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COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ VE TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ GÖZLEMLERİ VE ÇALIŞMALARI

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 80, 1951 - 1969, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.908992

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde alınan önlemlerin halk sağlığı için gerekli olduğu ve herkes için eşitlik getirdiği alanyazında belirtilse de uzaktan çalışma, okulların kapatılması, sokağa çıkma kısıtlaması gibi önlemlerin bazı alanlardaki eşitsizlikleri derinleştirme ihtimali olduğu düşünülmektedir. Söz konusu alanlardan biri de toplumsal cinsiyettir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada sivil toplum kuruluşlarının (STK’ların) gözüyle COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye’deki toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğine etkisinin ve STK’ların pandemi dönemindeki ilgili çalışmalarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 10 farklı STK’nın süreç içerisindeki deneyimleri ve çalışmaları nitel yöntem kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Ulaşılan STK’ların çalışmalarına pandemi sürecinde ara vermedikleri ve bilgilendirici, savunucu ve hizmet üretici bir misyon yüklenerek kadınlara yardımcı oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, COVID-19 döneminde STK’ların kadın çalışmalarındaki önemini ortaya koymuş olup kadınların desteklenmesine yönelik ihtiyacın sürdüğüne işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Agüero, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence. World Development, 137, 105217.
  • Aldemir, Ç. (2016). Kadının görünmeyen emeğinin görünür kılınması: ev içi emeğin ücretlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Alon, T. M., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (No. w26947). National Bureau of economic research.
  • Bayar, Ö. ve Koç, M. (2020). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik çalışmalar. Ö. Haskan Avcı (Ed.), Toplumsal cinsiyet: Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlikte güncel konular içinde (s. 457-492). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days of easing restrictions. Transport policy, 99, 95-119.
  • Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe. Luxembourg: European Union.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID‐19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291-319.
  • Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 2753-2755.
  • Bottan N, Hoffmann B, Vera-Cossio D (2020) The unequal impact of the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from seventeen developing countries. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0239797.
  • Bradbury-Jones C., & Isham L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs. 29, 2047–49.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
  • Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 2, 100089.
  • Chandra, J. COVID 19 Lockdown Rise in Domestic Violence, Police Apathy:NCW. TheHindu. www.thehindu.com/news/national/COVID-19lockdown-spike-in-domestic-violence says~ncw/article31238659.ece. (Erişim Tarihi: 08.12.2020)
  • Chaudhury, S., & Samudra, M. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown: Psychological effects. Medical Journal of Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth, 13(6), 580.
  • Erdoğan, M. N. (2020, Mayıs 26). İçişleri Bakanlığı: Kovid-19 döneminde aile içi ve kadına yönelik şiddet olayları azaldı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/icisleri-bakanligi-kovid-19-doneminde-aile-ici-ve-kadina-yonelik-siddet-olaylari-azaldi/1853933. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Espelage, D. L. (2014). Ecological theory: Preventing youth bullying, aggression, and victimization. Theory into Practice, 53(4), 257-264.
  • Gök, M. (2014). Toplumsal Kalkınmanın ve Sosyal Sermayenin Bilinmeyen Aktörleri: Kadın Odaklı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Graham-Harrison, E., Giuffrida, A., Smith, H., & Ford, L. (2020, Mart 28). Lockdowns around the world bring rise in domestic violence. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/ mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-violence.(Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290.
  • Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of patriarchy and violence against women: Resurrecting “patriarchy” as a theoretical tool. Violence against women, 15(5), 553-573.
  • Jankowicz, M. (2020, Mart 25). More People Are Now in “Lockdown” than Were Alive During World War II. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/more-people-under-lockdown-than-alive-during-world-war-ii-2020-3.(Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Kelly, J., & Morgan, T. (2020, Nisan 6). Coronavirus: Domestic Abuse Calls up 25% Since Lockdown, Charity Says. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‐52157620. (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2020)
  • Liu, Y., L. M. Yan, L. Wan, T. X. Xiang, A. Le, J. M. Liu, M. Peiris, L. L. M. Poon & Zhang, W. (2020). Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20, 656-657.
  • Nagel, L. (2020). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of work. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40(9), 861-875.
  • Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde Türkiye’de kadın ve eğitim. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, (33), 2148-9424.
  • Öztürk, Y., Üstünalan, D. ve Metin, B. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde kadınların ev içindeki deneyimleri ve evde kalmanın duyguları. Feminist Tahayyül, 1(2), 185-225.
  • Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative research. Perspectives in clinical research, 4(3).
  • Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science, 3, 1633-1636.
  • Postmus, J. L, Hoge, G. L, Breckenridge, J., Sharp‐Jeffs, N., & Chung, D. (2020). Economic Abuse as an Invisible Form of Domestic Violence: A Multicountry Review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(2), 261 – 283.
  • Power, K., (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic Has Increased the Care Burden of Women and Families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67-73.
  • Roesch, E., Amin, A., Gupta, J., & García-Moreno, C. (2020). Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ, 367, 1712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712.
  • Sánchez, O. R., Vale, D. B., Rodrigues, L., & Surita, F. G. (2020). Violence against women during the COVID‐19 pandemic: An integrative review. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151(2), 180-187.
  • Srivastava, L., & Austin, M. (2012). Women and nongovernmental organizations in developing countries. Social Development Issues, 34(1), 77-91.
  • Sümen, A., & Adibelli, D. (2020). The effect of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on the mental well-being and mental health of individuals. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12655
  • Talas, M. (2011). Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 29, 387-401.
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü- International Labor Organization (ILO; 2020). COVID-19 and the world of work.https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
  • UN Women. (2020). Explore the impacts.https://eca.unwomen.org/en/digitallibrary/publications/2020/06/the-impact-of-covid19-on-women-and-men-rapid-gender-assessment-of-covid19-implications-inturkey. (Erişim Tarihi:01.01.2021)
  • Ünal, B., & Gülseren, L. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin görünmeyen yüzü: Aile içi kadına yönelik şiddet. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23, 89-94.
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2020)
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. https://covid19.who.int/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • Zeybekoğlu Akbaş, Ö. ve Dursun, C. (2020). Koronavirüs (covid-19) pandemisi sürecinde özel alanina kamusal alani siğdiran çalişan anneler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 78-94.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND GENDER: OBSERVATIONS AND STUDIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN TURKEY

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 80, 1951 - 1969, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.908992

Abstract

Although it is stated in the literature that the measures taken during COVID-19 pandemic are necessary for public health and bring equality for everyone, it is thought that measures such as working remotely, closing of schools and curfews are likely to deepen inequalities in some areas. One of the areas in question is gender. Hence, in this study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on gender inequalities and the related works of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) during pandemic period from the perception of NGOs. In this context, experiences and activities of 10 different NGOs operating in Turkey in the pandemic process were studied using qualitative methods. It has been determined that contacted NGOs kept working and helped women by undertaking an informative, defensive and facilitating mission. These results revealed the importance of NGOs in women's movements and point out that the need to support women continues during the COVID-19 period.

References

  • Agüero, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence. World Development, 137, 105217.
  • Aldemir, Ç. (2016). Kadının görünmeyen emeğinin görünür kılınması: ev içi emeğin ücretlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Alon, T. M., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (No. w26947). National Bureau of economic research.
  • Bayar, Ö. ve Koç, M. (2020). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik çalışmalar. Ö. Haskan Avcı (Ed.), Toplumsal cinsiyet: Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlikte güncel konular içinde (s. 457-492). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days of easing restrictions. Transport policy, 99, 95-119.
  • Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe. Luxembourg: European Union.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID‐19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291-319.
  • Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 2753-2755.
  • Bottan N, Hoffmann B, Vera-Cossio D (2020) The unequal impact of the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from seventeen developing countries. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0239797.
  • Bradbury-Jones C., & Isham L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs. 29, 2047–49.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
  • Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 2, 100089.
  • Chandra, J. COVID 19 Lockdown Rise in Domestic Violence, Police Apathy:NCW. TheHindu. www.thehindu.com/news/national/COVID-19lockdown-spike-in-domestic-violence says~ncw/article31238659.ece. (Erişim Tarihi: 08.12.2020)
  • Chaudhury, S., & Samudra, M. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown: Psychological effects. Medical Journal of Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth, 13(6), 580.
  • Erdoğan, M. N. (2020, Mayıs 26). İçişleri Bakanlığı: Kovid-19 döneminde aile içi ve kadına yönelik şiddet olayları azaldı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/icisleri-bakanligi-kovid-19-doneminde-aile-ici-ve-kadina-yonelik-siddet-olaylari-azaldi/1853933. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Espelage, D. L. (2014). Ecological theory: Preventing youth bullying, aggression, and victimization. Theory into Practice, 53(4), 257-264.
  • Gök, M. (2014). Toplumsal Kalkınmanın ve Sosyal Sermayenin Bilinmeyen Aktörleri: Kadın Odaklı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Graham-Harrison, E., Giuffrida, A., Smith, H., & Ford, L. (2020, Mart 28). Lockdowns around the world bring rise in domestic violence. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/ mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-violence.(Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290.
  • Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of patriarchy and violence against women: Resurrecting “patriarchy” as a theoretical tool. Violence against women, 15(5), 553-573.
  • Jankowicz, M. (2020, Mart 25). More People Are Now in “Lockdown” than Were Alive During World War II. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/more-people-under-lockdown-than-alive-during-world-war-ii-2020-3.(Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Kelly, J., & Morgan, T. (2020, Nisan 6). Coronavirus: Domestic Abuse Calls up 25% Since Lockdown, Charity Says. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‐52157620. (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2020)
  • Liu, Y., L. M. Yan, L. Wan, T. X. Xiang, A. Le, J. M. Liu, M. Peiris, L. L. M. Poon & Zhang, W. (2020). Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20, 656-657.
  • Nagel, L. (2020). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of work. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40(9), 861-875.
  • Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde Türkiye’de kadın ve eğitim. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, (33), 2148-9424.
  • Öztürk, Y., Üstünalan, D. ve Metin, B. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde kadınların ev içindeki deneyimleri ve evde kalmanın duyguları. Feminist Tahayyül, 1(2), 185-225.
  • Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative research. Perspectives in clinical research, 4(3).
  • Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science, 3, 1633-1636.
  • Postmus, J. L, Hoge, G. L, Breckenridge, J., Sharp‐Jeffs, N., & Chung, D. (2020). Economic Abuse as an Invisible Form of Domestic Violence: A Multicountry Review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(2), 261 – 283.
  • Power, K., (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic Has Increased the Care Burden of Women and Families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67-73.
  • Roesch, E., Amin, A., Gupta, J., & García-Moreno, C. (2020). Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ, 367, 1712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712.
  • Sánchez, O. R., Vale, D. B., Rodrigues, L., & Surita, F. G. (2020). Violence against women during the COVID‐19 pandemic: An integrative review. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151(2), 180-187.
  • Srivastava, L., & Austin, M. (2012). Women and nongovernmental organizations in developing countries. Social Development Issues, 34(1), 77-91.
  • Sümen, A., & Adibelli, D. (2020). The effect of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on the mental well-being and mental health of individuals. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12655
  • Talas, M. (2011). Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 29, 387-401.
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü- International Labor Organization (ILO; 2020). COVID-19 and the world of work.https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
  • UN Women. (2020). Explore the impacts.https://eca.unwomen.org/en/digitallibrary/publications/2020/06/the-impact-of-covid19-on-women-and-men-rapid-gender-assessment-of-covid19-implications-inturkey. (Erişim Tarihi:01.01.2021)
  • Ünal, B., & Gülseren, L. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin görünmeyen yüzü: Aile içi kadına yönelik şiddet. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23, 89-94.
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2020)
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. https://covid19.who.int/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • Zeybekoğlu Akbaş, Ö. ve Dursun, C. (2020). Koronavirüs (covid-19) pandemisi sürecinde özel alanina kamusal alani siğdiran çalişan anneler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 78-94.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Family and Household Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Ünal 0000-0002-5553-4419

Nilüfer Koçtürk 0000-0001-6124-1842

Öznur Bayar 0000-0002-9385-8641

Publication Date October 1, 2021
Submission Date April 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 80

Cite

APA Ünal, A., Koçtürk, N., & Bayar, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ VE TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ GÖZLEMLERİ VE ÇALIŞMALARI. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(80), 1951-1969. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.908992

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