GEÇ BİZANS DÖNEMİNDE HELEN KİMLİK OLUŞUMU VE BİZANS DİNİ İKONOGRAFİSİNDE YANSIMALARI

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 59 - 79, 23.02.2022

Hüseyin Hakan Gazioğlu

Abstract

1204 yılında dördüncü Haçlı ordusunun Konstantinopolis’i ele geçirmesinden sonra Bizans devletinin Nikea’da yaşadığı sürgün koşulları Bizans kültürel yaşamında Helenlilik bilincinin artmasına yol açmıştır. İmparatorluğun ilk kez bu dönemde görülen Helenistik gelenekle ilişkilenmesi, Bizanslıların “gerçek Romalılık” iddiasında bulunan batılı rakiplerinden üstünlüğünü vurgulamak için ortaya çıkmıştır. On dördüncü yüzyılda giderek yoğunlaşan Helenlilik düşüncesi, Ortodoks Hıristiyan inancıyla birlikte yeni bir Bizans kimliğinin şekillenmesini sağlamıştır. Bu durum aynı zamanda teolojide Hesikast ruhsallığın Latin Hıristiyanlığına karşı bir tepki olarak gelişmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu açıdan geç Bizans kültür yaşamında ortaya çıkan yeni eğilimler Latin batıya karşıt olarak Helen, Ortodoks bir Roma imparatorluğuna işaret ederken ulusal Yunan kimliğinin ana hatlarını oluşturan bir içeriğe sahiptir. Dini ikonografide de etkisini gösteren yeni eğilimler, resim sanatında İsa’nın Soyağacı (Tree of Jesse), Hayat Pınarı Meryem (Zoodokhos Pege), İsa’nın dönüşümü (Metamorfosis) ya da Krali Deesis gibi ikonografilerde görülebilir. Bu makalede Bizanslılar’ın kendilerini algılamadaki ideolojik dönüşümleri, konuyla ilgili ikonografi izleğinde analiz edilmeye; Bizans resim sanatında ortaya çıkan yeni ikonografiyle birlikte yeni eğilimlerin önceki ikonografide yarattığı değişiklikler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Hesikastizm, Platon, Bizans kimliği, Bizans resmi, Geç Bizans Dönemi, Helen

THE FORMATION OF THE HELLENIC IDENTITY IN LATE BYZANTINE PERIOD AND ITS REFLECTIONS IN BYZANTINE RELIGIOUS ICONOGRAPHY

Abstract

After the fourth Crusader army captured Constantinople in 1204, the exile conditions experienced by the Byzantine state in Nikea led to increasing in the awareness of Hellenism in the cultural life of Byzantines. The empire’s first association with the Hellenistic tradition appeared to emphasize its superiority over the Byzantines’ western rivals who claimed to be “true Roman”. The idea of Hellenism, which concentrated in the fourteenth century, led to the formation of a new Byzantine identity with the Orthodox Christian faith. This situation also brought with it the development of the Hesychast spirituality in theology as a reaction against Latin Christianity. In this respect, the new trends emerging in late Byzantine cultural life, as opposed to the Latin West, have an outline of national Greek identity, as it pointed out the Roman empire which was Hellenic and Orthodox. New trends, which are also effective in religious iconography, can be seen in iconographies such as the Tree of Jesus, Zoodochos Pege, Metamorfosiz, or Royal Deesis. In this article, I will try to analyze the ideological transformation of the Byzantines in perceiving themselves on the iconographies related to the topic and introduce the changes that created by the new trends in the previous iconographies, together with the new iconographies that emerged in the Byzantine painting art.

Keywords

Hesycasm, Plato, Byzantine painting, Late Byzantine Period, Hellenic, Hesycasm, Byzantine Identity

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