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Türkiye'nin Döngüsel Ekonomiye Geçiş Performansı Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 16 - 36, 25.06.2024

Abstract

Çalışma, Türkiye’nin döngüsel ekonomiye geçiş performansını, seçili gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerle karşılaştırma yaparak ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Nicel analiz, Eurostat ve OECD.Stat veri bankalarının döngüsel ekonomiyi ölçmek için belirlediği göstergeler ışığında, verilerin var olduğu 2000-2022 yılları arasında, gelişmiş ülkelerden Almanya, İsveç ve İngiltere; gelişmekte olan ülkelerden Macaristan, Bulgaristan, Arnavutluk ve Sırbistan örnekleriyle yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre Türkiye, kaynak verimliliğini yıllar içinde artmış olup en etkili artış, 2017 yılından itibaren gözlemlenmiştir. Yurtiçi malzeme tüketiminin ve malzeme ayak izinin düşük seyretmesi talep ve tüketimin genel anlamda düşük olmasına işaret etmektedir. Kişi başına kentsel atık düşerken kişi başı toplam atığının artması, Türkiye’nin hane bazında atık üretiminin düşük, ancak kişi bazında yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Atıkların işlenmesinde en çok başvurulan yol uzun yıllar imha iken 2016 yılından itibaren geri kazanım hız kazanmıştır. Son beş yıla dair verinin bulunduğu kentsel atığın geri dönüşüm oranının artması olumlu bir gelişmedir. İthalat bağımlılığı, gelişmiş ülkelere göre düşük seviyelerde olmasına rağmen yıllar içinde düşmeyip artmıştır. Son yıllarda, tüm hammaddelerin bağımlılığında düşüş yaşanırken metal cevherler ve fosil enerjideki bağımlılık çok yüksek seyretmiştir. Son olarak, sera gazı emisyonu yıllar içinde ciddi şekilde artarak döngüsel ekonomiye geçişte Türkiye’nin en kötü performans göstergesi olmuştur. Yazında çoğunlukla Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkeleri konu alınıp Türkiye ile alakalı çalışmalar daha çok teorik çerçeveyi oluşturmak üzerine olduğundan bu çalışma, yazındaki eksikliği gidermektedir. Ülke karşılaştırmaları vasıtasıyla, AB’ye aday ülke olan Türkiye’nin, AB’nin döngüsel ekonomi hedeflerinde, döngüsel ekonomi ve ilgili politikaları benimsemede ilerleme kaydedip kaydetmediğini gözler önüne sermekte ve politika yapıcılara, Türkiye’nin döngüsel ekonomi performansını geliştirebilmesi için önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada “Etik Kurul” izni alınmasını gerektiren bir yöntem kullanılmamıştır.

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A Comparative Analysis of Turkey's Performance for Transitioning to The Circular Economy

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 16 - 36, 25.06.2024

Abstract

This study aims to demonstrate Turkey's performance on the transition to the circular economy by comparing it with selected developed and developing economies. The quantitative analysis is conducted with the data collected from Eurostat and the OECD.Stat over the period 2000–2022, for the selected developed economies, namely, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and the selected developing economies, namely, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia. According to the results, Turkey's resource productivity has increased over the years, with the most effective increases observed since 2017. The relatively low domestic material consumption and material footprint indicate low demand and consumption overall. The increase in total waste per capita with a decrease in municipal waste per capita shows that Turkey's household waste generation is low, but waste generation per person is high. The most frequently used waste treatment has been disposal for many years, yet recycling has accelerated since 2016. The increase in the recycling rate of municipal waste, according to the data that is available for the last five years, is a positive development. Import dependency has not decreased over the years, although it is at lower levels compared to developed countries. In recent years, dependency on all raw materials has been declining, while dependency on metal ores and fossil energy has been very high. Finally, greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly over the years, making this indicator Turkey's worst for the transition to a circular economy. Since the existing literature has mostly covered European Union (EU) countries and the research on Turkey is generally about creating a theoretical framework, this study fills the gap in the literature. Through country comparisons, this paper also facilitates understanding how far Turkey, as a candidate country for EU membership, is from the EU's circular economy targets and whether or not Turkey has made progress in adopting circular economy and related policies, and provides policy recommendations to policymakers to improve Turkey's performance in the circular economy.

References

  • Ayçin, E. & Kaya, S.K. (2021). Towards the circular economy: Analysis of barriers to implementation of Turkey’s zero waste management using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 39(8), 1078–1089. doi: 10.1177/0734242X20988781
  • Andrews, D. (2015). The circular economy, design thinking and education for sustainability. Local Economy, 30(3), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094215578226
  • Balbay, Ş., Sarıhan, A. & Avşar, E. (2021). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de “Döngüsel Ekonomi / Endüstriyel Sürdürülebilirlik” Yaklaşımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 27, 557-569. doi: 10.31590/ejosat.971172
  • Busu, M. & Trica, C.L. (2019). Sustainability of Circular Economy Indicators and Their Impact on Economic Growth of the European Union. Sustainability, 11(19), 5481. doi: 10.3390/su11195481
  • CIRAIG (2015). Circular Economy: A Critical Literature Review of Concepts. Centre for the Life Cycle of Products Processes and Services. Montreal. Erişim adresi https://ciraig.org/index.php/project/circular-economy-a-critical-literature-review-of-concepts/
  • Colombo, L.A., Pansera, M. & Owen, R. (2019). The Discourse of Eco-innovation in the European Union: An Analysis of the Eco-Innovation Action Plan and Horizon 2020. Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 653-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.150
  • Costa, I., Massard, G. & Agarwal, A. (2010). Waste Management Policies for Industrial Symbiosis Development : Case Studies in European Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(8), 815–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.019
  • Cullen, J.M. (2017). Circular economy: theoretical benchmark or perpetual motion machine?. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12599
  • Döngüsel Ekonomi Rehberi, (2020). Erişim adresi https://business4goals.org/PDF/Dongusel_Ekonomi_Rehberi.pdf
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  • Erol, İ., Peker, İ., Ar, İ.M., Turan, İ. & Searcy, C. (2021). Towards a circular economy: Investigating the critical success factors for a blockchain-based solar photovoltaic energy ecosystem in Turkey. Energy for Sustainable Development, 65, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.10.004
  • Fitch-Roy, O., Benson, D. & Monciardini, D. (2020). Going around in circles? Conceptual recycling, patching and policy layering in the EU Circular Economy Package. Environmental Politics, 29(6), 983-1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1673996
  • Fitch-Roy, O., Benson, D. & Monciardini, D. (2021). All around the world: Assessing optimality in comparative circular economy policy packages. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125493
  • Fura, B., Stec, M. & Mis, T. (2020). Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries. Energies, 13(23), 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236401
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Döngüsel Ekonomiyi Anlamak: Teorik Bir Çerçeve. Turkish Business Journal, 1(2), 13-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tbj/issue/59142/812070
  • Geng, Y. & Doberstein, B. (2008). Developing the Circular Economy in China: Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving “Leapfrog Development”. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.3843/SusDev.15.3:6
  • Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., Ulgiati, S. & Zhang, P. (2013). Measuring China’s circular economy. Science, 339(6127), 1526–1527. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227059
  • Hill, J. (2016). Circular Economy and the Policy Landscape in the UK. Clift, R. ve Druckman, A. (Ed.), Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology (s. 265–274) içinde. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_13
  • Homrich, A.S., Galvão, G., Abadia, L.G. & Carvalho, M.M. (2018). The circular economy umbrella: trends and gaps on integrating pathways. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.064
  • Hysing, E. (2014). A green star fading? A critical assessment of Swedish environmental policy change. Environmental Policy and Governance, 24(4), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1645
  • Khan, S. & Haleem, A. (2021). Investigation of circular economy practices in the context of emerging economies: a CoCoSo approach. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 14(3), 357-367. doi: 10.1080/19397038.2020.1871442
  • Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions. Resources Conservation Recycling, 127, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
  • Lundqvist, L. J. (2004). Sweden and ecological governance: Straddling the fence. Manchester University Press.
  • Murray, A., Skene K. & Haynes. K. (2017). The Circular Economy: An interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and its application in a global context. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(3), 369-380. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2
  • Nham, N.T.H. & Ha, L.T. (2022). Making the circular economy digital or the digital economy circular? Empirical evidence from the European region. Technology in Society, 70, 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102023
  • Önder, H. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Anlayışında Yeni Bir Kavram: Döngüsel Ekonomi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 57, 196-204. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dpusbe/issue/38899/416907
  • Özuyar, P. (2021). Circular Economy Practices in Turkey and Their Potential Interaction wıth Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 18-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/arhuss/issue/62888/900604
  • Perçin, S. (2022). Evaluating the circular economy–based big data analytics capabilities of circular agri-food supply chains: the context of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 83220–83233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21680-2
  • Prieto-Sandoval, V., Jaca, C. & Ormazabal, M. (2018). Towards a consensus on the circular economy Journal of Cleaner Production, 179, 605-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.224
  • RE-CIRCLE (2018). Business Models for the Circular Economy: Opportunities and Challenges from a Policy Perspective. OECD. Erişim adresi https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-business-models-for-the-circular-economy.pdf
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ecological Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Dila Asfuroğlu 0000-0003-1650-6711

Early Pub Date June 27, 2024
Publication Date June 25, 2024
Acceptance Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Asfuroğlu, D. (2024). Türkiye’nin Döngüsel Ekonomiye Geçiş Performansı Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(1), 16-36.

İletişim Adresi: Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14030 Gölköy-BOLU

Tel: 0 374 254 10 00 / 14 86 Faks: 0 374 253 45 21 E-posta: iibfdergi@ibu.edu.tr

ISSN (Basılı) : 1306-2174 ISSN (Elektronik) : 1306-3553