DIŞ TİCARET VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Year 2019,
Volume: 18 Issue: 71, 1483 - 1496, 15.07.2019
Halit Levent Orman
,
Servet Ceylan
,
Burcu Yılmaz Şahin
Abstract
Dış ticarette
serbestleşme hareketleriyle birlikte cari açıklar da yaygınlaşmıştır. Özellikle
gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sıklıkla karşılaşılan cari açıklar ciddi ekonomik
sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bu durumda olan ülkelerin riskleri azaltma
noktasında çevresel konulara yeterli ilgiyi gösteremeyebilirler. Dolayısıyla
çevresel bozulmayı artırıcı ekonomik faaliyetlere de yönelmeleri mümkün
olabilmektedir.
Çalışmada gelişmiş ve
gelişmekte olan ülkelerde cari açıkların çevresel kirlenmeyi etkileyip etkilemediği
araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 91 ülkenin 1990-2014 dönemi veri setini içeren Panel
regresyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri setinin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan
ülkeler olarak ayrıldığı analizden iki önemli bulgu elde edilmiştir. İlk bulgu,
çevresel Kuznets eğrisinin öngörüsünün doğrulanmış olmasıdır. İkincisi ise gelişmekte
olan ülkelerde dış ticaret dengesi ile karbon salınımı arasında anlamlı negatif
bir ilişki tespit edilmesidir
References
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- Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., & Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
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- He, J., Rıchard, P. (2010), “Environmental kuznets curve for co2 in Canada”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 69, pp. 1083–1093.
- Im, K., Pesaran, M. Ve Shin, Y. (2003) “Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels”, Journal Of Econometrics, 115, Ss.53 74.
- Işıldar, P. (2011), “Türkiye’ de dış ticaretin çevre üzerine etkisi ve kirlilik sığınakları hipotezi: Çevre yönetim sistemi (ıso 14001) ve ekonometrik bulgular”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi -Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü-Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Jalıl, A., Ferıdun, M. (2011), “The ımpact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis”, Energy Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 284–291.
- Karaca, Ç. (2012),“Ekonomik kalkınma ve çevre kirliliği ilişkisi: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine ampirik bir analiz”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol 21(3), pp. 139-156.
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- Pesaran, M. H.,& Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
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Year 2019,
Volume: 18 Issue: 71, 1483 - 1496, 15.07.2019
Halit Levent Orman
,
Servet Ceylan
,
Burcu Yılmaz Şahin
References
- Agras, J., Cepman D. (1999), “A dynamic approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 28, pp. 267–277.
- Ang, J. B.(2007), “Co2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France”, Energy Policy, Vol.35, pp. 4772–4778.
- Antewıler, W., Copeland, B. R. And Taylor, S. M. (1998) “Is free trade good for the environment?” NBER Working Paper, No: 6707, http://Www.Nber.Org/Papers/W6707 (6.09.2017)
- Antle, J. M., & Heidebrink, G. (1995). Environment and development: theory and international evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 43(3), 603-625.
- Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., & Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
- Başar, S., Temurlenk, M. S. (2007),“Çevreye uyarlanmış Kuznets eğrisi: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 2, pp. 1-12.
- Bertınellı, L., Strobl, E. (2005), “The environmental Kuznets curve semi-parametrically revisited”, Economics Letters, Vol. 88, pp. 350–357.
- Bhattaraı, M., Hammıg, M. (2001), “Institutions and environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: A cross country analysis for Latin America and Asia”, World Development, Vol. 29, pp. 995-1010.
- Bırdsall, N., Wheeler, D. (1993), “Trade policy and ındustrial pollution in Latin America: Where are the pollution havens?”, Journal Of Environment And Development, Vol. 2(1), pp. 137-150.
- Breusch, T. S.,& Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review Of Economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Carson, R. T., Jeon, J. And Mccubbın, D. D. (1997), “The relationship between air pollution missions and ıncome: Us data”, Environment And Development Economics, Vol. 2, pp. 433-450.
- Choi, I., 2001. Unit Root Tests For Panel Data. J. Int. Money Finance 20 (April (2)), 249–272.
- Cole, M. A., Ellıott, R. J. R.(2005), “FDI and the capital ıntensity of “dirty” sectors: A missing piece of the pollution haven puzzle”, Review Of Development Economics, Vol. 9(4), pp. 530-548,
- Cole, M. A., Elliott, R. J. R.(2003), “Determining the trade–environment composition effect: The role of capital, labour and environmental regulations”, Journal Of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 46, pp. 363-383.
- Commıssıon Of The European Communıtıes-Task Force Report (1992), The environment and ınternal market (Chairman: Gunter Schneider), http://Aei.Pitt.Edu/6016/ (6.06.2017).
- Copeland, B. R, Taylor, M. S. (1994), “North-South trade and environment” The quarterly journal of economics, Vol. 109, pp. 755-797.
- Copeland, B. R, Taylor, M. S. (1997), “The trade-ınduced degradation hypothesis”, Resource and energy economics, Vol. 19, pp. 321-344.
- Cropper, M., Grıffıths, C. (1994), “The ınteraction of population growth and environmental quality”, The American economic review, Vol. 84, pp. 250-254.
- Daly, H. E.(1993), “The perils of free trade”, Scientific American, Vol. 269, pp. 50-57.
- Dam, M. M., , Karakaya, E. And Bulut, Ş. (2013), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Eyi 2013 Özel Sayısı, pp. 85-95.
- Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. And Wheeler, D. (2002), “Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Journal Of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, pp. 147–168.
- Dıetz, S., Adger, N. W. (2003), “Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort”, Journal of environmental management, Vol. 68, pp. 23–35.
- Dında, S.(2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics Vol. 49, pp. 431– 455.
- Erol, E. D., Erataş, F. And Nur, H. B. (2013), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin yükselen piyasa ekonomilerindeki geçerliliği: Panel veri analizi”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 1, pp. 400-415.
- Eskeland, G. S., Harrıson, A. E. (2003), “Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis”, Journal Of Development Economics, Vol. 70, pp. 1– 23.
- Frankel, J. A., Rose, A. K. (2002), “Is trade good or bad for the environment? Sorting out the causality”, NBER Working Paper Series, No 9201, http://www.Nber.Org/Papers/W9201 (04.01.2019).
- Gökalp, F., ve Yıldırım, A. (2004), “Dış ticaret ve çevre: Kirlilik sığınaklar hipotezi Türkiye uygulaması”, Celal Bayar üniversitesi yönetim ve ekonomi, Vol. 11, pp. 99-113.
- Grether, J.-M., Melo, J. (2003), “Globalization and dirty industries: Do pollution havens matter?”, NBER Working Paper, No:9776, Http://Www.Nber.Org/Papers/W9776 (06.09.2017).
- Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B. (1991), “Economic growth and the environment”, The quarterly journal of economics, Vol. 110, pp. 353-377.
- Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B.(1991), “Environmental ımpacts of a North American free trade agreement”, NBER Working Papers Series, No 3914, Http://www.Nber.Org/Papers/W3914 (04.01.2019).
- Hahnel, R. (2014). Yeşil İktisat: Ekolojik Krize Karşı Koymak,(Çev.) N. Ersoy, P. Ertör, M. Gülboy, İ. Akgün, & AK Saysel, BGST Yayınları, İstanbul.
- He, J. (2006), “Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental ımpacts of foreign direct ınvestment: The case of ındustrial emission of sulfur dioxide (so2) in Chinese provinces”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 60, pp.228 – 245.
- He, J., Rıchard, P. (2010), “Environmental kuznets curve for co2 in Canada”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 69, pp. 1083–1093.
- Im, K., Pesaran, M. Ve Shin, Y. (2003) “Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels”, Journal Of Econometrics, 115, Ss.53 74.
- Işıldar, P. (2011), “Türkiye’ de dış ticaretin çevre üzerine etkisi ve kirlilik sığınakları hipotezi: Çevre yönetim sistemi (ıso 14001) ve ekonometrik bulgular”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi -Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü-Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Jalıl, A., Ferıdun, M. (2011), “The ımpact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis”, Energy Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 284–291.
- Karaca, Ç. (2012),“Ekonomik kalkınma ve çevre kirliliği ilişkisi: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine ampirik bir analiz”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol 21(3), pp. 139-156.
- Kesgingöz, H., Karamelikli H. (2015), “Dış ticaret-enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin co2 emisyonu”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 9, pp. 4-17.
- Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic growth and ıncome ınequality”, The American economic review, Vol. 45, pp. 1–28.
- Lau, L.-S., Choong, C.-K. And Eng, Y.-K. (2014), “Investigation of the environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: Do foreign direct ınvestment and trade matter?”, Energy Policy, Vol. 68, pp. 490–497.
- Lebe, F. (2016), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 177-194.
- Letchumanan, R., Kodama, F. (2000), “Reconciling the conflict between the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis and an emerging trajectory of ınternational technology transfer”, Research Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 59–79.
- Levınson, A. (1996), “Environmental regulations and manufacturers'location choices: Evidence from the census of manufactures”, Journal Of Public Economics, Vol. 62, pp. 5-29.
- Levınson, A., Taylor, M. S. (2008), “Unmasking the pollution haven effect”, International Economic Review, Vol. 49, pp. 223-254.
- Levin, A., Lin, C. Ve Chu, C. (2002) “Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties”, Journal Of Econometrics, 108, Ss.1 24.
- Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). “A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
- Manı, M., Wheeler, D. (1997), “In search of pollution havens? dirty ındustry in the world economy 1960-1995”, World Bank Working Paper, No 16.
- Meadows, D., Randers, J. And Meadows, D. (2004), Limits To Growth-The 30-Year Update, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, First Printing, United States.
- Öztürk, L (2007), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, İmaj Yayınevi, Birinci Baskı, Ankara.
- Pao, H.-T., Tsaı, C.-M. (2011), “Multivariate granger causality between co2 emissions, energy consumption, fdı (foreign direct ınvestment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of brıc (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries”, Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 685-693.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240). The CESifo Group & Institute for the Study of Labor.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical association, 94(446), 621-634.
- Pesaran, M. H.,& Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
- Rezek, J. P., Rogers, K. (2008), “Decomposing the co2-ıncome tradeoff: An output distance function approach”, Environment and development economics, Vol. 13, pp. 457-473.
- Rıchmond, A. K., Kaufmann, R. K. (2006), “Is there a turning point in the relationship between ıncome and energy use and/or carbon emissions?”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 56, pp. 176– 189.
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