THE REGIMENTATION OF COMMERCE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ISTANBUL PURSUANT TO ISTANBUL AHKÂM REGISTERS (1764-1780)

Year 2015, Volume: 14 Issue: 53, 62 - 87, 17.01.2015

Mehmet Burak Buluttekin

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.72972

Abstract

This study, which aims to evaluate the commerce of Istanbul in the eighteenth-century, is based on the regimentation of Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of 1764-1780. In order to classify the provisions of Ahkâm Registers; (a)registry(book) numbers, (b)application areas, (c)conflict issues, (d)the social position of the litigants, (e)the religion of the litigants, and (f)application years were chosen as the basic analysis variables. 185 provisions of the commerce were determined in Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of January 1764-May 1779. The most problems of the commerce of Istanbul were “commerce, price, assignation, transport and storage of merchandise”(51.4%). Moreover, the most commercial problems occurred in Üsküdar(31.9%) region. Also, the most commercial problem in Surici, Uskudar and Haslar was “provide and transport of product, firewood and coal”(respectively 18, 23 and 25 cases); in Galata was “rescue, protection and returning to the owner of the merchandise of the wrecked ship”(11 cases). The commercial problems of Istanbul in the eighteenth-century occurred between the reaya(86.5%). Both the applicants and the complainees were intensity composed by the Muslims reaya which were dwelling in centrum. It was determined that 39.5% of this commercial problems occured in the period of 1764-1767.

Keywords

18th Century, The Ottoman Commercial System, The Commerce of Istanbul, Istanbul Ahkâm Registers

CENTURY ISTANBULPURSUANT TO ISTANBUL AHKÂM

Abstract

18.yüzyılda İstanbul’daki ticareti değerlendirme amacındaki bu çalışma, 1764-1780 yılları arasındaki döneme ait İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri’nin tasnifine yöneliktir. Ahkâm defterlerinde yer alan kayıtlardaki hükümleri tasnif edebilmek için; (a) defter numaraları, (b) başvuru yerleri, (c) ihtilaf konuları, (d) ihtilafın taraflarının sosyal konumları, (e) ihtilafın taraflarının dinleri ve (f) başvuru yılları, temel analiz değişkenleri olarak seçilmiştir. Her bir hüküm, bu sistematiğe göre -öncelikle kendi içlerinde ve daha sonra da genel analize tabi tutularakincelenmiştir. İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri Kayıtları’nda, Ocak 1764-Mayıs 1779 tarihleri arasındaki dönemde, ticaret ile ilgili olarak 185 tane hüküm tespit edilmiştir. 7-9 arasında yer alanilgili Ahkâm defterindeki bu hükümlerden, en fazla kaydın 8 numaralı defterde (%38,4) yer aldığı görülmüştür. İstanbul’da yaşanan ticari sorunların, yoğunluklu olarak “ticari emtianın alımı, satımı, fiyatı, tahsisi, nakli ve depolanması”(%51,4) ve “deniz ticareti, gemicilik, deniz kazaları ve kazaya uğrayan ticari emtia” (%36,2) konularıyla ilgili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte en fazla ticari sorun, Üsküdar (%31,9) bölgesinde yaşanmıştır. Yine, Suriçi, Üsküdarve Haslar kazalarında sıklıkla “zahire, odun, kömür vs. temini ve nakli” (sırasıyla 18, 23 ve 25 karar);Galatakazasında yoğunlukla “kazaya uğrayan ticaret gemisindeki emtianın kurtarılması, korunması ve sahibine iadesi” (11 karar) konularına ilişkin sorunlar yaşanmıştır.18.yüzyılda İstanbul’daki ticari sorunların, çoğunlukla yönetilenler(reaya) arasında yaşandığı (%86,5) belirlenmiştir. Hem müracaat eden ve hem de şikayet edilen taraflar, çoğunlukla şehir merkezinde yaşayan Müslüman yönetilen reayadan müteşekkildir. İncelenen dönemdeki sorunların %39,5’inin, 1764-1767 yılları arasındaki dönemde yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir

Keywords

18.yüzyıl, Osmanlı Ticaret Sistemi, İstanbul’daki Ticaret, İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri

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• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.970, p.257, June 1778(BOA 9/970).
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• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1052, p.283, August 1778(BOA 9/1052).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1058, p.285, August 1778(BOA 9/1058).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1082, p.292, November 1778(BOA 9/1082).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1085, p.293, October 1778(BOA 9/1085).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1124, p.304, November 1778(BOA 9/1124).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1146, p.309, December 1778(BOA 9/1146).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1179, p.321, December 1778(BOA 9/1179).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1203, p.330, February 1779(BOA 9/1203).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1254, p.343, April 1779(BOA 9/1254).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1278, p.349, April 1779(BOA 9/1278).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1301, p.354, May 1779(BOA 9/1301).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1312, p.356, May 1779(BOA 9/1312).
• BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1717, p.357, May 1779(BOA 9/1717).