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COVID-19 EFFECT IN EXPORT: ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S EXPORT PERFORMANCE TO TOP 5 COUNTRIES IN EXPORT

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 84, 1826 - 1840, 08.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1015298

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China in 2019, become a global health crisis by spreading to many countries in a short time. Considering the effects of the pandemic on international trade, many countries have taken measures of customs transactions, and these measures caused global changes in the supply chain flow in trade. The supply chain disruptions that led by trade-related pandemic measurements has caused to decrease in economic growth, the slowdown in trade, and weakening of financial markets. Turkey was among the countries that took customs measurements. In this study, it is aimed to understand how Turkey's export performance is affected by the trade-related pandemic measures. In this context, it was examined whether Turkey's exports were affected during the strict implementation of pandemic measures at customs. Afterwards, it was evaluated whether a "new normal" has emerged in exports after the pandemic measures taken at customs decreased with the normalization throughout the country.

References

  • Abd-el-Rahman, K. (1991). Firms' Competitive and National Comparative Advantages as Joint Determinants of Trade Composition. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv(127(1)), p. 83-97.
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  • Anadolu Agency. (2020, 06 19). www.aa.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-transitioning-to-new-economic-normal-with-covid-19/1882970
  • Aybar, S. (2020). Küresel İktisadi Dönüşüm Dinamiklerinin Jeopolitik Yansımaları in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Aydın, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve Uluslararası Düzen in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2020). Salgınlar ve Uluslararası Sistemin DayanıklılığI in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Bonacini, L., Gallo, G., & Scicchitano, S. (2020). Working from Home and Income Inequality: Risks of a "New Normal" with Covid-19. Journal of Population Economics(34), p. 303-360.
  • Cahapay, M. (2020). Rethinking Education in the New Normal Post-Covid-19 Era: A Curriculum Studies Perspective. Aquademia(4(2)).
  • Cobianchi, L., Pugliese, L., Peloso, A., Dal Mas, F., & Angelos, P. (2020). To a New Normal, Surgery and Covid-19 During the Transition Phase. Surgical Perspective(272), p. 49-51.
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  • Dziuban, C., Graham, C., Moskal, P., Norberg, A., & Sicilia, N. (2018). Blended Learning: The New Normal and Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education(15(3)), p. 1-16.
  • El-Erian, M. (2010). Navigating the New Normal in Industrial Countries. International Money Fund, Per Jacobsson Foundation Lecture.
  • Erturgut, R. (2019). Lojistik ve Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • European Parliament. (2020). Covid-19 and Economic Policy Toward the New Normal: A Monetary-Fiscal Nexus after the Crisis?
  • Gagnon, E., Johannsen, B., & Lopez-Salido, D. (2016). Understanding The New Normal: The Role of Demographics. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-080.
  • Gourdon, J. (2009). Explaining Trade Flows: Traditional and New Determinants of Trade Patterns. Journal of Economic Integration(24(1)), p. 53-86.
  • Hanioğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Düzen: İki Seçenek. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 03 19). www.hurriyet.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/yunanistan-ve-bulgaristan-siniri-kapatildi-41472312
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  • Iyke, B. (2020). The Disease Outbreak Channel of Exchange Rate Return Predictability: Evidence from Covid-19. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade(56:10), p. 2277-2297.
  • Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Çok Boyutlu Sosyolojisi ve Yeni Normal Meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi(40(1)), p. 541-573.
  • Khan, N., Jones, D., Grice, A., Alderson, S., Bradley, S., Carder, P., . . . Neal, R. (2020). A Brave New World: The New Normal for General Practice After The Covid-19 Pandemic. Practice&Policy, p. 1-4.
  • Lee, T. (2020, March 17). Creating the New Normal: The Clinician Response to Covid-19. doi:DOI: 10.1056/CAT.20.0076 Lemoine, F., & Unal, D. (2017). China’s Foreign Trade: A “New Normal”. China & World Economy(25(2)), p. 1-21.
  • Prasad, E., & Gable, J. (1998). International Evidence on the Determinants of Trade Dynamics. International Monetary Fund(45(3)), p. 401-439.
  • The Telegraph. (2021, 07 06). www.telegraph.co.uk. retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/softly-softly-big-bang-countries-returning-new-normal/
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2021, 07). covid19.ticaret.gov.tr. retrieved from https://covid19.ticaret.gov.tr/gumruk/haber/temassiz-ticarete-iliskin-bilgi-notu
  • Türkmen, A. (2020). Covid-19's Effects on Turkish Online Retail Consumers' Retail Website Visiting Behavior. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19, p. 767-779.
  • Ulutaş, U. (2020). Koronovirüs Sonrası Küresel Trendler. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • UNCTAD. (2020). Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Trade and Development: Transitioning to A New Normal. Geneva.
  • Vidya, C., & Prabheesh, K. (2020). Implications of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Trade Networks. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade(56:10), p. 2408-2421.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). From “Never Again” to The “New Normal”: What Does The 2018-2019 Ebola Outbreak in The Democratic Republic of The Congo Tell Us about The State of Global Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Response? Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). covid19.who.int. retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/table
  • Yücel, G. (2020). Covid-19, Yeni Normal ve Dijital Diplomasi. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Zarifoğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Ekonomi Trendleri. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Zeddies, G. (2011). Determinants of International Fragmentation of Production in European Union. Empirica(38), p. 511-537.

İHRACATTA COVID-19 ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE’NİN İHRACATTA İLK 5 ÜLKEYE İHRACAT PERFORMANSININ ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 84, 1826 - 1840, 08.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1015298

Abstract

2019 yılında Çin'in Wuhan kentinde başlayan Covid-19 salgını, kısa sürede birçok ülkeye yayılarak küresel bir sağlık krizine dönüşmüştür. Salgının uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkileri göz önüne alındığında, birçok ülke gümrük işlemlerine yönelik önlemler almış ve bu önlemler ticarette tedarik zinciri akışında küresel değişimlere neden olmuştur. Ticaretle ilişkili pandemi önlemlerinin yol açtığı tedarik zinciri aksaklıkları, ekonomik büyümenin azalmasına, ticaretin yavaşlamasına ve finans piyasalarının zayıflamasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye de gümrük önlemleri alan ülkeler arasında yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada, ticaretle ilişkili pandemi önlemlerinin Türkiye'nin ihracat performansını nasıl etkilediğinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, gümrüklerde sıkı pandemi önlemlerinin uygulanması sırasında Türkiye'nin ihracatının etkilenip etkilenmediği incelenmiştir. Sonrasında, ülke genelindeki normalleşmeyle birlikte gümrüklerde alınan pandemi önlemlerinin azalmasının ardından ihracatta "yeni bir normal"in ortaya çıkıp çıkmadığı değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Abd-el-Rahman, K. (1991). Firms' Competitive and National Comparative Advantages as Joint Determinants of Trade Composition. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv(127(1)), p. 83-97.
  • Anadolu Agency. (2020, 10 06). www.aa.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/new-normal-in-times-of-covid-19/1997863
  • Anadolu Agency. (2020, 06 19). www.aa.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-transitioning-to-new-economic-normal-with-covid-19/1882970
  • Aybar, S. (2020). Küresel İktisadi Dönüşüm Dinamiklerinin Jeopolitik Yansımaları in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Aydın, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve Uluslararası Düzen in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2020). Salgınlar ve Uluslararası Sistemin DayanıklılığI in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Bonacini, L., Gallo, G., & Scicchitano, S. (2020). Working from Home and Income Inequality: Risks of a "New Normal" with Covid-19. Journal of Population Economics(34), p. 303-360.
  • Cahapay, M. (2020). Rethinking Education in the New Normal Post-Covid-19 Era: A Curriculum Studies Perspective. Aquademia(4(2)).
  • Cobianchi, L., Pugliese, L., Peloso, A., Dal Mas, F., & Angelos, P. (2020). To a New Normal, Surgery and Covid-19 During the Transition Phase. Surgical Perspective(272), p. 49-51.
  • DW. (2020, 05 27). www.dw.com. retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-latest-angela-merkel-says-germany-has-gained-better-control-over-virus/a-53578246
  • Dziuban, C., Graham, C., Moskal, P., Norberg, A., & Sicilia, N. (2018). Blended Learning: The New Normal and Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education(15(3)), p. 1-16.
  • El-Erian, M. (2010). Navigating the New Normal in Industrial Countries. International Money Fund, Per Jacobsson Foundation Lecture.
  • Erturgut, R. (2019). Lojistik ve Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • European Parliament. (2020). Covid-19 and Economic Policy Toward the New Normal: A Monetary-Fiscal Nexus after the Crisis?
  • Gagnon, E., Johannsen, B., & Lopez-Salido, D. (2016). Understanding The New Normal: The Role of Demographics. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-080.
  • Gourdon, J. (2009). Explaining Trade Flows: Traditional and New Determinants of Trade Patterns. Journal of Economic Integration(24(1)), p. 53-86.
  • Hanioğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Düzen: İki Seçenek. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 03 19). www.hurriyet.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/yunanistan-ve-bulgaristan-siniri-kapatildi-41472312
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 03 18). www.hurriyet.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/suriyeye-acilan-sinir-kapilarina-corona-virusu-tedbiri-41471523
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 06 03). www.hurriyet.com.tr. retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sinir-kapilari-ne-zaman-acilacak-habur-ve-gurbulak-sinir-kapisinin-acilis-tarihi-belli-oldu-41533051
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 06 27). www.hurriyet.gov.tr. retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/habur-acilinca-ihrac-uretimi-3e-katlandi-41551591
  • Iyke, B. (2020). The Disease Outbreak Channel of Exchange Rate Return Predictability: Evidence from Covid-19. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade(56:10), p. 2277-2297.
  • Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Çok Boyutlu Sosyolojisi ve Yeni Normal Meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi(40(1)), p. 541-573.
  • Khan, N., Jones, D., Grice, A., Alderson, S., Bradley, S., Carder, P., . . . Neal, R. (2020). A Brave New World: The New Normal for General Practice After The Covid-19 Pandemic. Practice&Policy, p. 1-4.
  • Lee, T. (2020, March 17). Creating the New Normal: The Clinician Response to Covid-19. doi:DOI: 10.1056/CAT.20.0076 Lemoine, F., & Unal, D. (2017). China’s Foreign Trade: A “New Normal”. China & World Economy(25(2)), p. 1-21.
  • Prasad, E., & Gable, J. (1998). International Evidence on the Determinants of Trade Dynamics. International Monetary Fund(45(3)), p. 401-439.
  • The Telegraph. (2021, 07 06). www.telegraph.co.uk. retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/softly-softly-big-bang-countries-returning-new-normal/
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2021, 07). covid19.ticaret.gov.tr. retrieved from https://covid19.ticaret.gov.tr/gumruk/haber/temassiz-ticarete-iliskin-bilgi-notu
  • Türkmen, A. (2020). Covid-19's Effects on Turkish Online Retail Consumers' Retail Website Visiting Behavior. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19, p. 767-779.
  • Ulutaş, U. (2020). Koronovirüs Sonrası Küresel Trendler. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • UNCTAD. (2020). Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Trade and Development: Transitioning to A New Normal. Geneva.
  • Vidya, C., & Prabheesh, K. (2020). Implications of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Trade Networks. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade(56:10), p. 2408-2421.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). From “Never Again” to The “New Normal”: What Does The 2018-2019 Ebola Outbreak in The Democratic Republic of The Congo Tell Us about The State of Global Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Response? Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). covid19.who.int. retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/table
  • Yücel, G. (2020). Covid-19, Yeni Normal ve Dijital Diplomasi. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Zarifoğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Ekonomi Trendleri. in Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Trendler. Ankara: SAM Yayınları.
  • Zeddies, G. (2011). Determinants of International Fragmentation of Production in European Union. Empirica(38), p. 511-537.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nilay Özlem Türkmen 0000-0002-3068-5499

Ramazan Erturgut 0000-0002-0240-5787

Publication Date October 8, 2022
Submission Date October 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 21 Issue: 84

Cite

APA Türkmen, N. Ö., & Erturgut, R. (2022). COVID-19 EFFECT IN EXPORT: ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S EXPORT PERFORMANCE TO TOP 5 COUNTRIES IN EXPORT. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(84), 1826-1840. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1015298

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Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Electronic Journal of Social Sciences), Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

ESBD Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Electronic Journal of Social Sciences), Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescil edilmiştir. Marka No:2011/119849.