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Dynamic Volatility Spillover Among Emerging EAGLE Markets

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 316 - 336, 29.12.2023

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Diebold ve Yılmaz (2009, 2012) tarafından önerilen yöntemi kullanarak EAGLE hisse senedi piyasası endeksleri arasındaki oynaklık yayılımını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla 2005-2019 yılları arasında EAGLE borsa verileri DataStream veri tabanından toplanmıştır. VAR modelinin kullanılması nedeniyle ilk olarak Granger nedensellik testi yapılmış ve ülkeler arasında çeşitli nedensellik ilişkilerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, toplam oynaklık yayılma endeksi 2005 yılında %10 civarında iken, finansal kriz sırasında neredeyse üç katına çıkmıştır. ABD borç krizi ve Euro Bölgesi'ndeki ekonomik daralma, toplam oynaklık yayılma endeksini yaklaşık %40'lık maksimum düzeyine çıkararak 2019 yılına kadar düşmeye devam etmiştir. Türkiye, Brezilya, Hindistan ve Endonezya net oynaklık alıcılar olarak belirlenirken ve Çin , Rusya ve Meksika net oynaklık vericiler olarak tespit edilmiştir.

References

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  • Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A., Macri, J., & Raffiee, K. (2019). Dynamic Responses of Major Equity Markets to the US Fear Index. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(4), 156.
  • Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A., & Raffiee, K. (2014). Volatility spillovers across major equity markets of Americas. International journal of business, 19(3), 255.
  • Ahmad, W., Sehgal, S., & Bhanumurthy, N. (2013). Eurozone crisis and BRIICKS stock markets: Contagion or market interdependence? Economic Modelling, 33, 209-225.
  • Alizadeh, S., Brandt, M. W., & Diebold, F. X. (2002). Range‐based estimation of stochastic volatility models. the Journal of Finance, 57(3), 1047-1091.
  • Allen, D. E., Amram, R., & McAleer, M. (2013). Volatility spillovers from the Chinese stock market to economic neighbours. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 94, 238-257.
  • Aloui, R., Aïssa, M. S. B., & Nguyen, D. K. (2011). Global financial crisis, extreme interdependences, and contagion effects: The role of economic structure? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(1), 130-141.
  • Alper, C. E., & Yilmaz, K. (2004). Volatility and contagion: evidence from the Istanbul stock exchange. Economic Systems, 28(4), 353-367.
  • Ankudinov, A., Ibragimov, R., & Lebedev, O. (2017). Sanctions and the Russian stock market. Research in International Business and Finance, 40, 150-162.
  • BBVA. (2014). EAGLEs Economic Outlook. Retrieved from
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, C. R. (1995). Time‐varying world market integration. the Journal of Finance, 50(2), 403-444.
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, C. R. (2003). Market integration and contagion. Retrieved from
  • Bekiros, S. D. (2013). Decoupling and the Spillover Effects of the US Financial Crisis: Evidence from the BRIC Markets. European University Institute, The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis WP.
  • Bhar, R., & Nikolova, B. (2007). Analysis of mean and volatility spillovers using BRIC countries, regional and world equity index returns. Journal of Economic Integration, 369-381.
  • Bhar, R., & Nikolova, B. (2009). Return, volatility spillovers and dynamic correlation in the BRIC equity markets: An analysis using a bivariate EGARCH framework. Global Finance Journal, 19(3), 203-218.
  • BIST. (2011). Annual Report Retrieved from
  • Cardona, L., Gutiérrez, M., & Agudelo, D. A. (2017). Volatility transmission between US and Latin American stock markets: Testing the decoupling hypothesis. Research in International Business and Finance, 39, 115-127.
  • Carrieri, F., Errunza, V., & Hogan, K. (2007). Characterizing world market integration through time. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 915-940.
  • Chan-Lau, J. A., & Ivaschenko, I. (2003). Asian Flu or Wall Street virus? Tech and non-tech spillovers in the United States and Asia. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 13(4-5), 303-322.
  • Chuliá, H., Guillén, M., & Uribe, J. M. (2017). Measuring uncertainty in the stock market. International Review of Economics & Finance, 48, 18-33.
  • Darrat, A. F., & Benkato, O. M. (2003). Interdependence and volatility spillovers under market liberalization: The case of Istanbul stock exchange. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 30(7‐8), 1089-1114.
  • Demiralay, S., & Bayraci, S. (2015). Central and Eastern European Stock Exchanges under Stress: A Range-Based Volatility Spillover Framework. Finance a Uver: Czech Journal of Economics & Finance, 65(5).
  • Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2009). Measuring financial asset return and volatility spillovers, with application to global equity markets. The Economic Journal, 119(534), 158-171.
  • Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2012). Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers. International Journal of Forecasting, 28(1), 57-66.
  • Dzielinski, M. (2012). Measuring economic uncertainty and its impact on the stock market. Finance Research Letters, 9(3), 167-175.
  • Fang, M., Yang, S., & Lei, Y. (2019). Residual contagion in emerging markets:‘herd’and ‘alarm’effects in informatization. Electronic Commerce Research, 1-21.
  • Fink, F., & Schüler, Y. S. (2015). The transmission of US systemic financial stress: Evidence for emerging market economies. Journal of International Money and Finance, 55, 6-26. Foerster, S. R., & Karolyi, G. A. (1999). The effects of market segmentation and investor recognition on asset prices: Evidence from foreign stocks listing in the United States. the Journal of Finance, 54(3), 981-1013.
  • Forbes, K. J., & Rigobon, R. (2002). No contagion, only interdependence: measuring stock market comovements. the Journal of Finance, 57(5), 2223-2261.
  • Gamba-Santamaria, S., Gomez-Gonzalez, J. E., Hurtado-Guarin, J. L., & Melo-Velandia, L. F. (2019). Volatility spillovers among global stock markets: measuring total and directional effects. Empirical Economics, 56(5), 1581-1599.
  • Gilenko, E., & Fedorova, E. (2014). Internal and external spillover effects for the BRIC countries: multivariate GARCH-in-mean approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 31, 32-45.
  • Gilmore, C. G., Lucey, B. M., & McManus, G. M. (2008). The dynamics of Central European equity market comovements. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 48(3), 605-622. Guimaraes, R. F., & Hong, G. H. (2016). Dynamic connectedness of Asian equity markets. Gurvich, E., & Prilepskiy, I. (2015). The impact of financial sanctions on the Russian economy. Russian Journal of Economics, 1(4), 359-385. Hacihasanoglu, E., Simga-Mugan, F. C., & Soytas, U. (2012). Do global risk perceptions play a role in emerging market equity return volatilities? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(4), 67-78. Hammoudeh, S., Sari, R., Uzunkaya, M., & Liu, T. (2013). The dynamics of BRICS's country risk ratings and domestic stock markets, US stock market and oil price. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 94, 277-294.
  • Hoffmann, M., & Neuenkirch, M. (2017). The pro-Russian conflict and its impact on stock returns in Russia and the Ukraine. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14(1), 61-73.
  • Koop, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Potter, S. M. (1996). Impulse response analysis in nonlinear multivariate models. Journal of econometrics, 74(1), 119-147.
  • Korkmaz, T., Çevik, E. İ., & Atukeren, E. (2012). Return and volatility spillovers among CIVETS stock markets. Emerging Markets Review, 13(2), 230-252.
  • Lahrech, A., & Sylwester, K. (2011). US and Latin American stock market linkages. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30(7), 1341-1357.
  • Li, H. (2007). International linkages of the Chinese stock exchanges: A multivariate GARCH analysis. Applied Financial Economics, 17(4), 285-297.
  • Li, Y., & Giles, D. E. (2015). Modelling volatility spillover effects between developed stock markets and Asian emerging stock markets. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 20(2), 155-177.
  • Luo, J., & Wang, S. (2019). The asymmetric high-frequency volatility transmission across international stock markets. Finance Research Letters, 31, 104-109.
  • Majdoub, J., & Mansour, W. (2014). Islamic equity market integration and volatility spillover between emerging and US stock markets. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 29, 452-470.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., & Kang, S. H. (2017a). Dynamic linkages between developed and BRICS stock markets: Portfolio risk analysis. Finance Research Letters, 21, 26-33.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., & Kang, S. H. (2017b). Risk spillovers and portfolio management between developed and BRICS stock markets. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 41, 133-155.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., Nguyen, D. K., & Kang, S. H. (2016). Global financial crisis and spillover effects among the US and BRICS stock markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 257-276.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., Reboredo, J. C., & Nguyen, D. K. (2014). Do global factors impact BRICS stock markets? A quantile regression approach. Emerging Markets Review, 19, 1-17.
  • MINT. (2011). The market in 2011 and your money. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/Money/1vf4csumMjaehDx8eMdh9K/The-market-in-2011-and-your-money.html
  • Miyakoshi, T. (2003). Spillovers of stock return volatility to Asian equity markets from Japan and the US. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 13(4), 383-399.
  • nath Mukherjee, K., & Mishra, R. K. (2010). Stock market integration and volatility spillover: India and its major Asian counterparts. Research in International Business and Finance, 24(2), 235-251.
  • NAUFOR. (2014). Russian Stock Market: 2014 Events and Facts. Retrieved from https://www.naufor.ru/download/pdf/factbook/en/factbook_2014_eng.pdf
  • Ordu-Akkaya, B. M., & Soytas, U. (2020). Unconventional monetary policy and financialization of commodities. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51, 100902.
  • Padhi, P., & Lagesh, M. (2012). Volatility spillover and time-varying correlation among the Indian, Asian and US stock markets. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 10(2), 78-90.
  • Panda, P., Vasudevan, S., & Panda, B. (2020). Dynamic Connectedness among BRICS and Major Countries Stock Markets. Journal of Public Affairs, n/a(n/a), e2265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2265
  • Patra, S., & Panda, P. (2019). Spillovers and financial integration in emerging markets: Analysis of BRICS economies within a VAR‐BEKK framework. International Journal of Finance & Economics.
  • Pesaran, H. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models. Economics letters, 58(1), 17-29.
  • Tsutsui, Y., & Hirayama, K. (2013). Are Chinese Stock Investors Watching Tokyo? International Linkage of Stock Prices Using Intraday High-Frequency Data. Japanese Journal of Monetary and Financial Economics, 1(1), 37-57.
  • Verma, R., & Ozuna, T. (2005). Are emerging equity markets responsive to cross-country macroeconomic movements?: Evidence from Latin America. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 15(1), 73-87.
  • Wei, K. J., Liu, Y.-J., Yang, C.-C., & Chaung, G.-S. (1995). Volatility and price change spillover effects across the developed and emerging markets. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 3(1), 113-136.
  • Zhou, X., Zhang, W., & Zhang, J. (2012). Volatility spillovers between the Chinese and world equity markets. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 20(2), 247-270.

Dynamic Volatility Spillover Among Emerging Eagle Markets

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 316 - 336, 29.12.2023

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the volatility spillover between EAGLE stock market indices using the method proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012). For this purpose, EAGLE stock market data was collected from the DataStream database from 2005 to 2019. Due to the use of the VAR model, the Granger causality test was firstly performed, and it was determined that there are various causality relationships between countries. According to the findings, while the total volatility spillover index was around 10% in 2005, it nearly tripled during the financial crisis. The US debt crisis and the economic contraction in the Eurozone increased the total volatility spillover index to its maximum level of approximately 40% and continued to decrease until 2019. Turkey, Brazil, India, and Indonesia were determined as the net receiver volatility, and China, Russia, and Mexico were identified as the volatility of the net transmitter.

References

  • Abad, P., Chuliá, H., & Gómez-Puig, M. (2010). EMU and European government bond market integration. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(12), 2851-2860.
  • Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A., Macri, J., & Raffiee, K. (2019). Dynamic Responses of Major Equity Markets to the US Fear Index. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(4), 156.
  • Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A., & Raffiee, K. (2014). Volatility spillovers across major equity markets of Americas. International journal of business, 19(3), 255.
  • Ahmad, W., Sehgal, S., & Bhanumurthy, N. (2013). Eurozone crisis and BRIICKS stock markets: Contagion or market interdependence? Economic Modelling, 33, 209-225.
  • Alizadeh, S., Brandt, M. W., & Diebold, F. X. (2002). Range‐based estimation of stochastic volatility models. the Journal of Finance, 57(3), 1047-1091.
  • Allen, D. E., Amram, R., & McAleer, M. (2013). Volatility spillovers from the Chinese stock market to economic neighbours. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 94, 238-257.
  • Aloui, R., Aïssa, M. S. B., & Nguyen, D. K. (2011). Global financial crisis, extreme interdependences, and contagion effects: The role of economic structure? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(1), 130-141.
  • Alper, C. E., & Yilmaz, K. (2004). Volatility and contagion: evidence from the Istanbul stock exchange. Economic Systems, 28(4), 353-367.
  • Ankudinov, A., Ibragimov, R., & Lebedev, O. (2017). Sanctions and the Russian stock market. Research in International Business and Finance, 40, 150-162.
  • BBVA. (2014). EAGLEs Economic Outlook. Retrieved from
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, C. R. (1995). Time‐varying world market integration. the Journal of Finance, 50(2), 403-444.
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, C. R. (2003). Market integration and contagion. Retrieved from
  • Bekiros, S. D. (2013). Decoupling and the Spillover Effects of the US Financial Crisis: Evidence from the BRIC Markets. European University Institute, The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis WP.
  • Bhar, R., & Nikolova, B. (2007). Analysis of mean and volatility spillovers using BRIC countries, regional and world equity index returns. Journal of Economic Integration, 369-381.
  • Bhar, R., & Nikolova, B. (2009). Return, volatility spillovers and dynamic correlation in the BRIC equity markets: An analysis using a bivariate EGARCH framework. Global Finance Journal, 19(3), 203-218.
  • BIST. (2011). Annual Report Retrieved from
  • Cardona, L., Gutiérrez, M., & Agudelo, D. A. (2017). Volatility transmission between US and Latin American stock markets: Testing the decoupling hypothesis. Research in International Business and Finance, 39, 115-127.
  • Carrieri, F., Errunza, V., & Hogan, K. (2007). Characterizing world market integration through time. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 915-940.
  • Chan-Lau, J. A., & Ivaschenko, I. (2003). Asian Flu or Wall Street virus? Tech and non-tech spillovers in the United States and Asia. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 13(4-5), 303-322.
  • Chuliá, H., Guillén, M., & Uribe, J. M. (2017). Measuring uncertainty in the stock market. International Review of Economics & Finance, 48, 18-33.
  • Darrat, A. F., & Benkato, O. M. (2003). Interdependence and volatility spillovers under market liberalization: The case of Istanbul stock exchange. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 30(7‐8), 1089-1114.
  • Demiralay, S., & Bayraci, S. (2015). Central and Eastern European Stock Exchanges under Stress: A Range-Based Volatility Spillover Framework. Finance a Uver: Czech Journal of Economics & Finance, 65(5).
  • Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2009). Measuring financial asset return and volatility spillovers, with application to global equity markets. The Economic Journal, 119(534), 158-171.
  • Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2012). Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers. International Journal of Forecasting, 28(1), 57-66.
  • Dzielinski, M. (2012). Measuring economic uncertainty and its impact on the stock market. Finance Research Letters, 9(3), 167-175.
  • Fang, M., Yang, S., & Lei, Y. (2019). Residual contagion in emerging markets:‘herd’and ‘alarm’effects in informatization. Electronic Commerce Research, 1-21.
  • Fink, F., & Schüler, Y. S. (2015). The transmission of US systemic financial stress: Evidence for emerging market economies. Journal of International Money and Finance, 55, 6-26. Foerster, S. R., & Karolyi, G. A. (1999). The effects of market segmentation and investor recognition on asset prices: Evidence from foreign stocks listing in the United States. the Journal of Finance, 54(3), 981-1013.
  • Forbes, K. J., & Rigobon, R. (2002). No contagion, only interdependence: measuring stock market comovements. the Journal of Finance, 57(5), 2223-2261.
  • Gamba-Santamaria, S., Gomez-Gonzalez, J. E., Hurtado-Guarin, J. L., & Melo-Velandia, L. F. (2019). Volatility spillovers among global stock markets: measuring total and directional effects. Empirical Economics, 56(5), 1581-1599.
  • Gilenko, E., & Fedorova, E. (2014). Internal and external spillover effects for the BRIC countries: multivariate GARCH-in-mean approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 31, 32-45.
  • Gilmore, C. G., Lucey, B. M., & McManus, G. M. (2008). The dynamics of Central European equity market comovements. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 48(3), 605-622. Guimaraes, R. F., & Hong, G. H. (2016). Dynamic connectedness of Asian equity markets. Gurvich, E., & Prilepskiy, I. (2015). The impact of financial sanctions on the Russian economy. Russian Journal of Economics, 1(4), 359-385. Hacihasanoglu, E., Simga-Mugan, F. C., & Soytas, U. (2012). Do global risk perceptions play a role in emerging market equity return volatilities? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(4), 67-78. Hammoudeh, S., Sari, R., Uzunkaya, M., & Liu, T. (2013). The dynamics of BRICS's country risk ratings and domestic stock markets, US stock market and oil price. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 94, 277-294.
  • Hoffmann, M., & Neuenkirch, M. (2017). The pro-Russian conflict and its impact on stock returns in Russia and the Ukraine. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14(1), 61-73.
  • Koop, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Potter, S. M. (1996). Impulse response analysis in nonlinear multivariate models. Journal of econometrics, 74(1), 119-147.
  • Korkmaz, T., Çevik, E. İ., & Atukeren, E. (2012). Return and volatility spillovers among CIVETS stock markets. Emerging Markets Review, 13(2), 230-252.
  • Lahrech, A., & Sylwester, K. (2011). US and Latin American stock market linkages. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30(7), 1341-1357.
  • Li, H. (2007). International linkages of the Chinese stock exchanges: A multivariate GARCH analysis. Applied Financial Economics, 17(4), 285-297.
  • Li, Y., & Giles, D. E. (2015). Modelling volatility spillover effects between developed stock markets and Asian emerging stock markets. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 20(2), 155-177.
  • Luo, J., & Wang, S. (2019). The asymmetric high-frequency volatility transmission across international stock markets. Finance Research Letters, 31, 104-109.
  • Majdoub, J., & Mansour, W. (2014). Islamic equity market integration and volatility spillover between emerging and US stock markets. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 29, 452-470.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., & Kang, S. H. (2017a). Dynamic linkages between developed and BRICS stock markets: Portfolio risk analysis. Finance Research Letters, 21, 26-33.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., & Kang, S. H. (2017b). Risk spillovers and portfolio management between developed and BRICS stock markets. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 41, 133-155.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., Nguyen, D. K., & Kang, S. H. (2016). Global financial crisis and spillover effects among the US and BRICS stock markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 257-276.
  • Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., Reboredo, J. C., & Nguyen, D. K. (2014). Do global factors impact BRICS stock markets? A quantile regression approach. Emerging Markets Review, 19, 1-17.
  • MINT. (2011). The market in 2011 and your money. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/Money/1vf4csumMjaehDx8eMdh9K/The-market-in-2011-and-your-money.html
  • Miyakoshi, T. (2003). Spillovers of stock return volatility to Asian equity markets from Japan and the US. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 13(4), 383-399.
  • nath Mukherjee, K., & Mishra, R. K. (2010). Stock market integration and volatility spillover: India and its major Asian counterparts. Research in International Business and Finance, 24(2), 235-251.
  • NAUFOR. (2014). Russian Stock Market: 2014 Events and Facts. Retrieved from https://www.naufor.ru/download/pdf/factbook/en/factbook_2014_eng.pdf
  • Ordu-Akkaya, B. M., & Soytas, U. (2020). Unconventional monetary policy and financialization of commodities. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51, 100902.
  • Padhi, P., & Lagesh, M. (2012). Volatility spillover and time-varying correlation among the Indian, Asian and US stock markets. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 10(2), 78-90.
  • Panda, P., Vasudevan, S., & Panda, B. (2020). Dynamic Connectedness among BRICS and Major Countries Stock Markets. Journal of Public Affairs, n/a(n/a), e2265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2265
  • Patra, S., & Panda, P. (2019). Spillovers and financial integration in emerging markets: Analysis of BRICS economies within a VAR‐BEKK framework. International Journal of Finance & Economics.
  • Pesaran, H. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models. Economics letters, 58(1), 17-29.
  • Tsutsui, Y., & Hirayama, K. (2013). Are Chinese Stock Investors Watching Tokyo? International Linkage of Stock Prices Using Intraday High-Frequency Data. Japanese Journal of Monetary and Financial Economics, 1(1), 37-57.
  • Verma, R., & Ozuna, T. (2005). Are emerging equity markets responsive to cross-country macroeconomic movements?: Evidence from Latin America. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 15(1), 73-87.
  • Wei, K. J., Liu, Y.-J., Yang, C.-C., & Chaung, G.-S. (1995). Volatility and price change spillover effects across the developed and emerging markets. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 3(1), 113-136.
  • Zhou, X., Zhang, W., & Zhang, J. (2012). Volatility spillovers between the Chinese and world equity markets. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 20(2), 247-270.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gürkan Bozma 0000-0003-4047-9012

İlyas Kays İmamoğlu 0000-0002-7732-4148

Serkan Künü 0000-0002-8641-5850

Early Pub Date December 28, 2023
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Acceptance Date December 13, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bozma, G., İmamoğlu, İ. K., & Künü, S. (2023). Dynamic Volatility Spillover Among Emerging Eagle Markets. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(2), 316-336.

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