Çalışan Dayanıklılığı Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Näswall ve arkadaşları (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Çalışan Dayanıklılığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve geçerlik-güvenirlik analizlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, kamu ve özel sektörde görev yapan beyaz yakalı çalışanlardan oluşan iki ayrı örneklem grubu ile yürütülmüştür. İlk örneklem grubunda yapılan keşfedici faktör analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu belirlenmiş; bu faktörler “Zorluklarla Başa Çıkma ve Kriz Yönetimi”, “Sürekli Gelişim ve Uyum Sağlama” ve “Kaynak Kullanımı ve Değişime Açıklık” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Söz konusu üçlü yapı, çalışan dayanıklılığı literatüründe kavramı oluşturan temel davranışsal bileşenler ve süreçlerle kuramsal açıdan örtüşmektedir. İkinci örneklem grubunda gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile bu yapı istatistiksel olarak doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca, psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeğiyle birlikte yürütülen analizlerde, çalışan dayanıklılığı ölçeğinin bu kavramdan ayrıştığı ve farklı bir yapıyı ölçtüğü görülmüştür. Kriter geçerliliği kapsamında, çalışan dayanıklılığı ile işe angaje olma ve iş tatmini arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Tüm bu bulgular, ölçeğin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Uyarlanan bu ölçeğin, Türkiye bağlamında yürütülecek çalışan dayanıklılığı araştırmalarında ve insan kaynakları uygulamalarında etkili biçimde kullanılabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• çalışan dayanıklılığı
• ölçek uyarlama
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik
• çalışan dayanıklılığı ölçeği

Ethical Statement

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Etik Kurulu’ndan 13.02.2025 ta-rihli ve 163/15 sayılı kararı ile uygulama izni alınmıştır.

Employee Resilience Scale: Adaptation of the Scale into Turkish

Abstract

This study aimed to adapt the Employee Resilience Scale, originally developed by Näswall et al. (2019), into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability analyses. The research was carried out with two separate sample groups of employees working in the public and private sectors. In the first sample group, exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, which was labeled as “Coping with Challenges and Crisis Management”, “Continual Development and Adaptability” and “Resource Utilization and Openness to Change”. This three-dimensional structure is theoretically consistent with the core behavioral components and processes that define the concept of employee resilience in the literature. The structure was statistically confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis conducted with the second sample group. Additionally, analyses carried out with the psychological resilience scale demonstrated that the employee resilience construct is conceptually distinct from psychological resilience. In terms of criterion-related validity, significant and positive relationships were found between employee resilience and both work engagement and job satisfaction. These findings indicate that the Turkish version of the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. It is anticipated that the adapted scale will serve as an effective instrument in future employee resilience research and human resources practices in the Turkish context.

Keywords

• employee resilience
• scale adaptation
• validity
• reliability

Ethical Statement

Application permission was obtained from Süleyman Demirel University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee with the decision dated 13.02.2025 and numbered 163/15.

References

1. Abukhait, R., Bani-Melhem, S., & Mohd Shamsudin, F. (2020). Do employee resilience, focus on opportunity, and work-related curiosity predict innovative work behaviour? The mediating role of career adaptability. International Journal of Innovation Management, 24(7), 2050070. https://doi.org/10.1142/S136391962050070X.
2. Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Sharif, M., Yijun, W., Majid, A., & Yasir, M. (2022). Investigating employee creativity through employee polychronicity and employee resilience: A glimpse of nurses working in the health-care sector. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-05-2020-0176.
3. Bardoel, E. A., Pettit, T. M., De Cieri, H., & McMillan, L. (2014). Employee resilience: An emerging challenge for HRM. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52(3), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12033.
4. Başol, O. ve Çömlekçi, M. F. (2020). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 17-31.
5. Braun, T. J., Hayes, B. C., Frautschy DeMuth, R. L., & Taran, O. A. (2017). The development, validation, and practical application of an employee agility and resilience measure to facilitate organizational change. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 702–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2017.79.
6. Brayfield, A. H. & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055617.
7. Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. Wiley.
8. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem A Yayıncılık.

9. Caniëls, M. C. J. & Baaten, S. M. J. (2019). How a learning-oriented organizational climate is linked to different proactive behaviors: The role of employee resilience. Social Indicators Research, 143(2), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1996-y.
10. Cojocaru, M. (2022). How resilience influences the organisational success. Theoretical perspectives on employee and managerial resilience. Revista Românească pentru Educaţie Multidimensională, 14(4Sup1), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.4Sup1/667.
11. Connor, K. M. & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
12. De Clercq, D. & Pereira, R. (2019). Resilient employees are creative employees, when the workplace forces them to be. Creativity and Innovation Management, 28(3), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12328.
13. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
14. Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows: Advanced techniques for beginners. Sage Publications.
15. Franken, E., Plimmer, G., & Malinen, S. (2023). Growth-oriented management and employee outcomes: Employee resilience as a mechanism for growth. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 44(5), 627–642. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2023-0022.
16. Garcia-Dia, M. J., DiNapoli, J. M., Garcia-Ona, L., Jakubowski, R., & O'Flaherty, D. (2013). Concept analysis: resilience. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 27(6), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003.
17. George, D. & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 Update (10. Baskı), Pearson.
18. Gričnik, A. M., Mulej, M., & Šarotar Žižek, S. (2023). Sustainable human resource management. In A. Brezavšček (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th FEB International Scientific Conference: Integrating Sustainable Research and Business Practices (pp. 495–507). University of Maribor Press. https://doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.35
19. Güler, M., Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2019). İşe tutulma ölçeği çok kısa versiyonu (UWES-3) geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması: Alternatif bir versiyon (UWES-6) önerisi. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 6(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.516921.
20. Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
21. Hillmann, J. & Guenther, E. (2021). Organizational resilience: A valuable construct for management research? International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(1), 7–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12239
22. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.
23. Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1-55.
24. Joyce, S., Shand, F., Tighe, J., Laurent, S. J., Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, S. B. (2018). Road to resilience: a systematic review and meta-analysis of resilience training programmes and interventions. BMJ open, 8(6), e017858. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017858.
25. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17.
26. Kline, R. B. (2001). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, Guilford Press.
27. Kuntz, J., Connell, P., & Näswall, K. (2017). Workplace resources and employee resilience: The role of regulatory profiles. Career Development International, 22(4), 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0208.
28. Kuntz, J. C., Näswall, K., & Malinen, S. (2016). Resilient employees in resilient organizations: Flourishing beyond adversity. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9, 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.39.
29. Le, K.-G. H. & Le, N.-H. (2024). The benefits of service employees’ resilience in the workplace: A mediation and moderation analysis. Service Business, 18, 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-024-00561-3.
30. Lee, J.H., Nam, S.K., Kim, A.-R., Kim, B., Lee, M.Y., & Lee, S.M. (2013), Resilience: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00095.x.
31. Liang, F., & Cao, L. (2021). Linking employee resilience with organizational resilience: The roles of coping mechanism and managerial resilience. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 1063 - 1075. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S318632.
32. Lu, Y., Zhang, M. M., Yang, M. M., & Wang, Y. (2023). Sustainable human resource management practices, employee resilience, and employee outcomes: Toward common good values. Human Resource Management, 62(3), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22153. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165.
33. Luthans, F., Norman, S.M., Avolio, B.J., & Avey, J.B. (2008) The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate-employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 219- 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.507.
34. Malik, P. & Garg, P. (2020). Learning organization and work engagement: the mediating role of employee resilience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(8), 1071–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1396549.
35. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
36. McDonald, R. P. & Ho, M.H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7 (1), 64-82. Doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64.
37. Näswall, K., Kuntz, J., & Malinen, S. (2015) Employee Resilience Scale (EmpRes): Technical report. Resilient Organisations Research Report 2015/04. ISSN 1178-7279.
38. Näswall, K., Malinen, S., Kuntz, J., & Hodliffe, M. (2019). Employee resilience: Development and validation of a measure. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(5), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2018-0102.
39. Nguyen, Q., Kuntz, J. R. C., Näswall, K., & Malinen, S. (2016). Employee resilience and leadership styles: The moderating role of proactive personality and optimism. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 45(2), 13–21.
40. Nilakant, V., Walker, B., Kuntz, J., de Vries, H., Malinen, S., Näswall, K., & van Heugten, K. (2016). Dynamics of organisational response to a disaster: A study of organisations impacted by earthquakes. In M. C. Hall, S. Malinen, R. Vosslamber, & R. Wordsworth (Eds.), Business and natural disaster: Business, organisational and consumer resilience and the Christchurch earthquakes (pp. 35-47). Routledge.
41. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
42. Paul, H., Bamel, U. K. & Garg, P. (2016). Employee resilience and OCB: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 41(4), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090916672765.
43. Rabiul, M. K., Promsivapallop, P., Al Karim, R., Islam, M. A., & Patwary, A. K. (2022). Fostering quality customer service during COVID-19: The role of managers’ oral language, employee work engagement, and employee resilience. Journal of Hospitality Management, 114, 103549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.09.002.
44. Rees, C. S., Breen, L. J., Cusack, L., & Hegney, D. (2015). Understanding individual resilience in the workplace: the international collaboration of workforce resilience model. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00073.
45. Rurkkhum, S. (2024). A bundle of human resource practices and employee resilience: The role of employee well-being. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(3), 716–731. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-01-2022-0050.
46. Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430.
47. Shaw, J., McLean, K. C., Taylor, B., Swartout, K., & Querna, K. (2016). Beyond resilience: Why we need to look at systems too. Psychology of Violence, 6(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000020
48. Shin, J., Taylor, M. S., & Seo, M.-G. (2012). Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 727–748. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0325.
49. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972.
50. Suhandiah, S., Suhariadi, F., Yulianti, P., & Abbas, A. (2023). Autonomy and feedback on innovative work behavior: The role of resilience as a mediating factor in Indonesian Islamic banks. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2178364. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2178364.
51. Thai, K. P.; To, A. T.; Tran, T. S.; Tran, Q. T., & Dang, T .M. T. (2024). Drivers of employee resilience and its relationships with work engagement and job performance after the Covid-19 Pandemic. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 17 (3), 717-730. DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2023.358701.675822.
52. Tonkin, K., Malinen, S., Näswall, K., & Kuntz, J. C. (2018). Building employee resilience through wellbeing in organizations. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21306.
53. Turner, M., Holdsworth, S., Scott-Young, C. M., & Sandri, K. (2021). Resilience in a hostile workplace: the experience of women on site in construction. Construction Management and Economics, 39(10), 839–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2021.1981958.
54. Uppathampracha, R. (2022). How ethical leadership sparks employee innovative work behavior: Examining the mediating role of employee resilience and work engagement. ABAC Journal, 42(3), 199–213.
55. Vogus, T. J. & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Organizational resilience: Towards a theory and research agenda. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2007 (pp. 3418-3422). Article 4414160 (Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2007.4414160.
56. Zong, Y. & Tsaur, S.-H. (2023). Employee resilience and mentoring functions as moderators of the relationship between workplace hazing and affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 114, 103549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103549.