A THEORETICAL EXAMINATION OF MOONLIGHTING AMONG HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS

Year 2024, , 379 - 393, 09.01.2024

Oğuzhan Bozoğlu , Ejder Güven , Erşan Ciğerim

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1261195

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The practice of moonlighting, where people take on additional jobs to augment their principal source of income, is an intriguing phenomenon, which seems to be gaining more prevalence among higher education students. Researchers are therefore examining the effects of this tendency on students' academic performance and professional prospects more and more, underscoring the significance of this trend for scholarly attention. The current research intends to explore this trend using three well-established theoretical perspectives: Human Capital Theory, Labour Market Segmentation Theory, and Social Exchange Theory. By examining these viewpoints, we can learn more about how moonlighting can be viewed as an investment, comprehend the traits of various labour market segments and how they affect students' moonlighting behaviours, and finally, we can better understand why university students choose to or not to moonlight and the variables that influence their decisions.

Keywords

Higher Education, Moonlighting, Social Exchange Theory, Human Capital, Gig Economy

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN EK İŞTE ÇALIŞMA OLGUSUNUN TEORİK İNCELEMESİ

Abstract

‘Moonlighting’ kavramı, bireylerin ana gelir kaynaklarını artırmak ya da daha farklı nedenler ile ek iş ya da ikinci iş yapması anlamına gelmektedir ve özellikle son yıllarda tüm dünyada üniversite öğrencileri arasında giderek daha yaygın hale gelmektedir. Araştırmacılar bu eğilimin öğrencilerin akademik performansları ve profesyonel yaşamları üzerindeki etkilerini vurgulamaktadır. Mevcut araştırma, İnsan Sermayesi Teorisi, Bölümlendirilmiş İşgücü Piyasası Teorisi ve Sosyal Takas Teorisi olmak üzere üç önemli teorik bakış açısını kullanarak bu üniversite öğrencileri arasındaki bu eğilimi araştırmaktadır. Bu teorik perspektifler ile olgunun daha iyi ve sistematik olarak analiz edilebileceği düşünülmekte; böylelikle öğrencilerin eğitimleri sırasında çalışmalarının nedenleri ve sonuçlarına yönelik daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısının kazanılacağı öngörülmektedir.

Keywords

Yükseköğretim, İkinci İşte Çalışma, Sosyal Takas Teorisi, İnsan Sermayesi, Esnek Ekonomi

References

• Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 267-299). Academic Press.
• Amde, W. K., Sanders, D., Chilundo, B., Rugigana, E., Haile Mariam, D., & Lehmann, U. (2018). Exploring multiple job holding practices of academics in public health training institutions from three sub-Saharan Africa countries: drivers, impact, and regulation. Global health action, 11(1), 1-9.
• Averett, S. L. (2001). Moonlighting: multiple motives and gender differences. Applied Economics, 33(11), 1391-1410.
• Atherton, A., Faria, J. R., Wheatley, D., Wu, D., & Wu, Z. (2016). The decision to moonlight: does second job holding by the self‐employed and employed differ?. Industrial Relations Journal, 47(3), 279-299.
• Baah-Boateng, W., Adjei, P., & Oduro, A. D. (2013). Determinants of moonlighting in Ghana: an empirical investigation. African Review of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 176-202.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley and Sons.
• Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
• Bhengu, B. R. (2001). Exploring the critical care nurses’ experiences regarding moonlighting. Curationis, 24(2), 48-53.
• Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Moonlighting. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/moonlighting
• Chama-Chiliba, C. M., Chewe, M., Chileshe, K., Hazele, H. C., & Araar, A. (2022). Does working while studying affect education mismatch among youth? Evidence from Zambia. International Journal of Manpower. Advance online publication.
• Chell, E., & Athayde, R. (2011). Planning for uncertainty: Soft skills, hard skills and innovation. Reflective Practice, 12(5), 615-628.
• Chernyak-Hai, L., & Rabenu, E. (2018). The new era workplace relationships: Is social exchange theory still relevant?. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 456-481.
• Clynes, M., Sheridan, A., & Frazer, K. (2020). Working while studying: The impact of term-time employment on undergraduate nursing students' engagement in the Republic of Ireland: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 92, 631-651.
• Creed, P. A., French, J., & Hood, M. (2015). Working while studying at university: The relationship between work benefits and demands and engagement and well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 48-57.
• Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900.
• Dickey, H., Watson, V., & Zangelidis, A. (2011). Is it all about money? An examination of the motives behind moonlighting. Applied Economics, 43(26), 3767-3774.
• Dill, J., Frogner, B., & Travers, J. (2022). Taking the Long View: Understanding the Rate of Second Job Holding Among Long-Term Care Workers. Medical Care Research and Review, 79(6), 844-850.
• Doeringer, P. B., & Piore, M. J. (1985). Internal labor markets and manpower analysis. Me Sharpe.
• Doucette, M. H., & Bradford, W. D. (2019). Dual job holding and the gig economy: Allocation of effort across primary and gig jobs. Southern Economic Journal, 85(4), 1217-1242.
• Ecton, W. G., Heinrich, C. J., & Carruthers, C. K. (2023). Earning to Learn: Working While Enrolled in Tennessee Colleges and Universities. AERA Open, 9(1), 1-16.
• Häkkinen, I. (2006). Working while enrolled in a university: does it pay?. Labour Economics, 13(2), 167-189. Healy, J., Nicholson, D., & Pekarek, A. (2017). Should we take the gig economy seriously?. Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 27(3), 232-248.
• Hovdhaugen, E. (2015). Working while studying: the impact of term-time employment on dropout rates. Journal of Education and Work, 28(6), 631-651.
• Howell, A. (2011). Labor market segmentation in Urumqi, Xinjiang: exposing labor market segments and testing the relationship between migration and segmentation. Growth and Change, 42(2), 200-226.
• Hudson, K. (2007). The new labor market segmentation: Labor market dualism in the new economy. Social Science Research, 36(1), 286-312.
• Hyder, A., & Ahmed, A. M. (2009). The dynamics of moonlighting in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 497-507.
• Jain, M., Gondane, H., & Balpande, L. (2023). Moonlighting-A New Threat to IT Industry. International Journal of Information Technology & Computer Engineering, 3(04), 11-22.
• Khan, N., Ahmad, N., Iqbal, N., & Haider, N. (2014). Relationship of training and education with employee performance in financial institutions. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 41, 150-156.
• Kumar, A.S. Moonlighting Industry Perspective. Archers & Elevators Publishing House.
• Kusi, G. (2018). Moonlighting to Survive: The Effect of Multiple Job Holding on the Working Poor in Ghana. [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Ghana.
• Lessky, F., & Unger, M. (2022). Working long hours while studying: a higher risk for First-in-Family students and students of particular fields of study?. European Journal of Higher Education, 1-20.
• Livanos, I., & Zangelidis, A. (2012). Multiple job-holding among male workers in Greece. Regional Studies, 46(1), 119-135.
• Majid, S., Liming, Z., Tong, S., & Raihana, S. (2012). Importance of soft skills for education and career success. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 2(2), 1037-1042.
• Marginson, S. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 287-301.
• Moulin, S., Doray, P., Laplante, B., & Street, M. C. (2013). Work intensity and non-completion of university: longitudinal approach and causal inference. Journal of Education and Work, 26(3), 333-356.
• Muldoon, R. (2009). Recognizing the enhancement of graduate attributes and employability through part-time work while at university. Active Learning in Higher Education, 10(3), 237-252.
• Nonis, S. A., & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Academic performance of college students: Influence of time spent studying and working. Journal of Education for Business, 81(3), 151-159.
• Park, Y. A., & Headrick, L. (2017). Student workers' work-life balance: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. In J.M. Nicklin (Ed.), Work-life Balance in the 21st Century: Perspectives, Practices and Challenges (pp.221-255). Nova Science Publishers.
• Paxson, C. H., & Sicherman, N. (1996). The dynamics of dual job holding and job mobility. Journal of Labor Economics, 14(3), 357-393.
• Pouliakas, K. (2017). Multiple job-holding: Career pathway or dire straits?. IZA World of Labor.
• Purwanto, A. (2020). Working While Studying at University in the Self-Management Perspective: An Ethnographic Study on Java Ethnic Employees. International Journal of Control and Automation, 13(2), 299-308.
• Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., & Edwards, R. C. (1973). A theory of labor market segmentation. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 359-365.
• Reilly, B., & Krstić, G. (2003). Employees and second‐job holding in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Economics of Transition, 11(1), 93-122.
• Richardson, M., Evans, C., & Gbadamosi, G. (2009). Financing full -time education through part -time work. Journal of Education and Work, 22(4), 319-334.
• Roksa, J. (2011). Differentiation and work: Inequality in degree attainment in US higher education. Higher Education, 61, 293-308.
• Seetha, N. (2014). Are soft skills important in the workplace?-A preliminary investigation in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 44.
• Shishko, R., & Rostker, B. (1976). The economics of multiple job holding. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 298-308.
• Strober, M. H. (1990). Human Capital Theory: Implications for HR Managers. Industrial Relations, 29(2), 214–239.
• Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 411-445.
• Tansel, A. (1996). Urban male wage earners and moonlighting in Turkey. In Working paper series/Economic Research Forum; 9601. Economic Research Forum, Cairo, EG.
• Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. Wiley.
• Tran, M., & Sokas, R. K. (2017). The gig economy and contingent work: An occupational health assessment. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 59(4), 63-66.
• Triventi, M. (2014). Does working during higher education affect students’ academic progression?. Economics of EducationReview, 41, 1-13.
• Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273-294.
• Yuan, B., Lan, J., & Li, J. (2022). Understanding the health outcomes of the work pattern transformation in the age of gig economy: an investigation of the association between multiple-job holding and health status in the United States and China. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-15.
• Yuan, B., Zhang, T., & Li, J. (2022). The dilemma of dual adaptation to delayed retirement initiative and work model change of gig economy: the influence of late retirement and multiple-job holding on mental health among older workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 95(5), 1067-1078.
• Webster, B. D., & Edwards, B. D. (2019). Does holding a second job viewed as a calling impact one's work at the primary job?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 114, 112-125.
• Webster, B. D., Edwards, B. D., & Smith, M. B. (2019). Is holding two jobs too much? An examination of dual jobholders. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34, 271-285.
• Winters, J. V. (2010). Teacher moonlighting: evidence from the US Current Population Survey. Applied Economics Letters, 17(11), 1111-1114.
• Zangelidis, A. (2014). Labour market insecurity and second job-holding in Europe (Working Paper). Available at SSRN 2615268.