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Kalsit Takviyeli Poli (Laktik Asit) Kompozit Malzemelerinin Hazırlanması ve Karakterizasyonu

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 162 - 170, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.638547

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, kalsit (KS) minerali ağırlıkça %5, 10, 15 ve 20
konsantrasyonlarında poli (laktik asit) (PLA) ile ekstrüzyon işlemi
kullanılarak karıştırılmıştır. PLA ve kompozitlerin test numuneleri enjeksiyon
kalıplama ile hazırlanmıştır. Kompozitlerin karakterizasyonları, çekme, sertlik
ve darbe testlerini içeren mekanik testler, erime akış hızı testi (MFR) ile akış
davranışı ve taramalı elektron mikroskopi (SEM) yöntemi ile morfolojik çalışmalar
baz alınarak yapılmıştır. Mekanik test sonuçları, çekme dayanım ve modülde en
yüksek artışa %10 KS eklenmiş kompozitte saptandığını göstermiştir. Daha fazla
KS eklenmesi çekme dayanımında belirgin düşüşe neden olmuştur. PLA’nın darbe
dayanımı KS eklenmesi ile azalmıştır. Kompozitler arasında en yüksek darbe
enerjisi PLA-15 KS numunesinde bulunmuştur. Eklentisiz PLA’nın sertliği KS
eklemelerinden sonra artmıştır. Eklentisiz PLA’ya kıyasla, KS takviyeli PLA
biraz yüksek MFR değerleri vermiştir. Kompozitlerin SEM mikro-resimleri
göstermiştir ki; KS parçacıkları düşük ekleme oranlarında PLA matrisi içinde
homojen şekilde dağılmıştır. KS yüksek konsantrasyonlarda parçacık-parçacık
etkileşimlerini tercih ettiğinden büyük aglomeratlar ve zayıf dağılım
gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, %10 ve %15 konsantrasyonları kalsit içeren PLA
kompozitleri için uygun olarak belirlenmiştir.

References

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Preparation and Characterization of Calcite Loaded Poly (Lactic Acid) Composite Materials

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 162 - 170, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.638547

Abstract

In this work, calcite (KS) mineral was compounded with poly (lactic
acid) (PLA) at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% using extrusion
process. Test samples of PLA and composites were prepared by injection molding.
Characterization
of composites were done based on mechanical tests including tensile, hardness
and impact tests, flow behavior by melt flow rate test (MFR) and morphological
studies by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.
[A1]  Mechanical test results showed that
the highest improvements in tensile strength and tensile modulus values were
obtained for 10 wt% of KS filled composite. Further addition of KS caused
remarkable decrease in tensile strength. Impact strength of PLA reduced by KS
additions. The highest impact energy value was found in PLA-15 KS sample among
composites. Hardness of neat PLA increased after KS inclusions. KS loaded PLA
gave slightly higher MFR values compared to neat PLA. SEM micro-images of
composites implied that KS particles dispersed homogeneously in PLA matrix at
their lower loading ratio. Large agglomerates and poor dispersion were obtained
for higher concentrations of KS since they favor particle-particle interactions.
According to these results, concentrations of 10wt% and 15wt% were determined
as suitable for calcite containing PLA composites.










 [A1]Bu
cümleyi yeniden yazabilir misiniz? Biraz karışık olmuş. Konuyu bilmeyen biri
okuduğunda sertlik, çekme ve darbe testlerinin mekanik olduğunu bilmeyebilir.
Bunu ayrı cümlelerde yazarsanız daha iyi olur.







References

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  • 2. Bajpai, P.K., Singh,I. and Madaan, J. 2012. “Development and characterization of PLA-based green composites: A review”, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27, 52-81. DOI: 10.1177/0892705712439571
  • 3. Betingytė, V., Žukienė, K., Jankauskaitė, V., Milašienė, D., Mickus, K.V. and Gulbinienė, A., 2012. “Influence of calcium carbonate fillers on the properties of recycled poly (e-caprolactone) based thermoplastic polyurethane”, Materials Science, 18(3), 243-249. DOI: 10.5755/j01.ms.18.3.2433
  • 4. Bismarck, A., Baltazar, A., Jimenez, Y. and Sarikakis, K. 2006. “Green composites as panacea? Socio-economic aspects of green materials”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 8(3), 445-463. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-005-8506-5
  • 5. Brown, T. (1999) “Handbook of Polymer Testing-Physical Methods”, Rapra Technology, Shawbury.
  • 6. Cacciotti, I., Mori, S., Cherubini, V. and Nanni, F. 2018. “Eco-sustainable systems based on poly(lactic acid), diatomite and coffee grounds extract for food packaging”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 112, 567-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.018
  • 7. Cho, S.B., Kikuchi, M., Suetsugu, Y. and Tanaka, J. 1997. “Novel calcium phosphate/polylactide composites-its in vitro evaluation”, Key Engineering Materials, 132-136, 802-805. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.132-136.802
  • 8. Demjen, Z., Pukanszky, B. and Nagy, J. 1998. “Evaluation of interfacial interaction in polypropylene surface treated CaCO3 composites”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 29, 323–329. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00032-8
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  • 10. Dike, A.S. and Yilmazer U. 2019. “Improvement of organoclay dispersion into polystyrenebased nanocomposites by incorporation of SBS and maleic anhydride-grafted SBS”, Journal of Thermoplastic Materials, DOI: 10.1177/0892705719882998
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  • 13. Fuad, M.Y.A., Hanim, H., Zarina. R., Ishak, Z.H.M. and Hassan, A. 2010. “Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites effects of processing techniques and maleated polypropylene compatibiliser”, Express Polymer Letters, 4, 611–620. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.76
  • 14. Gahleitner, M., Grein, C. and Bernreitner, K. 2012. “Synergistic mechanical effects of calcite micro- and nanoparticles and β-nucleation in polypropylene copolymers”, European Polymer Journal, 48(1), 49-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.10.013
  • 15. Ge, C., Ding, P., Shi, L. and Fu, J. 2009. “Isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/barite nanocomposites”, Journal of Polymer Science B Polymer Physics, 47, 655-668. DOI: 10.1002/polb.21669
  • 16. Gorna, K., Hund, M., Vucak, M., Grohn, F. and Wegner, G. 2008. Amorphous calcium carbonate in form of spherical nanosized particles and its application as fillers for polymers”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 477, 217-225. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.045
  • 17. Isitman, N.A., Dogan, M., Bayramli, E. and Kaynak, C. 2011. Fire retardant properties of intumescent polypropylene composites filled with calcium carbonate”, Polymer Engineering and Science, 51(5), 875-883. DOI: 10.1002/pen.21901
  • 18. Jerzy, W. (1993) “Fillers’’, Chem Tech Publishing, Toronto.
  • 19. Jiang, L., Zhang, J. and Wolcott, M.P. 2007. Comparison of polylactide/nano-sized calcium carbonate and polylactide/montmorillonite composites: reinforcing effects and toughening mechanisms”, Polymer, 48, 7632-7644. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.001
  • 20. Jikan, S.S., Samsudin, M.S.F., Ariff, Z.M., Ishak, Z.A.M. and Ariffin, A. 2009. Relationship of rheological study with morphological characteristics of multicomponent (talc and calcium carbonate) filled polypropylene hybrid composites”, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 28(21), 2577-2587. DOI: 10.1177/0731684408092440
  • 21. Kanbur, Y. and Tayfun, U. 2017. Mechanical, physical and morphological properties of polypropylene/huntite composites”, Sakarya University Journal of Science, 21(5), 1045-1050. DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.281035
  • 22. Kanbur, Y. and Tayfun, U. 2018. Mechanical, physical and morphological properties of acidic and basic pumice containing polypropylene composites”, Sakarya University Journal of Science, 22(2), 333-339. DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.287861
  • 23. Kasuga, T., Maeda, H., Kato, K., Nogami, M., Hata, K.I. and Ueda, M. 2003. Preparation of poly (lactic acid) composites containing calcium carbonate (vaterite) ”, Biomaterials, 24(19), 3247-3253. DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00190-X
  • 24. Kiehl, J., Huser, J., Bistac, S., & Delaite, C. (2012). Influence of fillers content on the viscosity of unsaturated polyester resin/calcium carbonate blends”, Journal of Composite Materials, 46(16), 1937–1942. DOI: 10.1177/0021998311427780
  • 25. Lezak, E., Kulinski, Z. Masirek, R. Piorkowska, E. Pracella, M. and Gadzinowska, K. 2008. Mechanical and thermal properties of green polylactide composites with natural fillers”, Macromolecular Bioscience, 8, 1190-1200. DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800040
  • 26. Liang J.Z. 2013. Reinforcement and quantitative description of inorganic particulate-filled polymer composites”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 51, 224-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.019
  • 27. Maeda, H. Kasuga, T., Nogami, M., Hibino, Y., Hata, K., Ueda, M. and Ota, Y. 2002. Biomimetic apatite formation on poly(lactic acid) composites containing calcium carbonates”, Journal of Materials Reseach, 17, 727-730. DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2002.0104
  • 28. Maeda, H. Kasuga, T. Nogami, M. Hibino, Y. Hata, K. Ueda, M. and Ota Y. 2002. Preparation of bioactive polylactic acid composites containing calcium carbonates”, Key Engineering Materials, 240-242, 163-166. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.240-242.163
  • 29. Mann, G.S., Singh, L.P., Kumar, P. and Singh, S. 2018. “Green composites: A review of processing technologies and recent applications”, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, DOI: 10.1177/0892705718816354
  • 30. Mat, N.S.C., Ismail, H. and Othman, N. 2017. Curing characteristics and mechanical and aging properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/calcium carbonate/bentonite hybrid composites”, Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 49(5), 397–407. DOI: 10.1177/0095244316663812
  • 31. Metin, D., Tihminhoglu, F., Balkose, D. and Ulku, S. 2004. The effect of interfacial interactions on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/natural zeolite composites”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(1), 23-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.021
  • 32. Murariu, M. and Dubois, P. 2016. PLA composites: From production to properties”, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 17-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003
  • 33. Ozen, I. and Simsek, S. 2016. Effect of stretching temperature on breathability and waterproofness properties of polyethylene films containing different calcium carbonates”, Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 32(4), 380–401. DOI: 10.1177/8756087915597025
  • 34. Piekarska, K., Sowinski, P., Piorkowska, E., Haque, M.M.U. and Pracella, M. 2016. Structure and properties of hybrid PLA nanocomposites with inorganic nanofillers and cellulose fibers”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 82, 34-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.019
  • 35. Rasal, R.M., Janorkar, A.V. and Hirt, D.E. 2010. Poly (lactic acid) modifications”, Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 338-356. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.003
  • 36. Ren, J. (2011). Biodegradable poly (lactic acid): Synthesis, modification, processing and applications”, Springer, Verlag.
  • 37. Rothon, R.N. (2003). Particulate-filled polymer composites”, 2nd Edition, Rapra Technology Limited, UK.
  • 38. Tayfun, U. 2006 “Effects of fillers on morphological, mechanical, flow and thermal properties of bituminous composites”, MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, 54-62.
  • 39. Tayfun, U. and Dogan, M. 2016. ‘’Improvement the dyeability of poly(lactic acid) fiber using organoclay during melt spinning”, Polymer Bulletin, 73(6), 1581-1593. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1564-4
  • 40. Tayfun, U., Dogan, M. and Bayramli, E. 2017. Polyurethane elastomer as a matrix material for short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics”, Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 18(3), 682-694. DOI: 10.18038/aubtda.271011
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ali Sinan Dike 0000-0001-6214-6070

Publication Date March 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dike, A. S. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Calcite Loaded Poly (Lactic Acid) Composite Materials. Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.638547