YABANCI ÖĞRENCİLERE KARŞI TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞSAL EĞILIMLER: ULUSAL KIMLIKLER VE SOSYAL BASKINLIK YÖNELIMININ YORDAYICI ROLÜ

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’deki yabancı uyruklu öğrencilere karşı tutum ve davranşsal eğilimleri, içgrup kimlik ve sosyal baskınlık kuramları açısından incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemi 151 Türk öğrenciden oluşmaktadır (93 Kadın, 58 Erkek, Ort. Yaş = 21.56, SS = 2.21). Katılımcılar, demografik form, ulusal kimlikle özdeşleşme ölçeği, sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ölçeği, dışgruba yönelik tutumlar ve davranışsal eğilimler ölçekleri içeren anketleri online olarak doldurmuşlardır. Bulgular, ulusal kimlikle özdeşleşmenin tutumları olumlu yönde yordadığını, ancak sosyal baskınlık yöneliminin iki bağımlı değişkenin de anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olmadığını göstermiştir. Bunun yanında, sosyal baskınlık yöneliminin ulusal kimlikler ve dışgruba yönelik tutum ve davranışsal eğilimlerle ilişkisi sosyal baskınlık yönelimi tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Buna göre, ulusal kimlikler ile bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişki yanlızca sosyal baskınlık eğilimi yüksek olan kişiler arasında anlamlı ve olumsuzdur. Bulguların kuramsal ve uygulamalı getirileri tartışılmıştır. 

Keywords

• yabancı öğrenci,ulusal kimlik,sosyal baskınlık,dışgruba yönelik tutumlar,davranışsal

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORAL TENDENCIES TOWARDS FOREIGN STUDENTS: THE PREDICTIVE ROLE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION

Abstract

References

1. Akbaş, G. (2010). Social identity and intergroup relations: The case of Alevis and Sunnis in Amasya. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. METU, Ankara.
2. Aliyev, R., & Öğülmüş, S. (2016). Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin kültürlenme düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 89-123. Asari, E. M., Halikiopoulou, D., & Mock, S. (2008). British national identity and the dilemmas of multiculturalism. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 14(1), 1-28.
3. Bagci, S. C., & Çelebi, E. (2017). Cross‐group friendships and outgroup attitudes among Turkish–Kurdish ethnic groups: does perceived interethnic conflict moderate the friendship‐attitude link?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(2), 59-73.
4. Bagci, S. C., Piyale, Z. E., Bircek, N. I., & Ebcim, E. (2017). Think beyond contact: Reformulating imagined intergroup contact theory by adding friendship potential. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations.
5. Bilali, R. (2014). The downsides of national identification for minority groups in intergroup conflicts in assimilationist societies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(1), 21-38.
6. Boztas, A., & Köse, D. T. (2016). Yüksekögrenimde Afrikali ögrencilerin tarihsel ve son dönem Türkiye algisi: Sakarya Üniversitesi örnegi. TURAN: Stratejik Arastirmalar Merkezi, 8(29), 92.
7. Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate?. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429-444.
8. Cetinkaya-Yildiz, E., Cakir, S. G., & Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(5), 534-539.

9. Çetinsaya G (2014) Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritası. Eskişehir: Yükseköğretim Kurulu.
10. Çevik, Z. (2015). Türkiye’de yaşayan yabanci uyruklu öğrenciler ile türk uyruklu öğrencilerin özgüven düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Beykent Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
11. Dixon, J. C., & Ergin, M. (2010). Explaining anti‐Kurdish beliefs in Turkey: Group competition, identity, and globalization. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1329-1348.
12. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2008). Another view of “we”: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 296-330.
13. Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684-696.
14. Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: big five personality, social dominance orientation, or right‐wing authoritarianism?. European Journal of Personality, 18(6), 463-482.
15. Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social issues, 57(3), 389-412.
16. Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.
17. Jackson, J. S., Brown, K. T., Brown, T. N., & Marks, B. (2001). Contemporary immigration policy orientations among dominant‐group members in Western Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 431-456.
18. Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Mähönen, T. A., & Ketokivi, M. (2012). The dynamics of ethnic discrimination, identities and outgroup attitudes: A pre–post longitudinal study of ethnic migrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(7), 904-914.
19. Hinkle, S., ve Brown, R. J. (1990). Intergroup differentiation and social identity: Some links and lacunae. D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (s. 48–70) içinde. New York: Springer-Verlag.
20. Kondakci, Y. (2011). Student mobility reviewed: Attraction and satisfaction of international students in Turkey. Higher Education, 62(5), 573-592.
21. Levin, S., & Sidanius, J. (1999). Social dominance and social identity in the United States and Israel: Ingroup favoritism or outgroup derogation?. Political Psychology, 20(1), 99-126.
22. Martínez, M. F., Calzado, V., & Martínez, J. (2011). Social dominance orientation and national identity on attitudes toward immigration policies: The mediating role of perceived threat and outgroup size. Revista de Psicología Social, 26(1), 21-32.
23. Meeus, J., Duriez, B., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2010). The role of national identity representation in the relation between in‐group identification and out‐group derogation: Ethnic versus civic representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 305-320.
24. Özoğlu, M., Gür, B. S., & Coşkun, İ. (2015). Factors influencing international students’ choice to study in Turkey and challenges they experience in Turkey. Research in Comparative and International Education, 10(2), 223-237.
25. Pehrson, S., Vignoles, V. L., & Brown, R. (2009). National identification and anti-immigrant prejudice: Individual and contextual effects of national definitions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(1), 24-38.
26. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65-85.
27. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.
28. Phinney, J. S., Ferguson, D. L., & Tate, J. D. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68(5), 955-969.
29. Phinney, J. S., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 478-490.
30. Pratto, F., Stallworth, L. M., Sidanius, J., & Siers, B. (1997). The gender gap in occupational role attainment: a social dominance approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 37-53.
31. Sağlam, M. (1985). Yurt dışından dönen öğrenciler için uyum programı modeli. Yayınlamamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
32. Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53-67.
33. Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14(4), 449-464.
34. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press.
35. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Mitchell, M. (1994). In-group identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(2), 151-167.
36. Sniderman, P. M., & Hagendoorn, A. (2007). When ways of life collide: Multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton University Press.
37. Summers, M., & Volet, S. (2008). Students’ attitudes towards culturally mixed groups on international campuses: impact of participation in diverse and non‐diverse groups. Studies in Higher Education, 33(4), 357-370.
38. Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., & Voci, A. (2010). The impact of crossgroup friendships in South Africa: Affective mediators and multigroup comparisons. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 309-333. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.) içinde, The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
39. Thomsen, L., Green, E. G., & Sidanius, J. (2008). We will hunt them down: How social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism fuel ethnic persecution of immigrants in fundamentally different ways. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(6), 1455-1464.
40. Turner, R. N., West, K., & Christie, Z. (2013). Out‐group trust, intergroup anxiety, and out‐group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(52), E196-E205.
41. Verkuyten, M. (2006). Multicultural recognition and ethnic minority rights: A social identity perspective. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 148-184.
42. Verkuyten, M., & Brug, P. (2004). Multiculturalism and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(6), 647-661.
43. Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1448-1462.
44. Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., & Giovannini, D. (2012). Indirect contact through book reading: Improving adolescents' attitudes and behavioral intentions toward immigrants. Psychology in the Schools, 49(2), 148-162.
45. Vollhardt, J., Migacheva, K., ve Tropp, L. R. (2009). Social cohesion and tolerance for group differences. J. De Rivera (Ed.), Handbook on building cultures of peace (s.139-152) içinde, New York: Springer.
46. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 73(1), 73-90.
47. Zhou, Y., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K., & Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 33(1), 63-75.