MERHAMET DOYUMU ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Year 2021, , 2019 - 2036, 01.10.2021

Eşref Nas , Ramazan Sak

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.910301

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Merhamet doyumu kişinin merhametli eylemlerde bulunmaktan dolayı elde ettiği memnuniyet halidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yetişkinlerin merhamet doyumlarını belirlemeye yönelik Merhamet Doyumu ölçeğinin geliştirilmesidir. Ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin belirlenebilmesi için 504 yetişkinden veri toplanmıştır. Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 12 madde tek bir faktör altında toplanmış ve bu tek faktörlü yapı toplam varyansın %56,14’ünü açıklamıştır. Elde edilen bu tek faktörlü yapı doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile test edilmiş ve elde edilen uyum değerlerinin (2/sd= 2.563; RMSEA=.079, RMR=.027, IFI=.95, CFI=0.96, NFI=.92, RFI=.90, GFI=.92, AGFI=.88) iyi uyum gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. Merhamet Doyumu ölçeğinin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .92 ve yarı güvenirlik katsayısı ise .90 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, yetişkinlerin merhamet doyumu düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik geliştirilen Merhamet Doyumu Ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu saptanmıştır.

Keywords

merhamet doyumu, yetişkinler, merhamet, geçerlik, güvenirlik

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPASSION SATISFACTION SCALE

Abstract

Compassion satisfaction is the pleasure that a person obtains from doing compassionate actions. The aim of this study is to develop the Compassion Satisfaction Scale to determine the compassion satisfaction of adults. Data were collected from 504 adults to determine the psychometric properties of the scale. At the end of the exploratory factor analysis, 12 items were collected under a single factor and this single factor structure explained 56.14% of the total variance. Also, this single factor structure was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and it was found that the obtained fit values (2/sd= 2.563; RMSEA=.079, RMR=.027, IFI=.95, CFI=0.96, NFI=.92, RFI=.90, GFI=.92, AGFI=.88) showed a good fit. The internal consistency coefficient of the Compassion Satisfaction scale was .92 and the split-half reliability coefficient was .90. As a result, it was determined that the Compassion Satisfaction Scale developed to determine the levels of compassion satisfaction of adults is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

compassion satisfaction, adults, compassion, validity, reliability

References

• Adams, R.E., Boscarino, J.A. ve Figley, C.R. (2006) Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers:a validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 103-108. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103
• Akdeniz, S. ve Deniz, M. E. (2016). Merhamet ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness And Well-Being, 4(1), 50-61.
• Akın, A. ve Eker, H. (2012). Duyarlı sevgi ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi,25(1), 75-85.
• Akın, Ü., Akın, A. ve Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 1-10.
• Alkema, K., Linton, J. M. ve Davies, R. (2008). A study of the relationship between self-care, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout among hospice professionals. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 4(2), 101-119. doi: 10.1080/15524250802353934
• Ames, M., Salmon, E., Holly, C. ve Kamienski, M. (2017). Strategies that reduce compassion fatigue and increase compassion satisfaction in nurses: A systematic review protokol. Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Review and Implementation Reports, 15(7), 1800-1804. DOI: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003142
• Annalakshmi, N. ve Jayanthy, C. (2019). Analysis of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among secondary school teacher. The International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis, 11(10), 282-833. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338422909
• Berzoff, J. ve Kita, E. (2010). Compassion fatigue and countertransference: Two different concepts. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38, 341-349. doi:10.1007/s10615-010-0271-8
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
• Boyle, D. (2017). Compassion fatigue: The cost of caring. Wolters Kluwer Health, 48-51. DOI-10.1097/01.NURSE.0000461857.48809.a1
• Browne, M. W. ve Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• Byrne, B. M. (2005). Factor analytic models: Viewing the structure of an assessment instrument from three perspectives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(1), 17-32.
• Chang J., Fresco J. ve Green, B. (2014). The development and validation of the compassion of others’ lives scale. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(5), 33-42.
• Cho, H., Noh, S., Park, S., Ryu, S., Misan, V. ve Lee, J. S. (2018). The development and validation of the lovingkindness-compassion scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 141-144. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.019
• Coetzee, S. K. ve Klopper, H. C. (2010). Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nursing and Health Sciences, 12, 235-243. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00526.x
• Conrad, D. ve Kellar-Guenther, Y. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 1071-1080. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.009
• Cosley, B. J., McCoy, S. K., Saslow, L. R. ve Epel, E. S. (2010). Is compassion for others stress buffering? Consequences of compassion and social support for physiological reactivity to stress. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 816-823. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.008
• Coşkun, H., Kavakli, O., Babayigit, M. ve Chang, J. (2017). The psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the compassion of others’ lives scale (The COOL). International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(2), 637-646.
• Crowley, S. L. ve Fan, X. (1997). Structural equation modeling: Basic Concepts and applications in personality assessment research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 508-31.
• Curtis, K., Horton, K. ve Smith, P. (2012). Student nurse socialisation in compassionate practice: A grounded theory study. Nurse Education Today, 32, 790-795. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.04.012
• Çınarlı, T. (2019). Acil hemşirelerinde merhamet yorgunluğunu etkileyen faktörler. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Dasan, S., Gohil, P., Cornelius, V. ve Taylor, C. (2015). Prevalence, causes and consequences of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue in emergency care: A mixed-methods study of UK NHS Consultants. Emergency Medicine Journal, 32(8), 588–594. doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-203671
• Decker, J. T., Brown, J. L. C., Ong, J. ve Stiney-Ziskind, C. A. (2015). Mindfulness, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among social work interns. Social Work & Christianity, 42(1), 28-52. ISSN 0737-5778
• Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş. ve Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1151-1160.
• DePanfilis, D. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction: Implications for retention of workers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 1067-1069. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.08.002
• Dinç, S. ve Ekinci, M. (2019). Merhamet yorgunluğu kısa ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11(1), 192-202. doi: 10.18863/pgy.590616
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. ve Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Pscyhological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
• Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433-1441. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10090
• Gilbert, P. (2009a). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15, 199-208.
• Gilbert, P. (2009b). The nature and basis for compassion focused therapy. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 273-291.
• Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy, CBT Distinctive Features Series. London: Routledge.
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M. ve Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239-255. DOI:10.1348/147608310X526511
• Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D. ve Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psycholoical Bulletin, 136(3), 351-374. DOI: 10.1037/a0018807
• Grant, H. B., Lavery, C. F. ve Decarlo, J. (2019). An exploratory study of poliçe officers: Low compassion satisfaction and compassion. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02793
• Hegney, D. G., Craigie, M., Hemsworth, D., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Aoun, S. Francis, K. ve Drury, V. (2013). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, deprssion and stress in registered nurses in Australia: Study 1 results. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(4), 506-518. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12160
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
• Hu, L.-T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Jarrad, R. A. ve Hammad, S. (2020). Oncology nurses’ compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction. Annals of General Psychiatry, 19(22), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-020-00272-9
• Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K. M., Lee, I. A., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J. ve Goldin, P. R. (2018). Altering the trajectory of affect and affect regulation: The impact of compassion training. Mindfulness, 9(1), 283-293. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0773-3.
• Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J. ve Goldin, P. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 23-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z
• Jöreskog, K. ve Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling With The Sımplıs Command Language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.
• Kim, H. J., Ha, J. H., ve Jue, J. (2020). Compassion satisfaction and fatigue, emotional dissonance, and burnout in therapists in rehabilitation hospitals. Psychology, 11, 190-203. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2020.111013
• Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural quation modeling. Guilford Press, New York
• Knaak, S., Christie, R., Mercer, S. ve Stuart, H. (2019). Harm reduction, stigma and the problem of low compassion satisfaction: Tensions on the front-lines of Canada’s opiod crisis. Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Nursing, 3(1), 8-21. DOI: 10.22374/jmhan.v3i1.37
• Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O. ve Singer, T. (2011). Short-term compassion training ıncreases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PLoS ONE, 6(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017798
• Li, A., Early, S. F., Nahrer, N. E., Klaristenfeld, J. L. ve Gold, J. I. (2014). Group cohesion and organizational commitment: Protective factors for nurse residents’ job satisfaction, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(1), 89-99. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2013.04.004
• Marsh, H. W. ve Hau, K. T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: Is parsimony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 364-390.
• Martin-Cuellar, A., Atencio, D. J., Kelly, R. J. ve Lardier, D. T. (2018). Mindfulness as a moderator of clinician history of trauma on compassion satisfaction. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 26(3), 358-368. DOI: 10.1177/1066480718795123
• Meyer, R. M. L., Li, A., Klaristenfeld, J. ve Gold, J. I. (2015). Pediatric novice nurses: Examining compassion fatigue as a mediator between stress exposure and compassion satisfaction, burnout, and job satisfaction. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(1), 174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2013.12.008
• Miles, J. ve Shevlin, M. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(1), 85-90.
• Milliard, B. (2020). The role of compassion satisfaction. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-817872-0.00012-4.
• Nas, E. (2020). Bir metafor araştırması: Yetişkinlerin merhamet kavramına ilişkin algıları. Euroassia J Sov Sci Humanit, 7(7), 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.38064/eurssh.139
• Nas, E. (Yayın Sürecinde). Pozitif psikolojide güncel bir kavram: Merhamet doyumu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 03.04.2021 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/pgy/accepted-articles
• Nas, E. ve Sak, R. (2020a). A new compassion scale for children and its psychometric properties. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01034-0
• Nas, E. ve Sak, R. (2020b). Merhamet ve merhamet odaklı terapi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 64-84. Doi: 10.18026/cbayarsos.525744
• Neff, K. (2003). The development of validation of a scale to measure self compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. DOI: 10.1080/15298860390209035
• Neville, K. ve Cole, D. A. (2013). The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(6), 348-354. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182942c23
• Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM spss. Berkshire: Open University Press.
• Papazoglou, K., Koskelainen, M. ve Stuewe, N. (2019). Examining the relationship between personality traits, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among police officers. SAGE Open, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018825190
• Phelps, A., Lloyd, D., Creamer, M. ve Forbes, D. (2009). Caring for carers in the aftermath of trauma, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(3), 313-330. DOI: 10.1080/10926770902835899
• Plucker, J. A. (2003). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in gifted education: examples with self-concept data, Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 27(1), 20-35.
• Polat, F. N. ve Erdem, R. (2017). Merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyinin çalışma yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi: sağlık profesyonelleri örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26, 291-312.
• Pommier, E. A. (2011). The compassion scale. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 72, 1174.
• Radey, M. ve Figley, C. (2007). The social psychology of compassion. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35, 207–214. DOI 10.1007/s10615-007-0087-3
• Sacco, T. L. ve Copel, L. C. (2017). Compassion satisfaction: A concept analysis in nursing. Nurs Forum, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12213
• Sacco, T. L., Ciurzynski, S. M., Harvey, M. E. ve Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 35(4), 32-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015392
• Sarıçam, H. ve Erdemir, N. (2019). Şefkat-Merhamet Ölçeğ’nin ilk psikometrik bulguları. 3. Uluslararası Eğitim ve Değerler Sempozyumu-ISOEVA E-Kitabı (s.152-163) içinde. İstanbul, Türkiye. DOI: doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18792.01288
• Sayar, K. ve Manisalıgil, A. (2016). Merhamet devrimi. (3.Baskı). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (20104). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. New Jersey: Taylor & Francis, 1-8.
• Slocum-Gori, S., Hemsworth, D., Chan, W. WY, Carson, A. ve Kazanjian, A. (2011). Understanding compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout: A survey of the hospice palliative care workforce. Palliative Medicine, 27(2), 172-178. DOI: 10.1177/0269216311431311
• Sprecher, S. ve Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629-652. DOI: 10.1177/0265407505056439
• Stainfield, M. H. ve Baptist, J. (2019). Compassion satisfaction among cam counselors: A pilot study. Journal of Experiental Education, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825918824617Stamm (2002
• Stamm, B. H. (2005). The ProQOL Manual: The Professional Quality of Life Scale. Baltimore: Sidran Press. http://compassionfatigue.org/pages/ProQOLManualOct05.pdf
• Stamm, B. H. (2002). Measuring compassion satisfaction as well as fatigue: Developmental history of the compassion satisfaction and fatigue test. In: Figley, C.R. (Ed.) Treating Compassion Fatigue (pp. 107–119). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
• Stamm, B.H. (2010). The Concise ProQOL Manual. Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Türk Dil Kurumu Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. (2020). http://www.tdk.org.tr Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020.
• Vivino, B. L., Thomson, B. J., Hill, C. E. ve Ladany, N. (2009). Compassion in psychotherapy: The perspective of therapists nominated as compassionate. Psychotherapy Research, 19(2), 157-171. DOI: 10.1080/10503300802430681
• Waltz, C. F., Strcikland, O. L. ve Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
• Wang, J. ve Wang, X. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus: methods and applications. West Susex: John Wiley & Sons.
• Williams, C. R. (2008). Compassion, suffering and the self a moral psychology of social justice. Current Sociology, 56(1), 5-24. DOI: 10.1177/0011392107084376
• Yeşil, A., Ergün, Ü., Amasyalı, C., Er, F., Olgun, N. N. ve Aker, A. T. (2010). Çalışanlar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 47, 111-117. DOI: 10.4274/npa.5210
• Young, J. L., Cicchill, V. J. ve Bfressler, S. (2011). Compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress in heart and vascular nurses. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 34(3), 227-234. doi: 10.1097/CNQ.0b013e31821c67d5