, F. (2020). Parenting interventions to prevent violence against children in low-and middle-income countries in East and Southeast Asia: A systematic review and multi-level meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 103, 104444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104444
• McMahon, R. J., Forehand, R., & Griest, D. L. (1981). Effects of knowledge of social learning principles on enhancing treatment outcome and generalization in a parent training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.49.4.526
• Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010). Parenting in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: Mothers’ experiences and cognitions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(4), 661-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.002
• Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Enhancement of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.291
• Miller, P. H. (2008). Gelişim psikolojisi kuramları. İmge.
• Missler, M., van Straten, A., Denissen, J., Donker, T., & Beijers, R. (2020). Effectiveness of a psycho-educational intervention for expecting parents to prevent postpartum parenting stress, depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03341-9
• Morawska, A., Adamson, M., Hinchliffe, K. & Adams, T. (2014). Hassle Free Mealtimes Triple P: A randomised controlled trial of a brief parenting group for childhood mealtime difficulties. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 53, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.11.007
• Morelli, M., Cattelino, E., Baiocco, R., Trumello, C., Babore, A., Candelori, C., & Chirumbolo, A. (2020). Parents and children during the COVID-19 lockdown: The influence of parenting distress and parenting self-efficacy on children’s emotional well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 584645. https://10.3389/FPSYG.2020.584645
• Mouton, B., & Roskam, I. (2015). Confident mothers, easier children: A quasi-experimental manipulation of mothers’ self-efficacy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 2485-2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0051-0
• Neslitürk, S., & Deniz, M. E. (2014). Anne değerler eğitimi programının 5-6 yaş çocuklarının sosyal beceri düzeylerine etkisi. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 4(4), 103-116. https:// doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2014.024
• O'Connor, T. G., Matias, C., Futh, A., Tantam, G., & Scott, S. (2013). Social learning theory parenting intervention promotes attachment-based caregiving in young children: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 358-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.723262
• Oh, J.-H., & Cho, Y.-J. (2009). A Comparative Study on Mothers in Counseling and Mothers in Non-counseling Groups: Emotional Expressiveness, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness, Type of Communication, Parenting Behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(5), 195-208.
• Oktaria, R., & Putra, P. (2020). Pendidikan anak dalam keluarga sebagai strategi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini saat pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ilmiah Pesona PAUD, 7(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.24036/108806
• Pehlivan, H. (2008). Anne eğitim programının etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 15(15), 55-66.
• Puckering, C., Rogers, J., Mills, M., Cox, A., & Raff, M. M. G. (1994). Process and evaluation of a group intervention for mothers with parenting difficulties. Child Abuse Review, 3(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2380030409
• Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. (2013). Statistics guide. Retrieved From. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2380030409
• Rodrigo, M. J., Almeida, A., Spiel, C., & Koops, W. (2012). Introduction: Evidence-based parent education programmes to promote positive parenting. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.631282
• Roghanchi, M., Jazayeri, R., Etemadi, O., Fatehizade, M., & Momeni, K. (2018). Effectiveness of group counseling based on resiliency on quality of parent-child relationship and family functioning in mother headed families. Journal of Family Research, 13(3), 423-445.
• Ruiz-Zaldibar, C., Serrano-Monzó, I., & Mujika, A. (2018). Parental competence programs to promote positive parenting and healthy lifestyles in children: a systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 94, 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.07.019
• San Jose, A., Concepcion, M. G. R., & San Jose, B. (2022). Mothers as Teachers: The New Role of Mothers in the New Normal. Journal of Learning for Development, 9(2), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v9i2.566
• Santos, A. J., Peceguina, I., Daniel, J. R., Shin, N., & Vaughn, B. E. (2013). Social competence in preschool children: Replication of results and clarification of ahierarchical measurement model. Social Development, 22, 163-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sode.12007
• Santrock, J. W. (2015). Yaşam boyu gelişim: Gelişim psikolojisi. (G. Yüksel, Çev.). Nobel.
• Sarabi, M. (2011). The effectiveness of parent training on self-efficacy of mothers of children with autism. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 13(49), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.22038/JFMH.2011.1027
• Sari, C., & Altay, N. (2020). Effects of providing nursing care with web‐based program on maternal self‐efficacy and infant health. Public Health Nursing, 37(3), 380-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12712
• Scott, S., & Dadds, M. R. (2009). Practitioner Review: When parent training doesn’t work: theory‐driven clinical strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(12), 1441-1450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02161.x
• Scott, S., & Dadds, M. R. (2009). Practitioner review: when parent training doesn’t work: theory‐driven clinical strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(12), 1441-1450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02161.x
• Sedgwick, P. (2012). Parametric v non-parametric statistical tests. Bmj, 344. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1753
• Selinger, S. (2019). Social Learning Theory. Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy, 2704-2707. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_57
• Shaffer, A., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Herbers, J. E., & Masten, A. S. (2009). Intergenerational continuity in parenting quality: The mediating role of social competence. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015361
• Shahraki, M., Agheli, L., Arani, A. A., & Sadeghi, H. (2016). The effect of mothers’ education and employment on children’s health. Jentashapir Journal of Health Research, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.17795/jjhr-30977
• Şimşek, B. (2017). 7-19 Yaş aı̇le eğı̇tı̇m programının aile tutumlarına etkisi̇ [Yayımlanmamış̧ Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
• Şimşek, S., & Atak, H. (2021). 12-18 Yaş Aile Eğitimi Programının Aile İşlevlerine Etkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(Ek 1), 152-171.
• Smokowski, P. R., Bacallao, M. L., Cotter, K. L., & Evans, C. B. (2015). The effects of positive and negative parenting practices on adolescent mental health outcomes in a multicultural sample of rural youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0474-2
• Snyder, J., Cramer, A., Afrank, J., & Patterson, G. R. (2005). The contributions of ineffective discipline and parental hostile attributions of child misbehavior to the development of conduct problems at home and school. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.30
• Snyder, J., Low, S., Bullard, L., Schrepferman, L., Wachlarowicz, M., Marvin, C., & Reed, A. (2013). Effective parenting practices: Social interaction learning theory and the role of emotion coaching and mindfulness. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 189–210). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13948-009
• Sofronoff, K., & Farbotko, M. (2002). The effectiveness of parent management training to increase self-efficacy in parents of children with Asperger syndrome. Autism, 6(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361302006003005
• Srivastava, P., & Panday, R. (2016). Psychoeducation an effective tool as treatment modality in mental health. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.25215/0401.153
• Takács, L., Smolík, F. & Putnam, S. (2019). Assessing longitudinal pathways between maternal depressive symptoms, parenting self-esteem and infant temperament. PloS One, 14(8), e0220633. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220633
• Teti, D. M. & Candelaria, M. A. (2002). Parenting competence. M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), In: Handbook of parenting: Social conditions and applied parenting (pp. 149-180). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Teti, D. M. & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62(5), 918-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01580.x
• Teti, D. M., O'Connell, M. A., & Reiner, C. D. (1996). Parenting sensitivity, parental depression and child health: The mediational role of parental self‐efficacy. Early Development and Parenting: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 5(4), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199612)5:4<237::AID-EDP136>3.0.CO;2-5
• Tezel Şahin, F. (2014). Mother-Child Relation and Factors Affecting This Relation. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 2(3), 79-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS203
• Thompson, C., & Datchi, C. (2019). Offender Recidivism in Couple and Family Therapy. In J. L. Lebow, A. L. Chambers, & D. C. Breunlin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy (pp. 2074-2077). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_136
• Ulaşan, H. (2018). Çözüm odaklı yaklaşıma dayalı psikoeğitim programının sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerilerine etkisi [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
• Wall, G. (2010). Mothers' experiences with intensive parenting and brain development discourse. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 253-263). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.019
• Weaver, C. M., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J. & Wilson, M. N. (2008). Parenting self-efficacy and problem behavior in children at high risk for early conduct problems: The mediating role of maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(4), 594-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.07.006
• Wilson, K. R., & Prior, M. R. (2011). Father involvement and child well‐being. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 47(7), 405-407. https:doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01770.x
• Yalom, I. & Leszcz, M. (2005). Grup psikoterapisinin teori ve pratiği (A. Tangör ve Ö. Karaçam, Çev.). Pegasus.
• Yang, P., Schlomer, G. L., & Lippold, M. A. (2023). Mothering versus fathering? Positive parenting versus negative parenting? Their relative importance in predicting adolescent aggressive behavior: A longitudinal comparison. Developmental Psychology, 59(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001442
• Yeşil, R., Arslanderen, M. & Şahan, E. (2018). Çocuk eğitimi yeterliği ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Validity and reliability study of the child education efficiency scale), International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(3), 283-302. http://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2018.03.018
• Yeşil, R., Şahan, E., & Aslanderen, M. (2018). Ebeveynin çocuk eğitimi konusundaki yeterliklerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 1828-1849. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.2018.19.03.002
• Yıldırım, M. (2018). Çocukta davranış̧ problemlerine yönelik modüler aile eğitim programının geliştirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış̧ Doktora Tezi]. Mersin Üniversitesi.
• Zorbaz, S. D. (2018). Ebeveyn özyetkinliğinin yordayıcısı olarak ebeveyn–çocuk ilişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (46), 144-153.