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CANADIAN MINING SECTOR'S IMPACT IN AFRICA

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 133 - 149, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Although Africa is home to mineral reserves of global rarity and strategic importance, it is a fact that these riches are not benefiting the continent's large populations sufficiently. The continent is heavily dependent on the mining sector and foreign direct investment to achieve its economic development and poverty reduction goals. In this context, a deep understanding of Africa's mineral potential and its implications is critical for global economic justice and sustainable development.
Canada is a leading actor in the world mining sector and has many mining investments and operations on the African continent. This study aims to comprehensively examine the activities of the Canadian mining sector on the African continent. In the study, the investments of Canadian mining companies in Africa are analyzed in detail in terms of different regions (West, East, South, Central and North Africa). This is done in order to understand the economic, social and environmental impacts of these activities, with special emphasis on the regional distribution of Canadian mining companies' investments and their contribution to local economies. An important part of the study is also to assess the alignment of Canada's mining policies with sustainable development goals in Africa and to analyze the environmental responsibilities of these policies.
In conclusion, this study provides a broad perspective on the economic size of Canada's mining activities in Africa, their benefits to the continent, their impact on social equity and environmental sustainability, and the need to develop policies that respect the rights of local communities, fulfill environmental responsibilities and ensure equitable economic distribution.

References

  • Abadie, D. (2011). Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: A case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy, 38(128), 289–302.
  • Africa Mining Project IQ. (t.y.). Mining in Botswana. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://projectsiq.co.za/mining-in-botswana.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Africa Mining Project IQ. (t.y.). Mines in South Africa. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://projectsiq.co.za/mines-in-south-africa.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Africanews. (2018). Zambia slaps Canadian mining giant with $8bn bill for unpaid import duties. 26 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/22/zambia-slaps-canadian-mining-giant-with-8bn-bill-for-unpaid-import-duties/ adresinden alındı.
  • Bloomberg. (2024). Canadian Cobalt Refiner Agrees to Buy Supply from Congo Mine. 26 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/canadian-cobalt-refiner-agrees-to-buy-supply-fromcongo-mine adresinden alındı.
  • Butler, P. (2015). Colonial extractions: Race and Canadian mining in contemporary Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Chamber of Mines Namibia. (2022). Annual Review 2022. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://chamberofmines.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-Chamber-of-Mines-Annual-Review.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Darimani, A. (2005). Impacts of Activities of Canadian Mining Companies in Africa. Third World Network.
  • EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. (2023). Rapport ITIE Guinee 2021. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://eiti.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/Rapport-ITIE-Guinee-2021.pdf adresinden alındı.
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  • First Quantum Minerals. (t.y.). 21 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.first-quantum.com/English/our-operations/default.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • Fitch Solutions. Zimbabwe mining report. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://store.fitchsolutions.com/mining/zimbabwe-mining-report adresinden alındı.
  • Ghana Chamber of Mines. (2020). Promoting Environmentally and Socially Responsible Mining: Annual Report 2020. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://ghanachamberofmines.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Ghana-Chamber-of-Mines-2020-Report.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Ghana Chamber of Mines. (2021). Promoting Environmentally and Socially Responsible Mining: Annual Report 2021. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://ghanachamberofmines.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Performance-of-the-Mining-Industry-in-2023-.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Government of Canada. (2018). Report to Parliament on the Government of Canada’s Official Development Assistance. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/assets/pdfs/publications/odaaa-17-18-eng.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Global Affairs Canada. (2023). Minister Ng successfully concludes first trade policy dialogue with African Union Commission. 21 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/05/minister-ng-successfully-concludes-first-trade-policy-dialogue-with-african-union-commission.html adresinden alındı.
  • Golconda Gold. (t.y.). Galaxy operations. 24 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://golcondagold.com/operations/galaxy/ adresinden alındı.
  • Government of Canada. (2023). Namibia-Canada relations. 18 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/namibia-namibie/relations.aspx?lang=eng adresinden alındı.
  • Green Energy Africa Summit. (2022). First Quantum Minerals has entered into a new partnership with Chariot and Total Eren to develop 430 MW of solar and wind power for its mining operations in Zambia. 21 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://greenenergyafricasummit.com/articles/africas-largest-copper-gold-mine-to-run-on-re adresinden alındı.
  • Hecht, G. (2012). The work of invisibility: Radiation hazards and occupational health in South African uranium production. International Labor and Working-Class History, 81, 94–113.
  • International Trade Administration. (2022). Tanzania Mining Report. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/tanzania-mining adresinden alındı.
  • Ivanhoe Mines. (t.y.). Kamoa-Kakula mining complex. 16 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.ivanhoemines.com/what-we-do/operations-projects/kamoa-kakula-mining-complex/ adresinden alındı.
  • Laryš, M. ve Svoboda, K. (2024). Delegation of economic statecraft to private enterprises: Russia, China, and Turkey in Africa. International Studies Review, 26(1).
  • Leadership and Democracy Lab. (2018). Canadian mining companies operating in Tanzania. 18.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.democracylab.uwo.ca/Archives/2017_2018_research/mining_in_tanzania/canadian_mining_companies_operating_in_tanzania.html adresinden alındı.
  • McAlister, A. (2016). Can Canadian mining companies make a difference in Africa? Canadian Global Affairs Institute. 18.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.cgai.ca/can_canadian_mining_companies_make_a_difference_in_africa adresinden alındı.
  • Minerals Council South Africa. (2021). Facts and figures 2021. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/industry-news/publications/facts-and-figures adresinden alındı.
  • Minerals Council South Africa. (2022). Facts and figures 2022. 22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/industry-news/publications/facts-and-figures adresinden alındı.
  • Ministry of Energy Mines and Quarries. (2023). General overview of the mining sector in Burkina Faso. Sunulmuştur: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC).
  • Moment Expo. (t.y.). Üstü çöl, altı servet: Namibya. 11.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.moment-expo.com/tr-tr/107/icerikler/ulkelerden/ustu-col-alti-servet-namibya adresinden alındı.
  • NATO Association of Canada. (2013). Canadian mining in Africa: Risks and rewards. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natoassociation.ca/canadian-mining-in-africa-risks-and-rewards/ adresinden alındı.
  • Natural Resources Canada. (t.y.). Canadian mining assets. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natural-resources.canada.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/19323 adresinden alındı.
  • Natural Resources Canada. (t.y.). Canadian mining assets (CMAs) country and region. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natural-resources.canada.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/canadian-mining-assets-cmas-country-and-region/15406 adresinden alındı.
  • Özsaraç, H. (2024). Afrika-Asya jeopolitik denkleminde Afrika’nın önemi: Kızıldeniz ve Yemen Denizi. BRIQ Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi Dergisi, 5(2), 130–153.
  • PWC. (2023). Zambia mining report. 22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.pwc.com/zm/en/publications/zambia-mining-report.html adresinden alındı.
  • Radley, B. (2021). Class formation and capital accumulation in the countryside: Artisanal and small‐scale gold mining in South Kivu, DR Congo. Journal of Agrarian Change, 21(2), 293–314.
  • SEMAFO Foundation. (t.y.). Charity Intelligence Canada. 21.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/379-semafo-foundation adresinden alındı.
  • Soumah, K. (2023, Mart). Republic of Guinea Ministry of Mines & Geology: Investment opportunities and new mining vision. Sunulmuştur: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC).
  • Switzerland Global Enterprise. (2022). Industry report – Mining in Botswana: Overview, opportunities and challenges. 22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.s-ge.com/en/publication/industry-report/2022-e-infra-c6-mining-botwana-sector-overview?ct#:~:text=Botswana's%20mining%20industry%20is%20dominated,%2C%20semiprecious%20stones%2C%20and%20granite adresinden alındı.
  • Şöhret, M. (2023). ABD-Çin rekabeti kapsamında Afrika jeopolitiği. H. Çomak, B. Ş. Şeker ve M. Şahin (Ed.), Afrika Jeopolitiği – African Geopolitics (s. 191–215). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (t.y.). Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti ülke sunumu. Ticaret Müşavirlerimizle Elektronik Sohbetler. 24.06.2024 tarihinde https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/61a9bf4813b87604f00c8881/Kongo%20Demokratik%20Cumhuriyeti%20%C3%9Clke%20Sunumu.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • The Conversation. (2023). African countries lost control to foreign mining companies: The 3 steps that allowed this to happen. 22.05.2024 tarihinde https://theconversation.com/african-countries-lost-control-to-foreign-mining-companies-the-3-steps-that-allowed-this-to-happen-218437 adresinden alındı.
  • The Globe and Mail. (2024). Canadian-owned mine seized by Russian mercenaries in Africa. 11.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-canadian-owned-mine-seized-by-russian-mercenaries-in-africa-is-helping/ adresinden alındı.
  • The Globe and Mail. (2017). Money from Canadian mining firms vanishes in Congo, report finds. 11.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/congo-mining-revenue-siphoned-by-insiders-report-finds/article35757764/ adresinden alındı.
  • The Market Bull. (2024). Explorers ready to charge on gold spot price run. 08.05.2024 tarihinde https://themarketbull.com.au/2024/02/22/explorers-ready-to-charge-on-gold-spot-price-run/ adresinden alındı.
  • The Telegraph. (2024). Canadian cobalt refiner agrees to buy supply from Congo mine. 06.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/canadian-cobalt-refiner-agrees-to-buy-supply-fromcongo-mine adresinden alındı.
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KANADA MADEN SEKTÖRÜNÜN AFRİKA’DAKİ ETKİNLİĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 133 - 149, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Afrika, dünya çapında nadir bulunan ve stratejik öneme sahip maden rezervlerine ev sahipliği yapmasına rağmen, bu zenginliklerin kıtanın geniş halk kesimlerine yeterince fayda sağlamadığı bir gerçektir. Kıta, ekonomik kalkınma ve yoksulluğun azaltılması hedeflerine ulaşmak için madencilik sektörüne ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara büyük ölçüde bağımlıdır. Bu bağlamda, Afrika'nın maden potansiyelini ve bunun üzerindeki etkilerini derinlemesine anlamak, küresel ekonomik adalet ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.
Kanada, dünya madencilik sektöründe önde gelen bir aktör olup, Afrika kıtasında da birçok madencilik yatırımı ve işletmesi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Kanada maden sektörünün Afrika kıtasındaki faaliyetlerini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Kanadalı maden şirketlerinin Afrika'daki yatırımları farklı bölgeler (Batı, Doğu, Güney, Orta ve Kuzey Afrika) açısından detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme, söz konusu faaliyetlerin ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel etkilerini anlamak amacıyla yapılmış olup, Kanadalı madencilik şirketlerinin yatırımlarının bölgesel dağılımı ve bu yatırımların yerel ekonomilere katkıları özel olarak vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, Kanada'nın madencilik politikalarının Afrika'daki sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleriyle uyumunu değerlendirmek ve bu politikaların çevresel sorumluluklarını analiz etmek de çalışmanın önemli bir parçasını oluşturmuştur.
Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ile Kanada'nın Afrika'daki madencilik faaliyetlerinin ekonomik büyüklüğü, kıtaya sağladığı faydalar, sosyal eşitlik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkileri geniş bir perspektifle ele alınmış olup, yerel toplulukların haklarına saygı gösteren, çevresel sorumlulukları yerine getiren ve adil ekonomik dağılımı sağlayan politikaların geliştirilmesi gerektiği ortaya konulmaktadır.

References

  • Abadie, D. (2011). Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: A case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy, 38(128), 289–302.
  • Africa Mining Project IQ. (t.y.). Mining in Botswana. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://projectsiq.co.za/mining-in-botswana.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Africa Mining Project IQ. (t.y.). Mines in South Africa. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://projectsiq.co.za/mines-in-south-africa.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Africanews. (2018). Zambia slaps Canadian mining giant with $8bn bill for unpaid import duties. 26 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/22/zambia-slaps-canadian-mining-giant-with-8bn-bill-for-unpaid-import-duties/ adresinden alındı.
  • Bloomberg. (2024). Canadian Cobalt Refiner Agrees to Buy Supply from Congo Mine. 26 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/canadian-cobalt-refiner-agrees-to-buy-supply-fromcongo-mine adresinden alındı.
  • Butler, P. (2015). Colonial extractions: Race and Canadian mining in contemporary Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Chamber of Mines Namibia. (2022). Annual Review 2022. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://chamberofmines.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-Chamber-of-Mines-Annual-Review.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Darimani, A. (2005). Impacts of Activities of Canadian Mining Companies in Africa. Third World Network.
  • EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. (2023). Rapport ITIE Guinee 2021. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://eiti.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/Rapport-ITIE-Guinee-2021.pdf adresinden alındı.
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  • First Quantum Minerals. (t.y.). 21 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.first-quantum.com/English/our-operations/default.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • Fitch Solutions. Zimbabwe mining report. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://store.fitchsolutions.com/mining/zimbabwe-mining-report adresinden alındı.
  • Ghana Chamber of Mines. (2020). Promoting Environmentally and Socially Responsible Mining: Annual Report 2020. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://ghanachamberofmines.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Ghana-Chamber-of-Mines-2020-Report.pdf adresinden alındı.
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  • Green Energy Africa Summit. (2022). First Quantum Minerals has entered into a new partnership with Chariot and Total Eren to develop 430 MW of solar and wind power for its mining operations in Zambia. 21 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://greenenergyafricasummit.com/articles/africas-largest-copper-gold-mine-to-run-on-re adresinden alındı.
  • Hecht, G. (2012). The work of invisibility: Radiation hazards and occupational health in South African uranium production. International Labor and Working-Class History, 81, 94–113.
  • International Trade Administration. (2022). Tanzania Mining Report. 1 Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/tanzania-mining adresinden alındı.
  • Ivanhoe Mines. (t.y.). Kamoa-Kakula mining complex. 16 Haziran 2024 tarihinde https://www.ivanhoemines.com/what-we-do/operations-projects/kamoa-kakula-mining-complex/ adresinden alındı.
  • Laryš, M. ve Svoboda, K. (2024). Delegation of economic statecraft to private enterprises: Russia, China, and Turkey in Africa. International Studies Review, 26(1).
  • Leadership and Democracy Lab. (2018). Canadian mining companies operating in Tanzania. 18.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.democracylab.uwo.ca/Archives/2017_2018_research/mining_in_tanzania/canadian_mining_companies_operating_in_tanzania.html adresinden alındı.
  • McAlister, A. (2016). Can Canadian mining companies make a difference in Africa? Canadian Global Affairs Institute. 18.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.cgai.ca/can_canadian_mining_companies_make_a_difference_in_africa adresinden alındı.
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  • Ministry of Energy Mines and Quarries. (2023). General overview of the mining sector in Burkina Faso. Sunulmuştur: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC).
  • Moment Expo. (t.y.). Üstü çöl, altı servet: Namibya. 11.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.moment-expo.com/tr-tr/107/icerikler/ulkelerden/ustu-col-alti-servet-namibya adresinden alındı.
  • NATO Association of Canada. (2013). Canadian mining in Africa: Risks and rewards. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natoassociation.ca/canadian-mining-in-africa-risks-and-rewards/ adresinden alındı.
  • Natural Resources Canada. (t.y.). Canadian mining assets. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natural-resources.canada.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/19323 adresinden alındı.
  • Natural Resources Canada. (t.y.). Canadian mining assets (CMAs) country and region. 26.05.2024 tarihinde https://natural-resources.canada.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/canadian-mining-assets-cmas-country-and-region/15406 adresinden alındı.
  • Özsaraç, H. (2024). Afrika-Asya jeopolitik denkleminde Afrika’nın önemi: Kızıldeniz ve Yemen Denizi. BRIQ Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi Dergisi, 5(2), 130–153.
  • PWC. (2023). Zambia mining report. 22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.pwc.com/zm/en/publications/zambia-mining-report.html adresinden alındı.
  • Radley, B. (2021). Class formation and capital accumulation in the countryside: Artisanal and small‐scale gold mining in South Kivu, DR Congo. Journal of Agrarian Change, 21(2), 293–314.
  • SEMAFO Foundation. (t.y.). Charity Intelligence Canada. 21.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/379-semafo-foundation adresinden alındı.
  • Soumah, K. (2023, Mart). Republic of Guinea Ministry of Mines & Geology: Investment opportunities and new mining vision. Sunulmuştur: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC).
  • Switzerland Global Enterprise. (2022). Industry report – Mining in Botswana: Overview, opportunities and challenges. 22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.s-ge.com/en/publication/industry-report/2022-e-infra-c6-mining-botwana-sector-overview?ct#:~:text=Botswana's%20mining%20industry%20is%20dominated,%2C%20semiprecious%20stones%2C%20and%20granite adresinden alındı.
  • Şöhret, M. (2023). ABD-Çin rekabeti kapsamında Afrika jeopolitiği. H. Çomak, B. Ş. Şeker ve M. Şahin (Ed.), Afrika Jeopolitiği – African Geopolitics (s. 191–215). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (t.y.). Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti ülke sunumu. Ticaret Müşavirlerimizle Elektronik Sohbetler. 24.06.2024 tarihinde https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/61a9bf4813b87604f00c8881/Kongo%20Demokratik%20Cumhuriyeti%20%C3%9Clke%20Sunumu.pdf adresinden alındı.
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  • The Globe and Mail. (2017). Money from Canadian mining firms vanishes in Congo, report finds. 11.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/congo-mining-revenue-siphoned-by-insiders-report-finds/article35757764/ adresinden alındı.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Natural Resources Economy, International Corporation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Raşit Yenigün 0009-0002-5139-1825

Submission Date July 1, 2024
Acceptance Date December 30, 2024
Early Pub Date June 23, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yenigün, R. (2025). KANADA MADEN SEKTÖRÜNÜN AFRİKA’DAKİ ETKİNLİĞİ. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(1), 133-149.

Adress: Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14030 Gölköy-BOLU

Tel: 0 374 254 10 00 / 14 86 Fax: 0 374 253 45 21 E-mail: iibfdergi@ibu.edu.tr

ISSN (Publish) : 1306-2174 ISSN (Electronic) : 1306-3553