In late 2016 and early 2017, the Finnish Immigration Services, known col- loquially as Migri, denied several residence permit and asylym applications from Iraqi artists in particular. While the decisions are classified documents, some of them were brought into the open by the artists themselves; in the decisions, the mortal threat posed by “certain extremist quarters” to espe- cially musicians is noted and linked to Islam, yet the negative decision was based centrally on the claim that if would be safe for the artists in question to return to Iraq if they changed their occupation, since musicianship, or being an artist in general, is not “a distinctive characteristic that is [...] essential for a person’s conscience or realisation of human rights.” (YLE 2017; MS 2017; see also Freemuse 2017.)
Abraham, I. (2017) Evangelical Youth Culture. Alternative Music and Extreme Music Subcultures. London: Bloomsbury.
Allen, A. S. (2011) Ecomusicology: Ecocriticism and Musicology. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64(2), 391–394.
Akhavi, S. (2009) The Middle East. The Politics of the Sacred and Secular. Lon- don: Zed Books.
Bagh, P. von & Hakasalo, I. (1986) Iskelmän kultainen kirja. Helsinki: Otava. Bakan, M. B. (2017) The Moral of the Story: Making Ethnomusicology Matter in the Twenty-first Century. Journal of World Popular Music, 4(2), 265–279. Beal, J. & Nauman, Z. (2017) ”Justin Bieber’s new church is a ‘cult’ of rock gigs, fiery sermons and abuse claims”. The Sun, 30 July 2017, https://www.the sun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/4133322/biebers-church-cult-allegations-hillsong/(accessed 19 March 2018).
Bennett, A. (2013) Paganism and the counter-culture. In D. Weston & A. Bennett (Eds.), Pop Pagans. Paganism and Popular Music (pp. 13–23). Durham: Acumen.
Dibben, N. (2015) Music and Environmentalism in Iceland. In F. Holt & A.-V. Kärjä (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Popular Music in the Nordic Countries
(pp. 163–181). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Drahos, P. & Frankel, S. (2012) Indigenous Peoples’ Innovation and Intellectual Property: The Issues. In P. Drahos & S. Frankel (Eds.), Indigenous Peoples’ Innovation. Intellectual Property Pathways to Development (pp. 1–28). Canberra: ANU Press.
Dyson, M. E. (2015) God complex, complex gods, or God’s complex: Jay-Z, poor black youth, and making “The Struggle” divine. In M. R. Miller, A. B. Pinn & B. Freeman (Eds.), Religion in Hip Hop. Mapping the New Terrain in the US (pp. 54–68). London: Bloomsbury.
Eerola, J. (2016) “Perussuomalaisten maahanmuuttolinjaukset toteutumassa”. Perussuomalaiset, https://www.perussuomalaiset.fi/news/perussuomalais ten-maahanmuuttolinjaukset-toteutumassa/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Escobar Varela, M. (2014) Wayang Hip Hop: Java's Oldest Performance Tradi- tion Meets Global Youth Culture. Asian Theatre Journal 31(2), 481–504. Evans, M. (2006) Open up the Doors. Music in the Modern Church. London & Oakville, CT: Equinox.
Freemuse (2017) “Freemuse sends a letter to Finnish Immigration Service on rejecting musician’s right to asylum”. Freemuse, https://freemuse.org/news /freemuse-sends-letter-to-finnish-immigration-service-on-rejecting-musici ans-right-to-asylum/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).Girard, R. (1977) Violence and the Sacred. Orig. La violence et le sacré (1972), transl. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Granholm, K. (2015) Popular Music and the Occult. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 198–209). London: Bloomsbury.
Grewal, S. H. (2013) Intra- and Interlingual Translation in Blackamerican Mus- lim Hip Hop. African American Review 46(1), 37–54.
Gronow, P. & Englund, B. (2007) Inventing Recorded Music: The Recorded Repertoire in Scandinavia 1899-1925. Popular Music 26(2), 281–304.
Haenfler, R. (2014) Subcultures. The Basics. London & New York: Routledge. Hafez, F. (2017) From Harlem to the “Hoamatlond”: Hip-Hop, Malcolm X, and Muslim Activism in Austria. Journal of Austrian-American History 1(2), 159–
180.
Hartje-Döll, G. (2013) (Hillsong) United Through Music: Praise and Worship
Music and the Evangelical ‘Imagined Community’. In T. Wagner, C. Landau & M. M. Ingalls (Eds.), Christian Congregational Music. Performance, Iden- tity and Experience (pp. 137–152). Farnham & Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
HE (2016) Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi ulkomaalaislain muuttamisesta. HE 2/2016, http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2016/20160002 (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Henriksson, J. & Kukkonen, R. (2001) Toivo Kärjen musiikillinen tyyli. Helsinki: Suomen Jazz & Pop Arkisto.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2013) Why Music Matters? Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Hilder, T. (2015) Sámi Musical Performance and the Politics of Indigeneity in
Northern Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hillsong (2018) “Vision”. Hillsong, https://hillsong.com/vision/ (accessed 19
March 2018).
Hodge, D. W. (2017) Hip Hop’s Hostile Gospel. A Post-Soul Theological Explo-
ration. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Jalkanen, P. (1996) Popular Music. In K. Aho, P. Jalkanen, E. Salmenhaara & K.
Virtamo (Auth.), Finnish Music (pp. 206–238). Transl. P. Binham & T. Binham. Helsinki: Otava.
Kunst, J. (1950) Musicologica. A Study of the Nature of Ethno-Musicology, Its
Problems, Methods and Representative Personalities. Amsterdam: Indisch Institut.
Kunst, J. (1974) Ethnomusicology. A Study of Its Nature, Its Problems, Methods
and Representative Personalities to which Is Added a Bibliography. Photome- chanical reprint of the 3rd much enlarged edition of Musicologica and of the 2nd edition of the supplement. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Levine, M. (2012) Music and the Aura of Revolution. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44(2), 794-797.
Antti-Ville Kärjä / Intersections of Politics and the Sacred in Music 135
Lynch, G. (2012) The Sacred in the Modern World. A Cultural Sociolocial Ap- proach. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Lynch, G. (2014) On the Sacred. London: Routledge.
Manner, M. & Teittinen, P. (2016) Maahanmuuttoviraston työntekijät avautuvat
hurjasta kiireestä, joka voi johtaa vääriin turvapaikkapäätöksiin – ”Ei ehditä tutkia tapauksia kunnolla”. Helsingin Sanomat 4 September 2016, https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000002919099.html (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Marietta, M. (2012) The Politics of Sacred Rhetoric. Absolutist Appeals and Polit- ical Persuasion. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Mitchell, T. (2015) Music and Landscape in Iceland. In F. Holt & A.-V. Kärjä (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Popular Music in the Nordic Countries (pp. 145–162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Moberg, M. & Partridge, C. (2015) Introduction. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 1–9). London: Bloomsbury.
MS (2017) “Musician’s identity to be respected as a human right”. Musiikin suunta, http://musiikinsuunta.fi/2017/01/musicians-identity-to-be-respec ted-as-a-human-right/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Mykkänen, P. (2014) Minäkin olen suomalainen. Helsingin Sanomat 4 March 2014, http://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/a1393652246577 (accessed 18 June 2018).
OED (2018) Oxford English Dictionary Online, http://www.oed.com/ (accessed 11 June 2018).
Partridge, C. (2013) Esoterrorism and the wrecking of civilization: Genesis P- Orridge and the rise of industrial Paganism. In D. Weston & A. Bennett (Eds.), Pop Pagans. Paganism and Popular Music (pp. 189–212). Durham: Acumen.
Pinn, A. B. & Miller, M. R. (2015) Introduction: Context and other considera- tions. In M. R. Miller, A. B. Pinn & B. Freeman (Eds.), Religion in Hip Hop. Mapping the New Terrain in the US (pp. 1–8). London: Bloomsbury.
Ralls-MacLeod, K. & Harvey, G. (2000) Introduction. In K. Ralls-MacLeod & G. Harvey (Eds.), Indigenous Religious Musics (pp. 1–21). London & New York: Routledge.
Rehding, A. (2011) Ecomusicology between Apocalypse and Nostalgia. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64(2), 409–414.
RL (1889) Rikoslaki 19.12.1889/39, https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1889/ 18890039001 (accessed 16 March 2018).
Santana R. W. & Erickson, G. (2008) Religion and Popular Culture. Rescripting the Sacred. Jefferson & London: McFarland & Company.
St John, G. (2015) Electronic Dance Music: Trance and Techno-Shamanism. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 278–285). London: Bloomsbury.
Street, J. (2012) Music and Politics. Cambridge, UK & Malden, MA: Polity. Thompson, K. (1998) Durkheim and Sacred Identity. In N. J. Allen, W. S. F. Pickering & W. Watts Miller (Eds.), On Durkheim's Elementary Forms of
Religious Life (pp. 92–104). London & New York: Routledge.
In late 2016 and early 2017, the Finnish Immigration Services, known col- loquially as Migri, denied several residence permit and asylym applications from Iraqi artists in particular. While the decisions are classified documents, some of them were brought into the open by the artists themselves; in the decisions, the mortal threat posed by “certain extremist quarters” to espe- cially musicians is noted and linked to Islam, yet the negative decision was based centrally on the claim that if would be safe for the artists in question to return to Iraq if they changed their occupation, since musicianship, or being an artist in general, is not “a distinctive characteristic that is [...] essential for a person’s conscience or realisation of human rights.” (YLE 2017; MS 2017; see also Freemuse 2017.)
Abraham, I. (2017) Evangelical Youth Culture. Alternative Music and Extreme Music Subcultures. London: Bloomsbury.
Allen, A. S. (2011) Ecomusicology: Ecocriticism and Musicology. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64(2), 391–394.
Akhavi, S. (2009) The Middle East. The Politics of the Sacred and Secular. Lon- don: Zed Books.
Bagh, P. von & Hakasalo, I. (1986) Iskelmän kultainen kirja. Helsinki: Otava. Bakan, M. B. (2017) The Moral of the Story: Making Ethnomusicology Matter in the Twenty-first Century. Journal of World Popular Music, 4(2), 265–279. Beal, J. & Nauman, Z. (2017) ”Justin Bieber’s new church is a ‘cult’ of rock gigs, fiery sermons and abuse claims”. The Sun, 30 July 2017, https://www.the sun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/4133322/biebers-church-cult-allegations-hillsong/(accessed 19 March 2018).
Bennett, A. (2013) Paganism and the counter-culture. In D. Weston & A. Bennett (Eds.), Pop Pagans. Paganism and Popular Music (pp. 13–23). Durham: Acumen.
Dibben, N. (2015) Music and Environmentalism in Iceland. In F. Holt & A.-V. Kärjä (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Popular Music in the Nordic Countries
(pp. 163–181). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Drahos, P. & Frankel, S. (2012) Indigenous Peoples’ Innovation and Intellectual Property: The Issues. In P. Drahos & S. Frankel (Eds.), Indigenous Peoples’ Innovation. Intellectual Property Pathways to Development (pp. 1–28). Canberra: ANU Press.
Dyson, M. E. (2015) God complex, complex gods, or God’s complex: Jay-Z, poor black youth, and making “The Struggle” divine. In M. R. Miller, A. B. Pinn & B. Freeman (Eds.), Religion in Hip Hop. Mapping the New Terrain in the US (pp. 54–68). London: Bloomsbury.
Eerola, J. (2016) “Perussuomalaisten maahanmuuttolinjaukset toteutumassa”. Perussuomalaiset, https://www.perussuomalaiset.fi/news/perussuomalais ten-maahanmuuttolinjaukset-toteutumassa/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Escobar Varela, M. (2014) Wayang Hip Hop: Java's Oldest Performance Tradi- tion Meets Global Youth Culture. Asian Theatre Journal 31(2), 481–504. Evans, M. (2006) Open up the Doors. Music in the Modern Church. London & Oakville, CT: Equinox.
Freemuse (2017) “Freemuse sends a letter to Finnish Immigration Service on rejecting musician’s right to asylum”. Freemuse, https://freemuse.org/news /freemuse-sends-letter-to-finnish-immigration-service-on-rejecting-musici ans-right-to-asylum/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).Girard, R. (1977) Violence and the Sacred. Orig. La violence et le sacré (1972), transl. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Granholm, K. (2015) Popular Music and the Occult. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 198–209). London: Bloomsbury.
Grewal, S. H. (2013) Intra- and Interlingual Translation in Blackamerican Mus- lim Hip Hop. African American Review 46(1), 37–54.
Gronow, P. & Englund, B. (2007) Inventing Recorded Music: The Recorded Repertoire in Scandinavia 1899-1925. Popular Music 26(2), 281–304.
Haenfler, R. (2014) Subcultures. The Basics. London & New York: Routledge. Hafez, F. (2017) From Harlem to the “Hoamatlond”: Hip-Hop, Malcolm X, and Muslim Activism in Austria. Journal of Austrian-American History 1(2), 159–
180.
Hartje-Döll, G. (2013) (Hillsong) United Through Music: Praise and Worship
Music and the Evangelical ‘Imagined Community’. In T. Wagner, C. Landau & M. M. Ingalls (Eds.), Christian Congregational Music. Performance, Iden- tity and Experience (pp. 137–152). Farnham & Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
HE (2016) Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi ulkomaalaislain muuttamisesta. HE 2/2016, http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2016/20160002 (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Henriksson, J. & Kukkonen, R. (2001) Toivo Kärjen musiikillinen tyyli. Helsinki: Suomen Jazz & Pop Arkisto.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2013) Why Music Matters? Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Hilder, T. (2015) Sámi Musical Performance and the Politics of Indigeneity in
Northern Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hillsong (2018) “Vision”. Hillsong, https://hillsong.com/vision/ (accessed 19
March 2018).
Hodge, D. W. (2017) Hip Hop’s Hostile Gospel. A Post-Soul Theological Explo-
ration. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Jalkanen, P. (1996) Popular Music. In K. Aho, P. Jalkanen, E. Salmenhaara & K.
Virtamo (Auth.), Finnish Music (pp. 206–238). Transl. P. Binham & T. Binham. Helsinki: Otava.
Kunst, J. (1950) Musicologica. A Study of the Nature of Ethno-Musicology, Its
Problems, Methods and Representative Personalities. Amsterdam: Indisch Institut.
Kunst, J. (1974) Ethnomusicology. A Study of Its Nature, Its Problems, Methods
and Representative Personalities to which Is Added a Bibliography. Photome- chanical reprint of the 3rd much enlarged edition of Musicologica and of the 2nd edition of the supplement. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Levine, M. (2012) Music and the Aura of Revolution. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44(2), 794-797.
Antti-Ville Kärjä / Intersections of Politics and the Sacred in Music 135
Lynch, G. (2012) The Sacred in the Modern World. A Cultural Sociolocial Ap- proach. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Lynch, G. (2014) On the Sacred. London: Routledge.
Manner, M. & Teittinen, P. (2016) Maahanmuuttoviraston työntekijät avautuvat
hurjasta kiireestä, joka voi johtaa vääriin turvapaikkapäätöksiin – ”Ei ehditä tutkia tapauksia kunnolla”. Helsingin Sanomat 4 September 2016, https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000002919099.html (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Marietta, M. (2012) The Politics of Sacred Rhetoric. Absolutist Appeals and Polit- ical Persuasion. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Mitchell, T. (2015) Music and Landscape in Iceland. In F. Holt & A.-V. Kärjä (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Popular Music in the Nordic Countries (pp. 145–162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Moberg, M. & Partridge, C. (2015) Introduction. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 1–9). London: Bloomsbury.
MS (2017) “Musician’s identity to be respected as a human right”. Musiikin suunta, http://musiikinsuunta.fi/2017/01/musicians-identity-to-be-respec ted-as-a-human-right/ (accessed 5 Jan 2018).
Mykkänen, P. (2014) Minäkin olen suomalainen. Helsingin Sanomat 4 March 2014, http://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/a1393652246577 (accessed 18 June 2018).
OED (2018) Oxford English Dictionary Online, http://www.oed.com/ (accessed 11 June 2018).
Partridge, C. (2013) Esoterrorism and the wrecking of civilization: Genesis P- Orridge and the rise of industrial Paganism. In D. Weston & A. Bennett (Eds.), Pop Pagans. Paganism and Popular Music (pp. 189–212). Durham: Acumen.
Pinn, A. B. & Miller, M. R. (2015) Introduction: Context and other considera- tions. In M. R. Miller, A. B. Pinn & B. Freeman (Eds.), Religion in Hip Hop. Mapping the New Terrain in the US (pp. 1–8). London: Bloomsbury.
Ralls-MacLeod, K. & Harvey, G. (2000) Introduction. In K. Ralls-MacLeod & G. Harvey (Eds.), Indigenous Religious Musics (pp. 1–21). London & New York: Routledge.
Rehding, A. (2011) Ecomusicology between Apocalypse and Nostalgia. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64(2), 409–414.
RL (1889) Rikoslaki 19.12.1889/39, https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1889/ 18890039001 (accessed 16 March 2018).
Santana R. W. & Erickson, G. (2008) Religion and Popular Culture. Rescripting the Sacred. Jefferson & London: McFarland & Company.
St John, G. (2015) Electronic Dance Music: Trance and Techno-Shamanism. In C. Partridge & M. Moberg (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (pp. 278–285). London: Bloomsbury.
Street, J. (2012) Music and Politics. Cambridge, UK & Malden, MA: Polity. Thompson, K. (1998) Durkheim and Sacred Identity. In N. J. Allen, W. S. F. Pickering & W. Watts Miller (Eds.), On Durkheim's Elementary Forms of
Religious Life (pp. 92–104). London & New York: Routledge.