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The Concept of Parody Religion: The Case of the Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster (Pastafarianism)

Year 2024, Issue: 52, 51 - 77, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1412847

Abstract

The changes and transformations experienced in the modern era have been reflected in religious beliefs and practices and have caused the phenomenon of religion to move beyond its traditional boundaries from being an institutional authority to a direction centered on individual experiences. With this process, which has led to the diversification of religious discourses, it is seen that religion still plays an important role in making sense of individuals' lives. Still, this role has become more flexible and questionable. A similar process of change in atheist thought has led to a move away from the classical atheism, which represents individual disbelief, and the emergence of a new atheist movement that targets traditional religious beliefs. This movement, called 'New Atheism', represents an approach that rejects the belief in God, criticizes traditional religious institutions, teachings, and practices in a rigid manner, and argues that science and rationality should replace religion. As a matter of fact, the rise of new atheism has added a new dimension to the centuries-old opposition between religion and atheism, going beyond the traditional conflict between these two phenomena and paving the way for the emergence of a new form of criticism called 'atheist religion' or 'parody religion', which mocks religions through their imitations. In the context of the aforementioned issue, this article deals with the concept of 'parody religion', which emerged as a humorous reflection of atheist thought, and examines this concept in the example of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, which was born in the USA in 2005. The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, also known as Pastafarianism, is gaining popularity thanks to the large number of members it has gained all over the world and the legal initiatives these members have launched for the legal recognition of their beliefs. In our country, many Pastafarians gather under the name of ‘the Pastafarian Community of Turkey'. The main motivation for this study is the fact that there is no Turkish study that comprehensively analyses Pastafarianism, which has been subjected to examination in many aspects within the scope of religious studies in the international literature. The main thesis of this study, which is believed to contribute to the deficiency in the literature, is that fictional arguments built on an atheistic ground are the source of the formation of the concept of parody religion and that the basic teachings of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster have a similar structure with the aforementioned fictional arguments. In this context, the study first analyses and evaluates when the concept of parody religion emerged depending on which factors, what exactly it refers to, and what role the fictional arguments put forward by famous atheists such as Russell, Sagan, Baggini, and Dawkins played in the formation of parody religions. Then, the historical background of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, which is one of today's popular parody religions, its basic teachings, sacred texts, rituals, and examples of the legal struggle to be recognized as a legal religion in the context of freedom of religion are discussed. Thus, it is aimed to reveal the harmony and similarities between the fictional arguments of the aforementioned atheist scholars and the fictional doctrine of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Another aim of the study is to prepare a theoretical basis for field research that can provide an understanding of the effects of parody religions on the individual and society.

References

  • AİHM, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, 9. Madde Rehberi: Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Özgürlüğü. Avrupa Konseyi, Güncelleme 30 Nisan 2020. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/Guide_Art_9_TUR
  • Anoshka, Siarhei A. “A Joke, Mockery, Or Something More? The Chuch of the Flying Spaghetti Monster: An Invented Religion or A New Movement?”. Electronic Journal of Folklore 81 (2021), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2021.81.anoshka
  • Baggini, Julian. Ateizm. çev. M. Barış Gümüşbaş. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi, 2019.
  • Bahçecik, Muhammed. “Görünmez Pembe Tek Boynuz İnancı İle Yüzleşme! Benim Tanrım Pembe Tek Boynuzlu At!”. YouTube. Yayın Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arCWpJH9EgM
  • Bahtin, Mihail. Rabelais ve Dünyası. çev. Çiçek Öztek. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2005.
  • Baran, Dilâ. “Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi (Pastafaryanizm)”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi. ed. Süleyman Turan-Emine Battal. 918-921. İstanbul: Okur Akademi, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, 2024.
  • Baudrillard, Jean. Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon. çev. Oğuz Adanır. Ankara: Doğu-Batı Yayınları, 16. Basım, 2022.
  • Burde, Mark. “The Parodia Sacra Problem and Medieval Comic Studies”. Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Epistemology of a Fundamental Human Behavior, Its Meaning, and Consequences ed. Albrecht Classen. 215-242. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Bury, John Bagnall. A History of Freedom of Thought New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2002.
  • Chidester, David. Authentic Fakes, Religion and American Popular Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  • Coştu, Yakup. Küreselleşme ve Din. Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınları, 2023.
  • Cowie, Tom. “This Guy Got a Victorian Driver’s Licence with a Pasta Strainer on His Head”. The Age (29 Kasım 2016). https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/this-guy-got-a-victorian-drivers-licence-with-a-pasta-strainer-on-his-head-20161129-gszuu7.html
  • Cusack, Carole M. Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Farnham-Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2010.
  • Çınar, Gökhan. “Ben Zebaniyim, Seçilmiş Kişiyim”. YouTube. Yayın Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfhdCE4BE78
  • Davidsen, Markus Altena. “Fiction-Based Religion, Conceptualising a New Category Against History-Based Religion and Fandom”. Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal 14/4 (2013), 378-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2013.838798
  • Davidsen, Markus Altena. “The Spiritual Milieu Based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s Literary Mythology”. Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions. ed. Adam Possamai. 185-204. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Bir Şeytanın Papazı. çev. Tunç Tuncay Bilgin. İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları, 2008.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Tanrı Yanılgısı. çev. Melisa Miller. İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları, 2022.
  • De Wilde, Mienke. – Cliteur, Paul. “The Secular Religion of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster”. The Freethinker (27 Temmuz 2022). https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/07/the-secular-religion-of-the-church-of-the-flying-spaghetti-monster/ECHR, European Court of Human Rights. K. 9476/19 (09.11.2021). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%229476/19%22],%22itemid%22:[%22002-13502%22]}
  • Eli Meixler, Eli. “A Dutch Court Has Ruled Pastafarians Cannot Wear Colanders in ID Photos”. Time (17 Ağustos 2018). https://time.com/5370043/pastafarian-religion-netherlands/ Erasmus, Desiderius. Deliliğe Övgü. çev. Aycan Özüpek. Ankara: Dorlion Yayınları, 2017.
  • Fenton, Claire. “Til Sauce Do Us Part: Canadian Couple Married Under Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster”. Daily Hive (23 Eylül 2022). https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/flying-spaghetti-monster-wedding
  • Gander, Kashmira. “Pastafarian Man Niko Alm Wins Right to Wear Colander on his Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (16 Temmuz 2011). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pastafarian-man-niko-alm-wins-right-to-wear-colander-on-his-head-in-driving-license-photo-9610859.html
  • Gevşek Kanon: Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi’nin Dua Kitabı. çev. Feyyaz Şahin. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayın, 2017.
  • Henderson, Bobby. Uçan Spagetti Canavarı’nın Kutsal Kitabı. çev. Umut Ulus – Uğraş Turan Önder. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayın, 2010.
  • Henderson, Bobby. “Open Letter to Cansas School Board”. Erişim 28 Aralık 2023. https://www.spaghettimonster.org/pages/about/open-letter/
  • Kennedy, Merrit. “Holy Macaroni: Welcome To The First Ever Oficial Pastafarian Wedding”. NPR (16 Nisan 2016). https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/16/474510676/holy-macaroni-welcome-to-the-first-ever-official-pastafarian-wedding
  • Lehtinen, Hanna. ”Counterreligion? The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and Shifting Discourse on Religion”. Turku: University of Turku, Faculty of Humanities, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Maćkowiak, Anna M. “Mythical Universes of Third-Millennium Religious Movements: The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and Matrixism”. Maska Magazyn Antropologiczno- Społeczno Kulturowi, Kosmos, Astronomia, Ciała Niebieskie 29 (2016), 85-97.
  • Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire, The Literature of Social Classes and the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Obadia, Lionel. “When Virtually Shapes Social Reality: Fake Cults and the Church of the Flying Spaghetti”. Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 8 (2005), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.11588/rel.2015.0.20327
  • Oppy, Graham. “Whither New Atheism?”. New Atheism: Critical Perspectives and Contemporary Debates. ed. Christopher R. Cotter vd. 15-31. Cham: Springer Publishing, 2017.
  • Özay, Mehmet. Sekülerleşme ve Din: Batı’da Sekülerleşme Teorileri ve Tartışmaları. İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Possamai, Adam. Religion and Popular Culture: A Hyper-Real Testament. Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2005.
  • Possamai, Adam. “Yoda Goes to Glastonbury”, Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions, ed. Adam Possamai. 1-21. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Quillen, Ethan G. “The Satirical Sacred: New Atheism, Parody Religion, and the Argument from Fictionalization”. New Atheism: Critical Perspectives and Contemporary Debates. ed. Christopher R. Cotter vd. 193-220. Cham: Springer Publishing, 2017.
  • Russell, Bertrand. “Is There A God?”. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Last Philosophical Testament. ed. John G. Slater – Peter Köllner. 11/542-548. London – New York: Routledge 2017.
  • Sadlier, Samantha. “Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Pastafarians Makes Statement”. The Spectrum (18 Kasım 2014). https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/local/2014/11/16/church-flying-spaghetti-monster-pastafarian-makes-statement/19123337/
  • Sagan, Carl. Karanlık Bir Dünyada Bilimin Mum Işığı. çev. Can Evren Topaktaş. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2022.
  • Saul, Heather. “Pastafarian Woman Wears Colander on Her Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (11 Eylül 2014). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/weird-news/pastafarian-woman-wears-colander-on-her-head-in-driving-license-photo-9727131.html
  • Simpson, Scott. “Joke Religions: Make-Believe in the Sandbox of the Gods”. Ex-Nihilo, Periodyk Młodych Religioznawców 2/6 (2011), 91-118. Sims, Alexandra. “Pastafarian Man Wins Right to Wear Colander on His Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (14 Ocak 2016). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pastafarian-man-wins-right-to-wear-colander-on-his-head-in-driving-licence-photo-a6811326.html
  • Wolff, Tim. “Cogency, Seriousness, Cohesion, and Importance: Assessing the Strasbourg Case-Law on Religion or Belief”. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwad006
  • 9News. “Tradie Refused Religious Right to Wear Pasta Strainer on Head in Licence Photo”. (3 Ekim 2014). https://www.9news.com.au/9stories/tradie-refused-religious-right-to-wear-pas ta-strainer-on-head-in-licence-photo/176815d8-f9fd-422e-b772-15d92ffe2f 63#:~: text=Sydney%20student%20Preshalin%20Moodley%20had,to%20express%20his%20religious%20beliefs.

Parodi Din Kavramı: Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi (Pastafaryanizm) Örneği

Year 2024, Issue: 52, 51 - 77, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1412847

Abstract

Modern çağda yaşanan değişim ve dönüşümler dinî inanç ve pratiklere de yansımış ve din fenomeninin geleneksel sınırlarını aşarak kurumsal bir otorite olmaktan çıkıp daha ziyade bireysel deneyimleri merkeze alan bir yönde ilerlemesine neden olmuştur. Dinî söylemlerin çeşitlenmesine yol açan bu süreçle birlikte dinin, bireylerin yaşamlarını anlamlandırmada hâlâ önemli bir rol oynadığı, ancak bu rolün giderek daha esnek ve sorgulanabilir bir yapıya büründüğü görülmektedir. Benzer bir değişim sürecinin ateist düşüncede de yaşanması, bireysel inançsızlığı temsil eden klasik ateizm anlayışından uzaklaşılmasına ve geleneksel dinî inançları hedef alan yeni bir ateist akımın doğmasına yol açmıştır. ‘Yeni Ateizm’ olarak adlandırılan bu akım yalnızca tanrı inancını reddetmekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda geleneksel dinî kurumları, öğretileri ve uygulamaları katı bir tutum içerisinde eleştiren, dahası, bilimin ve rasyonalitenin dinin yerine geçmesi gerektiğini savunan bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir. Nitekim yeni ateizmin yükselişi, yüzyıllardan beri süregelen din ve ateizm arasındaki karşıtlığa yeni bir boyut kazandırarak bu iki olgu arasındaki geleneksel çatışmanın ötesine geçmiş, dinleri taklitleri aracılığıyla alaya alan ve ‘ateist din’ ya da ‘parodi din’ olarak adlandırılan yeni bir eleştiri biçiminin ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bahsi geçen konu bağlamında bu makale çalışması, ateist düşüncenin mizahî bir yansıması olarak ortaya çıkan ‘parodi din’ kavramını ele almakta ve bu kavramı 2005’te ABD’de doğan Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi örnekliğinde incelemektedir. Pastafaryanizm olarak da adlandırılan Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi, dünyanın dört bir tarafında edindiği çok sayıdaki üyesi ve bu üyelerin, inançlarının yasal olarak tanınmasına yönelik başlattıkları hukukî girişimler sayesinde giderek popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Ülkemizde de ‘Türkiye Pastafaryan Cemaati’ adı altında toplanan çok sayıda Pastafaryan mevcuttur. Uluslararası literatürde din araştırmaları kapsamında pek çok açıdan incelemeye tabi tutulan Pastafaryanizm’i, kapsamlı bir biçimde ele alan Türkçe bir çalışmaya rastlanmamış olması, bu araştırmanın temel motivasyonunu oluşturmuştur. Literatürdeki eksikliğe katkı sağlayacağına inanılan bu çalışmanın temel tezi, parodi din kavramının oluşumuna ateist bir zemin üzerine inşa edilen kurgusal argümanların kaynaklık ettiği ve Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi’ne ait temel öğretilerin bahsi geçen kurgusal argümanlarla benzer bir yapılanmaya sahip olduğudur. Bu bağlamda çalışmada öncelikle parodi din kavramının hangi etmenlere bağlı olarak ne zaman ortaya çıktığı, tam olarak neyi ifade ettiği, Russell, Sagan, Baggini ve Dawkins gibi ünlü ateistler tarafından öne sürülen kurgusal argümanların parodi dinlerin oluşumunda nasıl bir rol oynadığı gibi hususlar ele alınıp değerlendirilmiştir. Ardından günümüzün popüler parodi dinleri arasında yer alan Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi’nin tarihî geçmişi, temel öğretileri, kutsal metinleri, ritüelleri ile din özgürlüğü bağlamında yasal bir din olarak kabul görmek için verdikleri hukukî mücadele örnekleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Böylelikle bahsi geçen ateist bilim adamlarına ait kurgusal argümanlarla Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi’nin kurgusal öğretisi arasındaki uyum ve benzerliklerin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amaçlarından bir diğeri, parodi dinlerin birey ve toplum üzerindeki etkilerinin anlaşılmasını sağlayabilecek saha araştırmalarına teorik bir zemin hazırlamaktır.

References

  • AİHM, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, 9. Madde Rehberi: Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Özgürlüğü. Avrupa Konseyi, Güncelleme 30 Nisan 2020. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/Guide_Art_9_TUR
  • Anoshka, Siarhei A. “A Joke, Mockery, Or Something More? The Chuch of the Flying Spaghetti Monster: An Invented Religion or A New Movement?”. Electronic Journal of Folklore 81 (2021), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2021.81.anoshka
  • Baggini, Julian. Ateizm. çev. M. Barış Gümüşbaş. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi, 2019.
  • Bahçecik, Muhammed. “Görünmez Pembe Tek Boynuz İnancı İle Yüzleşme! Benim Tanrım Pembe Tek Boynuzlu At!”. YouTube. Yayın Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arCWpJH9EgM
  • Bahtin, Mihail. Rabelais ve Dünyası. çev. Çiçek Öztek. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2005.
  • Baran, Dilâ. “Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi (Pastafaryanizm)”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi. ed. Süleyman Turan-Emine Battal. 918-921. İstanbul: Okur Akademi, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, 2024.
  • Baudrillard, Jean. Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon. çev. Oğuz Adanır. Ankara: Doğu-Batı Yayınları, 16. Basım, 2022.
  • Burde, Mark. “The Parodia Sacra Problem and Medieval Comic Studies”. Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Epistemology of a Fundamental Human Behavior, Its Meaning, and Consequences ed. Albrecht Classen. 215-242. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Bury, John Bagnall. A History of Freedom of Thought New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2002.
  • Chidester, David. Authentic Fakes, Religion and American Popular Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  • Coştu, Yakup. Küreselleşme ve Din. Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınları, 2023.
  • Cowie, Tom. “This Guy Got a Victorian Driver’s Licence with a Pasta Strainer on His Head”. The Age (29 Kasım 2016). https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/this-guy-got-a-victorian-drivers-licence-with-a-pasta-strainer-on-his-head-20161129-gszuu7.html
  • Cusack, Carole M. Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Farnham-Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2010.
  • Çınar, Gökhan. “Ben Zebaniyim, Seçilmiş Kişiyim”. YouTube. Yayın Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfhdCE4BE78
  • Davidsen, Markus Altena. “Fiction-Based Religion, Conceptualising a New Category Against History-Based Religion and Fandom”. Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal 14/4 (2013), 378-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2013.838798
  • Davidsen, Markus Altena. “The Spiritual Milieu Based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s Literary Mythology”. Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions. ed. Adam Possamai. 185-204. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Bir Şeytanın Papazı. çev. Tunç Tuncay Bilgin. İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları, 2008.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Tanrı Yanılgısı. çev. Melisa Miller. İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları, 2022.
  • De Wilde, Mienke. – Cliteur, Paul. “The Secular Religion of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster”. The Freethinker (27 Temmuz 2022). https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/07/the-secular-religion-of-the-church-of-the-flying-spaghetti-monster/ECHR, European Court of Human Rights. K. 9476/19 (09.11.2021). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%229476/19%22],%22itemid%22:[%22002-13502%22]}
  • Eli Meixler, Eli. “A Dutch Court Has Ruled Pastafarians Cannot Wear Colanders in ID Photos”. Time (17 Ağustos 2018). https://time.com/5370043/pastafarian-religion-netherlands/ Erasmus, Desiderius. Deliliğe Övgü. çev. Aycan Özüpek. Ankara: Dorlion Yayınları, 2017.
  • Fenton, Claire. “Til Sauce Do Us Part: Canadian Couple Married Under Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster”. Daily Hive (23 Eylül 2022). https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/flying-spaghetti-monster-wedding
  • Gander, Kashmira. “Pastafarian Man Niko Alm Wins Right to Wear Colander on his Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (16 Temmuz 2011). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pastafarian-man-niko-alm-wins-right-to-wear-colander-on-his-head-in-driving-license-photo-9610859.html
  • Gevşek Kanon: Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi’nin Dua Kitabı. çev. Feyyaz Şahin. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayın, 2017.
  • Henderson, Bobby. Uçan Spagetti Canavarı’nın Kutsal Kitabı. çev. Umut Ulus – Uğraş Turan Önder. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayın, 2010.
  • Henderson, Bobby. “Open Letter to Cansas School Board”. Erişim 28 Aralık 2023. https://www.spaghettimonster.org/pages/about/open-letter/
  • Kennedy, Merrit. “Holy Macaroni: Welcome To The First Ever Oficial Pastafarian Wedding”. NPR (16 Nisan 2016). https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/16/474510676/holy-macaroni-welcome-to-the-first-ever-official-pastafarian-wedding
  • Lehtinen, Hanna. ”Counterreligion? The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and Shifting Discourse on Religion”. Turku: University of Turku, Faculty of Humanities, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Maćkowiak, Anna M. “Mythical Universes of Third-Millennium Religious Movements: The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and Matrixism”. Maska Magazyn Antropologiczno- Społeczno Kulturowi, Kosmos, Astronomia, Ciała Niebieskie 29 (2016), 85-97.
  • Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire, The Literature of Social Classes and the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Obadia, Lionel. “When Virtually Shapes Social Reality: Fake Cults and the Church of the Flying Spaghetti”. Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 8 (2005), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.11588/rel.2015.0.20327
  • Oppy, Graham. “Whither New Atheism?”. New Atheism: Critical Perspectives and Contemporary Debates. ed. Christopher R. Cotter vd. 15-31. Cham: Springer Publishing, 2017.
  • Özay, Mehmet. Sekülerleşme ve Din: Batı’da Sekülerleşme Teorileri ve Tartışmaları. İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Possamai, Adam. Religion and Popular Culture: A Hyper-Real Testament. Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2005.
  • Possamai, Adam. “Yoda Goes to Glastonbury”, Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions, ed. Adam Possamai. 1-21. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Quillen, Ethan G. “The Satirical Sacred: New Atheism, Parody Religion, and the Argument from Fictionalization”. New Atheism: Critical Perspectives and Contemporary Debates. ed. Christopher R. Cotter vd. 193-220. Cham: Springer Publishing, 2017.
  • Russell, Bertrand. “Is There A God?”. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Last Philosophical Testament. ed. John G. Slater – Peter Köllner. 11/542-548. London – New York: Routledge 2017.
  • Sadlier, Samantha. “Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Pastafarians Makes Statement”. The Spectrum (18 Kasım 2014). https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/local/2014/11/16/church-flying-spaghetti-monster-pastafarian-makes-statement/19123337/
  • Sagan, Carl. Karanlık Bir Dünyada Bilimin Mum Işığı. çev. Can Evren Topaktaş. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2022.
  • Saul, Heather. “Pastafarian Woman Wears Colander on Her Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (11 Eylül 2014). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/weird-news/pastafarian-woman-wears-colander-on-her-head-in-driving-license-photo-9727131.html
  • Simpson, Scott. “Joke Religions: Make-Believe in the Sandbox of the Gods”. Ex-Nihilo, Periodyk Młodych Religioznawców 2/6 (2011), 91-118. Sims, Alexandra. “Pastafarian Man Wins Right to Wear Colander on His Head in Driving Licence Photo”. Independent (14 Ocak 2016). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pastafarian-man-wins-right-to-wear-colander-on-his-head-in-driving-licence-photo-a6811326.html
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There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Dilâ Baran 0000-0003-4112-9559

Publication Date March 26, 2024
Submission Date December 31, 2023
Acceptance Date March 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 52

Cite

ISNAD Baran, Dilâ. “Parodi Din Kavramı: Uçan Spagetti Canavarı Kilisesi (Pastafaryanizm) Örneği”. Eskiyeni 52 (March 2024), 51-77. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1412847.