The Effects of Garlic Extracts on Prostate Cancer

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 781 - 788

Furkan Kuznek , Recep İlhan , Gökçe Yıldırım Buharalıoğlu , Ahmet Emir

Abstract

In the current study, garlic samples obtained from various provinces of Turkey, including Kastamonu, Balikesir, Edirne, and Aksaray, were analyzed for their chemical composition and biological activity. The organosulfur content of the prepared extracts was assessed using GC-MS. A total of seven compounds were identified across all samples, with 3-Vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin and 2-Vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin recognised as the predominant compounds. Additionally, the effects of these extracts on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as well as on the LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 cell lines, were evaluated using MTT assays. Cytotoxic activity was detected in all samples examined. The most pronounced activity was recorded against the LNCaP cell lines, exhibiting varying IC50 values ranging from 23.91 to 48.84 µg/ml.

Keywords

Garlic , Organosulfur compounds , Prostate cancer

Supporting Institution

Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

29638

Sarımsak Ekstrelerinin Prostat Kanseri Üzerindeki Etkileri

Abstract

Mevcut çalışmada, Kastamonu, Balıkesir, Edirne ve Aksaray olmak üzere Türkiye'nin çeşitli illerinden temin edilen sarımsak örnekleri kimyasal bileşimleri ve biyolojik aktiviteleri açısından analiz edildi. Hazırlanan ekstraktların organosülfür içeriği GC-MS kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Tüm örneklerde toplam yedi bileşik tanımlandı ve 3-Vinil-4H-1,2-ditiin ve 2-Vinil-4H-1,3-ditiin baskın bileşikler olarak tanındı. Ek olarak, bu ekstraktların iyi huylu prostat hiperplazisi (BPH) üzerindeki etkileri ve LNCaP, DU145 ve PC3 hücre hatları üzerindeki etkileri MTT analizleri kullanılarak değerlendirildi. İncelenen tüm örneklerde sitotoksik aktivite tespit edildi. En belirgin aktivite, 23,91 ila 48,84 µg/ml arasında değişen IC50 değerleri gösteren LNCaP hücre hatlarına karşı kaydedildi

Keywords

Sarımsak , Organosülfür bileşikleri , Prostat kanseri

Project Number

29638

References

• [1] Emir, A., Emir C., (2020) Chemical profiles and biological properties of methanol extracts of Allium pallens L. from different localities in Turkey, Archives of Biological Sciences, 72(2), 193-201.
• [2] Das, S., (2002) Garlic-A natural source of cancer preventive compounds, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 3, 305-311.
• [3] Rose, P., Whiteman, M., Moore, P.K., Zhu, Y.Z., (2005) Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents, Natural Product Reports, 22, 351-368.
• [4] Stoll, A., Seebeck, E., (1947) Über Alliin, die genuine muttersubstanz des knoblauchöls, Experentia, 3, 114-115.
• [5] Virtanen, A.L., Matikkala, E.J., (1959) The Isolation of S-Methylcysteine-sulphoxide and S-n-Propylcysteine-sulfoxide from Onion (Allium cepa) and the antibiotic activity of crushed onion. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 13(9), 1898-1900.
• [6] Trio, P.Z., You, S., He, X., He, J., Sakao, K., Hou, D., (2014) Chemopreventive functions and molecular mechanisms of garlic organosulfur compounds, Food & Function, 5(5), 833-844.
• [7] Devrim, E., Durak, İ., (2007) Is garlic a promising food for benign prostatichyperplasia and prostate cancer?, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51(11), 1319-1323.
• [8] Emir, C., Emir A., (2022) Chemical analysis and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil obtained from Allium proponticum subsp. proponticum, an endemic species, Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(3), 574-580.
• [9] Zheng, P., Sheng, X., Ding, Y., Hu, Y., (2006) Study of organosulfur compounds in fresh garlic by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry incorporated with temperature-programmable cold on-column injection, Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 24(4), 351-353.
• [10] Yu, T.H., Wu, C.M., Liou, Y.C., (1989) Effects of pH Adjustment and subsequent heat treatment on the formation of volatile compounds of garlic, Journal of Food Science, 54(3), 632-635.
• [11] Cadwallader, K., Potts, D., Brisske-BeVier, L., Mirarefi, S., (2011) Contribution of volatile sulfur compounds to the characteristic aroma of roasted garlic, ACS Symposium Series, 1068, 137-151.
• [12] Akan, S., (2022) Morphological characterisation and volatile analysis of Turkish garlic genotypes, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 46(4), 424–440.
• [13] Borkowska, A., Knap, N., Antosiewicz, J., (2013) Diallyl trisulfide is more cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells PC-3 than to noncancerous epithelial cell line PNT1A: A possible role of p66Shc signaling axis, Nutrition and Cancer, 65(5), 711-717.
• [14] Kim, Y.A., Xiao, D., Xiao, H., Powolny, A.A., Lew, K.L., Reilly, M.L., Zeng, Y., Wang, Z., Singh, S.V., (2007) Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by diallyl trisulfide in human prostate cancer cells is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax/Bak. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 6(5), 1599-1609.
• [15] Arunkumar, A., Vijayababu, M.R., Kanagaraj, P., Balasubramanian, K., Aruldhas, M.M., Arunakaran, J., (2005) Growth suppressing effect of garlic compound diallyl disulfide on prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) in vitro. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28(4), 740-743.
• [16] Arunkumar, A., Vijayababu, M.R., Srinivasan, N., Aruldhas, M.M., Arunakaran, J., (2006) Garlic compound, fiallyl disulfide induces cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 288(1–2), 107-113.