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CULTURE AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: A THEORIC EVALUATION FROM LEADERSHIP PERSPECTIVE

Year 2013, Volume: 12 Issue: 44, 52 - 81, 01.09.2013

Abstract

Abstract
Culture and cultural diversity affect every aspect of the organizations. Understanding the impact of culture and cultural differences on organizations and organizational practices is very important for overcoming the problems experienced and the success point of view.
The aim of this study is to discuss the culture, cultural differences and their impact on leadership. The study tends to be literature-based and seem to very important because of the topic under study. Investigating these topics is expected to contribute to the effective management of multicultural organizations and organizations of any type operating across the borders.
Keywords: Culture, Cultural Diversity, Leadership

References

  • Abbasi, S. M., ve Hollman, K. W. (1991). “Managing Cultural Diversity: The Challenge of the '90s”, ARMA Records Management Quarterly, 25, 3.
  • Adler, N.J. (1986). International dimensions of organisational behaviour. 2nd Eds.Belmont,California:PWS-Kent PublishingCompany
  • Bryne, G.J ve Bradley, F. (2007). “Culture's influence on leadership efficiency: How personal and national cultures affect leadership style” Journal of Business Research, 60, 168–175
  • Bassett-Jones, N. (2005). The Paradox of DiversityManagement, Creativity and Innovation, Creativity and Innovation Management, 14, 2
  • Carr, C. (2006). “Are German, Japanese and Anglo-Saxon Strategic Decision Styles Still Divergent in the Context of Globalization?” Journal of Management Studies 42:6
  • Daft, R.L.( 1991). Management . The Dreyden Pres International Edition. Toronto.
  • Dalyan , F. (2004). Uluslarası İşletmelerde Örgüt Kültürü. Açık Öğretim uluslar arası İşletmecilik Kitabı.
  • Daniels, D.J.,ve Radebaugh, L.H. (1989), International Business: Environments & Operations, Addison-Wesley (Reading, Mass.)
  • DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK. Adler, N. J., and Graham, J. L. (1989). Cross-cultured interaction: the international comparison fallacy? Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 3, 515-58.
  • DiStefano, J. J. ve Maznevski , M. L., (2000). “GlobalLeaders Are Team Players: Developing Global Leaders Through Membershıp On Global Teams” Human Resource Management, 39, (2 & 3),195–208.
  • Early, P.C., ve Gibson C.B. (1998). “Taking stock in our progress on individualismcollectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community”. Journal of Management, 24, 3, 265-304
  • Earley, P. C., ve Mosakowski, E.(2004). “Cultural intelligence”, Harvard Business Review
  • Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D., ve Lu, Y.(1995). “How culture sensitive is HRM? A comparatice analysis of practices in Chinese and UK companies”. Int. Human Resource Management, 6,1, 1-59.
  • Elron, E. (1997). “Top Management Teams within Multinational Corporations; Effects of cultural heterogeneity”. Leadership Quarterly, 8, 4, 393-412.
  • Eren, E. (2004). Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi, Beta Basım A.Ş. , İstanbul.
  • Genç, N. (2004). Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Sözkesen Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Gibson, C.B. ve Marcoulides, G.A. (1995). “The Cultural Contingency Approach to Leadership: Examining the Invariance of a Leadership Model Across Four Countries”. Journal of Managerial Issues, 7, 2, 176-193.
  • Hall, W. (1995). Managing Cultures. John Wiley &Sons Ltd, New York.
  • Hambrick, Donald, C., Davison, Sue Canney, Snell, Scoott, A., Snow, Charles, C. (1998), “When the group consist of multiple nationalities: toward a new understanding of the İmplications”. Organisation Studies, 19, 2, 181-205.
  • Harrison, D.A..vd. (1998). “Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion”. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96-107.
  • Heine, S. J. (2007). “Culture and Motivation: What Motivates People To Act in The Ways That They Do?”, in Handbook of Cultural Psychology, Editorler.: Kitayama, S., Ve Cohen D, The Guilford Press, New York.
  • Hodgetts, R.M. (1999). Yönetim, Teori, Süreç ve Uygulama. Çev: Canan Çetin, Esin Can Mutlu, Beta Basım, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (1985). “The interaction between national and organisational value Systems”, Journal of Management Studies, 22, 4, 347-357.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Leadership, Culture, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications
  • King, W.R. (2007). “A research agenda for the relationships between culture and knowledge Management”, Knowledge and Process Management, 14, 3, 226-236.
  • Kim Y.J.ve Hancer, M. (2011). “Leadership Style and National Culture on Restaurant Employees’ Affective Commitment”, 16th Graduate Students Research Conference, Houston, Texas
  • Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., ve Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
  • Lewis, R.D., (1996). When cultures collide: managing succesfully across cultures. Nicholas Brealey Publishing London.
  • Marcoulides, G. A. Yavaş, F, Bilgin, Z., ve Gibson, C.B.(1998). “Reconciling Cultaralist and Rationalist Approaches: Leadership in the United States and Turkey”, Thunderbird International Business Review, 40, 6, 563-583.
  • Mead, R. (1998). International Management. Second Edition, Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Mendenhall, M., Punnett, B. J.,ve Ricks, D. (1995). Global Management. Blackwell Pub, Oxford, UK.
  • Meyer, Heintz-Dieter. (1993). The cultural gab in long-term international work groups: A German-American case study.European Management Journal, 11,1,93-101.
  • Mutlu, E. C. (1999). Uluslararası İşletmecilik. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. Cağaloğluİstanbul.
  • Özgen, H., ve Yalçın, A. 2005. Temel İşletmecilik Bilgisi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul.
  • Özkalp, E. ve Kırel, Ç., (2001). Örgütsel Davranış, Etam A.Ş. Matbaa Tesisleri, Eskişehir.
  • Parker, B. (1998). Globalization and Business Practice. Sage Pub. London
  • Sabuncuoğlu, Z. ve Tüz, M., (2001). Örgütsel Psikoloji, Ezgi Kitabevi, Bursa..
  • Sağie, A., Elizur, D., ve Yamauchi, H. (1996). “The structure and strength of achievement motivation: a cross-cultural comparison”, Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 17, 431-4
  • Salk, J. (1997). “Partners and Other Strangers”. Inter. Studies of Mng. and Org., 26, 4, 48-72 Salacuse, W.J., (2005). “Negotiating: The top ten ways that culture can affect your negotiation”, Ivey BusinessJournal, March/April
  • Scheneider, S.C., and DeMeyer, A. (1991). Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 307-20.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: towards an understanding of national differences. (Editörler: U. Kim, H.C. Trandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, and G. Yoon). Individualism and Collectivism:Theoretical and Methodological issues, (85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Singh, V. (2002), Managing Diversity For Strategic Advantage: Report For The Council For Excellence in Management and Leadership, Published By: Council For Excellence in Management And Leadership
  • Smith, P.B., ve Dugan, S., and Trompenaars, F. (1996). “National culture and the values of organisational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations”. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
  • Stephens, G. K.., ve Greer, C. R. (1995). “Doing Business in Mexico: Understanding Cultural Differences”, Organisational Dynamics, 39-55.
  • Tayeb, M. H. (1992). The Global Business Environment, Sage Publications, London
  • Temizel, H., Turan, E., Temizel, M. “Küresel İşletmecilikte Ülkelerin Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarından kaynaklanan Sorunlar”. http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos.../TEMİZEL,%20HANDAN. pdf Thomas, D.C. (1999). “Cultural diversity and work group effectiveness: an experimental study”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30,2, 242-263
  • Thomas, D. C., ve Inkson, K. (2005). “Cultural Intelligence: people skills for a global workplace”. Consulting to Management, 16, 1.
  • Tikici, M., (2005). Örgütsel Davranış Boyutlarından Seçmeler, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Tinsley, C.H., and Pillutla, M.M. (1998). “Negotiating in the United States and Hong Kong”. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 4, 711-728.
  • Townsend, A. M., Scott, K.D., ve Markham, S.E. (1990). “An examination of country and culture-based differences in compensation practices”, Journal of int Busines Studies, fourth quarter, 667-678.
  • Trompenaars, F., ve Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding theWaves of Culture. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London
  • Tutar, A. (2000). Küreselleşme Sürecinde İşletme Yönetimi. Hayat Yayınları no:13, İstanbul. Watson, W.E., vd. (1993). “Cultural diversity's impact oninteractions process and performance: comparing …. ”Academy of Management Journal, 36, 3, 590-602.
  • White, R. D. (1999). “Managing the Diverse Organization: The Imperative for a New multicultural Paradigm”, Public Administration & Management: An Interactive Journal, 4, 4, 469- 493.
  • Yukl, G.A. (1980). Leadership in Organisations. (2nd. Ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Halll

KÜLTÜR VE KÜLTÜREL FARKLILIKLAR: LİDERLİK AÇISINDAN TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2013, Volume: 12 Issue: 44, 52 - 81, 01.09.2013

Abstract

Öz
Kültür ve kültürel farklılıklar, örgütsel bağlamda işletmeleri her alanda etkilemektedir. İşletmelerin kültür ve kültürel farklılıkların, örgütler ve örgütsel uygulamalar üzerindeki etki ve sonuçlarını anlamaları; ortaya çıkan sorunların üstesinden gelme ve başarı açısından çok önemlidir. Liderlik konusu da bu bağlamda ele alınabilecek en önemli konulardan birisidir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kültür ve kültürel farklılıkların liderlik üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Çalışma, daha çok literatür temelli bir araştırma niteliği taşımakta olup, ele aldığı konu açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu konulara açıklık getirilmesinin özellikle çok kültürlü örgütler ve uluslararası faaliyetlerde bulunan firmaların daha başarılı bir şekilde yönetilmesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültür, Kültürel Farklılıklar, Liderlik

References

  • Abbasi, S. M., ve Hollman, K. W. (1991). “Managing Cultural Diversity: The Challenge of the '90s”, ARMA Records Management Quarterly, 25, 3.
  • Adler, N.J. (1986). International dimensions of organisational behaviour. 2nd Eds.Belmont,California:PWS-Kent PublishingCompany
  • Bryne, G.J ve Bradley, F. (2007). “Culture's influence on leadership efficiency: How personal and national cultures affect leadership style” Journal of Business Research, 60, 168–175
  • Bassett-Jones, N. (2005). The Paradox of DiversityManagement, Creativity and Innovation, Creativity and Innovation Management, 14, 2
  • Carr, C. (2006). “Are German, Japanese and Anglo-Saxon Strategic Decision Styles Still Divergent in the Context of Globalization?” Journal of Management Studies 42:6
  • Daft, R.L.( 1991). Management . The Dreyden Pres International Edition. Toronto.
  • Dalyan , F. (2004). Uluslarası İşletmelerde Örgüt Kültürü. Açık Öğretim uluslar arası İşletmecilik Kitabı.
  • Daniels, D.J.,ve Radebaugh, L.H. (1989), International Business: Environments & Operations, Addison-Wesley (Reading, Mass.)
  • DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK. Adler, N. J., and Graham, J. L. (1989). Cross-cultured interaction: the international comparison fallacy? Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 3, 515-58.
  • DiStefano, J. J. ve Maznevski , M. L., (2000). “GlobalLeaders Are Team Players: Developing Global Leaders Through Membershıp On Global Teams” Human Resource Management, 39, (2 & 3),195–208.
  • Early, P.C., ve Gibson C.B. (1998). “Taking stock in our progress on individualismcollectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community”. Journal of Management, 24, 3, 265-304
  • Earley, P. C., ve Mosakowski, E.(2004). “Cultural intelligence”, Harvard Business Review
  • Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D., ve Lu, Y.(1995). “How culture sensitive is HRM? A comparatice analysis of practices in Chinese and UK companies”. Int. Human Resource Management, 6,1, 1-59.
  • Elron, E. (1997). “Top Management Teams within Multinational Corporations; Effects of cultural heterogeneity”. Leadership Quarterly, 8, 4, 393-412.
  • Eren, E. (2004). Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi, Beta Basım A.Ş. , İstanbul.
  • Genç, N. (2004). Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Sözkesen Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Gibson, C.B. ve Marcoulides, G.A. (1995). “The Cultural Contingency Approach to Leadership: Examining the Invariance of a Leadership Model Across Four Countries”. Journal of Managerial Issues, 7, 2, 176-193.
  • Hall, W. (1995). Managing Cultures. John Wiley &Sons Ltd, New York.
  • Hambrick, Donald, C., Davison, Sue Canney, Snell, Scoott, A., Snow, Charles, C. (1998), “When the group consist of multiple nationalities: toward a new understanding of the İmplications”. Organisation Studies, 19, 2, 181-205.
  • Harrison, D.A..vd. (1998). “Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion”. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96-107.
  • Heine, S. J. (2007). “Culture and Motivation: What Motivates People To Act in The Ways That They Do?”, in Handbook of Cultural Psychology, Editorler.: Kitayama, S., Ve Cohen D, The Guilford Press, New York.
  • Hodgetts, R.M. (1999). Yönetim, Teori, Süreç ve Uygulama. Çev: Canan Çetin, Esin Can Mutlu, Beta Basım, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (1985). “The interaction between national and organisational value Systems”, Journal of Management Studies, 22, 4, 347-357.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Leadership, Culture, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications
  • King, W.R. (2007). “A research agenda for the relationships between culture and knowledge Management”, Knowledge and Process Management, 14, 3, 226-236.
  • Kim Y.J.ve Hancer, M. (2011). “Leadership Style and National Culture on Restaurant Employees’ Affective Commitment”, 16th Graduate Students Research Conference, Houston, Texas
  • Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., ve Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
  • Lewis, R.D., (1996). When cultures collide: managing succesfully across cultures. Nicholas Brealey Publishing London.
  • Marcoulides, G. A. Yavaş, F, Bilgin, Z., ve Gibson, C.B.(1998). “Reconciling Cultaralist and Rationalist Approaches: Leadership in the United States and Turkey”, Thunderbird International Business Review, 40, 6, 563-583.
  • Mead, R. (1998). International Management. Second Edition, Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Mendenhall, M., Punnett, B. J.,ve Ricks, D. (1995). Global Management. Blackwell Pub, Oxford, UK.
  • Meyer, Heintz-Dieter. (1993). The cultural gab in long-term international work groups: A German-American case study.European Management Journal, 11,1,93-101.
  • Mutlu, E. C. (1999). Uluslararası İşletmecilik. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. Cağaloğluİstanbul.
  • Özgen, H., ve Yalçın, A. 2005. Temel İşletmecilik Bilgisi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul.
  • Özkalp, E. ve Kırel, Ç., (2001). Örgütsel Davranış, Etam A.Ş. Matbaa Tesisleri, Eskişehir.
  • Parker, B. (1998). Globalization and Business Practice. Sage Pub. London
  • Sabuncuoğlu, Z. ve Tüz, M., (2001). Örgütsel Psikoloji, Ezgi Kitabevi, Bursa..
  • Sağie, A., Elizur, D., ve Yamauchi, H. (1996). “The structure and strength of achievement motivation: a cross-cultural comparison”, Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 17, 431-4
  • Salk, J. (1997). “Partners and Other Strangers”. Inter. Studies of Mng. and Org., 26, 4, 48-72 Salacuse, W.J., (2005). “Negotiating: The top ten ways that culture can affect your negotiation”, Ivey BusinessJournal, March/April
  • Scheneider, S.C., and DeMeyer, A. (1991). Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 307-20.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: towards an understanding of national differences. (Editörler: U. Kim, H.C. Trandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, and G. Yoon). Individualism and Collectivism:Theoretical and Methodological issues, (85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Singh, V. (2002), Managing Diversity For Strategic Advantage: Report For The Council For Excellence in Management and Leadership, Published By: Council For Excellence in Management And Leadership
  • Smith, P.B., ve Dugan, S., and Trompenaars, F. (1996). “National culture and the values of organisational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations”. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
  • Stephens, G. K.., ve Greer, C. R. (1995). “Doing Business in Mexico: Understanding Cultural Differences”, Organisational Dynamics, 39-55.
  • Tayeb, M. H. (1992). The Global Business Environment, Sage Publications, London
  • Temizel, H., Turan, E., Temizel, M. “Küresel İşletmecilikte Ülkelerin Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarından kaynaklanan Sorunlar”. http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos.../TEMİZEL,%20HANDAN. pdf Thomas, D.C. (1999). “Cultural diversity and work group effectiveness: an experimental study”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30,2, 242-263
  • Thomas, D. C., ve Inkson, K. (2005). “Cultural Intelligence: people skills for a global workplace”. Consulting to Management, 16, 1.
  • Tikici, M., (2005). Örgütsel Davranış Boyutlarından Seçmeler, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Tinsley, C.H., and Pillutla, M.M. (1998). “Negotiating in the United States and Hong Kong”. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 4, 711-728.
  • Townsend, A. M., Scott, K.D., ve Markham, S.E. (1990). “An examination of country and culture-based differences in compensation practices”, Journal of int Busines Studies, fourth quarter, 667-678.
  • Trompenaars, F., ve Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding theWaves of Culture. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London
  • Tutar, A. (2000). Küreselleşme Sürecinde İşletme Yönetimi. Hayat Yayınları no:13, İstanbul. Watson, W.E., vd. (1993). “Cultural diversity's impact oninteractions process and performance: comparing …. ”Academy of Management Journal, 36, 3, 590-602.
  • White, R. D. (1999). “Managing the Diverse Organization: The Imperative for a New multicultural Paradigm”, Public Administration & Management: An Interactive Journal, 4, 4, 469- 493.
  • Yukl, G.A. (1980). Leadership in Organisations. (2nd. Ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Halll
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Salih Yeşil This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2013
Submission Date September 10, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 12 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Yeşil, S. (2013). KÜLTÜR VE KÜLTÜREL FARKLILIKLAR: LİDERLİK AÇISINDAN TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(44), 52-81.

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