TIME-VARYING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN TURKEY

Abstract

In this paper we examine the causal relations between international tourism demand and total exports and its sub-components (intermediate goods and capital goods) and total imports (intermediate goods and capital goods) in Turkey by using Hacker and Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto and Time-Varying Causality tests. The results of the study indicate the causal relations between international tourism demand and exports and imports. The results also indicate that these causal relations between international tourism demand and international trade are not stable. In other words, they have a time-varying nature. Moreover, international tourism demand’s contribution to imports are greater than that of exports. Finally, the international tourism demand is more often affected by components of exports and imports and the signs of are generally positive. Thus, policy makers, sector representatives and market professionals related to both international trade and tourism should take into account of this time-varying nature of causal relations between these variables before implementing policies aiming to promote both.

Keywords

• International Tourism Demand,International Trade,Hacker and Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto Test,Time-Varying Causality Test

TIME-VARYING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN TURKEY

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de uluslararası turizm talebi ve toplam ihracat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) ve toplam ithalat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) arasındaki nedensel ilişkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri Hacker ve Hatemi- J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik testleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, uluslararası turizm talebi ile ihracat ve ithalat arasında nedensellik ilişkilerin istikrarsız olduğunu göstermektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle zamanla değişen bir yapıya sahiptir. Ayrıca, uluslararası turizm talebinin ithalata katkısı, ihracata katkısından daha büyüktür. Son olarak, uluslararası turizm talebinin ihracat ve ithalat bileşenlerine etkisi genellikle pozitif yöndedir. Bu nedenle politika yapıcıları, sektör temsilcileri ve piyasa profesyonelleri hem uluslararası ticareti hem de uluslararası turizmi teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan politikaları geliştirmeden ve uygulamadan önce değişkenler arasında tespit edilen zamanla değişen nedensellik ilişkilerini göz önüne almalıdırlar.

Keywords

• Uluslararası Turizm Talebi,Uluslararası Ticaret,Hacker ve Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto Testi,Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik Testi

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