Use of anti-transpirants in maize cultivation as a potential novel approach to combat drought stress in the wake of climate change. A systematic review

Abstract

The maize crop is highly dependent on rainfall and it is sensitive to drought. However, the planet is experiencing frequent droughts due to climate change which is adversely impacting on the food production. It is crucial that the agricultural sector is adapted to the negative consequences of climate change. The antitranspirants which reduce the water loss through transpiration could be potential novel approach to ameliorate the effects drought on rain fed maize cultivation in most of the countries around the globe. This review has analysed the effects of antitranspirants on the growth, yields, and pathogens and diseases that affect the maize plants and on environment.It has found that antitranspirants help to improve vegetative growth and biological yield of the maize plant by reducing the transpiration rate and improving water use efficiency of the plants. The review has found that chitosan and the fulvic acid have been extensively studied on maize as compared to other antitranspirants .Therefore, antitranspirants could be used to ameliorate the effects of drought on maize crops but there is need to do a cost benefit analysis on whether it is economically viable to use antitranspirants on food crops with low market value like maize. Di-1-p-menthene is reported to cost less money as such there is need to research on how this antitranspirant ameliorate the effects of water stress on maize .There is also a need to research on proper timing of the application of the antitranspirants to the maize plant under dress.

Keywords

• Drought stress
• exogenous application
• Gas exchange attributes
• antitranspirants

Use of anti-transpirant in maize cultivation as a potential novel approach to combat drought stress in the wake of climate change. A systematic review

Öz

The maize crop is highly dependent on rainfall and it is sensitive to drought. However, the planet is experiencing frequent droughts due to climate change which is adversely impacting on the food production. It is crucial that the agricultural sector is adapted to the negative consequences of climate change. The antitranspirants which reduce the water loss through transpiration could be potential novel approach to ameliorate the effects drought on rain fed maize cultivation in most of the countries around the globe. This review has analysed the effects of antitranspirants on the growth, yields, and pathogens and diseases that affect the maize plants and on environment.It has found that antitranspirants help to improve vegetative growth and biological yield of the maize plant by reducing the transpiration rate and improving water use efficiency of the plants. The review has found that chitosan and the fulvic acid have been extensively studied on maize as compared to other antitranspirants .Therefore, antitranspirants could be used to ameliorate the effects of drought on maize crops but there is need to do a cost benefit analysis on whether it is economically viable to use antitranspirants on food crops with low market value like maize. Di-1-p-menthene is reported to cost less money as such there is need to research on how this antitranspirant ameliorate the effects of water stress on maize .There is also a need to research on proper timing of the application of the antitranspirants to the maize plant under dress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drought stress
• exogenous application
• Gas exchange attributes
• antitranspirants

References

1. [1] A. Bawa, “Yield and growth response of maize (Zea mays L.) to varietal and nitrogen application in the Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecology of Ghana’’, Advances in Agriculture, 1–8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1765251
2. [2] A. Hossain, M. Tanjina Islam, M. Shohidul Islam, S. Nurislam, Ahmed, K. Kumer Sarker, and M. Kumar Gathala, “Chemical weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) under conservation agricultural systems: An outlook of the Eastern Gangetic plains in south- Asia”,In A. Hossain (Ed.),Maize-Production and Use. IntechOpen, (pp.1-14) 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89030
3. [3] C. M. Parihar, S. L. Jat, A. K. Singh, R. S. Kumar, K. S. Hooda, C. GK, and D. K. Singh,“Maize production technologies in India”, 2011. https://rb.gy/i4pei
4. [4] G. Petrović, T. Ivanović, D. Knežević, A. Radosavac, I. Obhođaš, T. Brzaković, and T. Dragičević Radičević, “Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Maize Production in Serbia”.Atmosphere, vol14 (1), 110, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010110
5. [5] C. B. Field, V Barros, T. F. Stocker, and Q. Dahe, “Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change”, 2012.Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245
6. [6] W. A. Atiah, L. K. Amekudzi, R. A. Akum, E. Quansah, P.,Antwi‐Agyei, and S. K. . Danuor, “Climate variability and impacts on maize (Zea mays) yield in Ghana,” West Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 148(742), 185-198, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4199
7. [7] D. B .Lobell, M. J. Roberts, W. Schlenker, N. Braun, B. B. Little, R. M. Rejesus, and G. L. Hammer,”Greater sensitivity to drought accompanies maize yield increase in the US Midwest”. Science, vol.344 (6183), 516-519, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251423
8. [8] M. F .Seleiman, N. Al-Suhaibani, N. Ali, M. Akmal, M.Alotaibi, Y.Refay, T. Dindaroglu, H. H. Abdul-Wajid, & M. L. Battaglia, “Drought stress impacts on plants and different approaches to alleviate its adverse effects”. Plants, vol.10 (2), 259, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020259

9. [9] M. L .Battaglia, C. Lee, and W.Thomason, “Corn yield components and yield responses to defoliation at different row widths”. Agronomy Journal, vol.110 (1), 210–225, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.06.0322
10. [10] M.K Joshua,C. Ngongondo,F. Chipungu, M. Monjerezi, E. Liwenga, A.E. Majule, T.Stathers, and R. Lamboll,”Climate change in semi-arid Malawi: Perceptions, adaptation strategies and water governance”. Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa), vol.8 (3), 1-10, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i3.255
11. [11] N. Ortiz, E. Armada, E. Duque, A. Roldán, and R. Azcón, “Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacteria to enhancing plant drought tolerance under natural soil conditions: effectiveness of autochthonous or allochthonous strains”. Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.174, 87–96, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.019
12. [12] R. Shemi, R. Wang,E.S.M.S Gheith,H.A Hussain, L.Cholidah, K. Zhang,S. Zhang, and L.Wang, “Role of exogenous-applied salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine to improve drought-tolerance in wheat during reproductive growth stages”. BMC Plant Biology, vol. 21(1), 574, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03367-x
13. [13] C.M. Wainwright, E. Black, and R.P. Allan, “Future changes in wet and dry season characteristics in CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations”, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol. 22(9), 2339-2357, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0017.1
14. [14] A .Ayanlade, M.Radeny, and A.I. Akin-Onigbinde, “Climate variability/change and attitude to adaptation technologies: a pilot study among selected rural farmers’ communities in Nigeria”, GeoJournal, vol. 83(2), 319-331, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-0179771-1
15. [15] H. Chikoore, and M.R. Jury, “South African drought, deconstructed. Weather and Climate Extremes”, Vol.33, 100334, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100334
16. [16] B. Bradshaw, H. Dolan, and B. Smit, “Farm-level adaptation to climatic variability and change: Crop diversification in the Canadian prairies”, Climatic Change, vol.67 (1), 119–141, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-004-0710-z
17. [17] J. Wang, R. Mendelsohn,A. Dinar,J. Huang, S. Rozelle, and L.Zhang ,”The impact of climate change on China’s agriculture. Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol.40 (3), 323–337, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15740862.2009.00379.x
18. [18] S. Asfaw, and L. Lipper, Economics of PGRFA management for adaptation to climate change: a review of selected literature,” Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome, Italy, 2011. https://rb.gy/edxj4
19. [19] K. Urama, and N. Ozor, “Agricultural innovations for climate change adaptation and food security in western and central Africa,” Agro-Science, vol.10 (1), 2011. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v10i1.68717
20. [20] S.S. Ngigi, “Climate change adaptation strategies: Water resources management options for smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa,” The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 2009. https://rb.gy/s4rf5
21. [21] M.G.P. Ibrahim, and R.S Alex, “The impact of changing environmental conditions on vulnerable communities in the Shire valley, southern Malawi,” In the Future of Drylands, pp. 545–559, 2008. Springer Netherlands. https://rb.gy/4784t
22. [22] O.M. Akinnagbe, and I. J. Irohibe,” Agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change impacts in Africa: a review,” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.39 (3), 407–418, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21984
23. [23] A.Challinor, T. Wheeler,C. Garforth, P. Craufurd, and A. Kassam, “Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Climatic Change,” Vol. 83(3), 381–399, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9249-0
24. [24] S.M .Howden, J.F. Soussana,F.N. Tubiello,N. Chhetri, M. Dunlop, and H. Meinke,” Adapting agriculture to climate change,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol.104(50),19691–19696, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701890104
25. [25] E. Bryan, T.T. Deressa, G.A. Gbetibouo, and C. Ringler, “Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints,” Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 12(4), 413–426, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.11.002
26. [26] N.A. Eckardt, E. Cominelli, M. Galbiati, and C. Tonelli, “The future of science: food and water for life,” 2009. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.109.066209
27. [27] M.W. Rosegrant, and S.A Cline, “Global food security: challenges and policies, “Science (New York, N.Y.), vol 302(5652), 1917–1919, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092958
28. [28] P. Reidsma, and F. Ewert, “Regional farm diversity can reduce vulnerability of food production to climate change,” Ecology and Society: A Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability, vol.13 (1), 2008. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-02476-130138
29. [29] P. Kurukulasuriya, and S. Rosenthal, “Climate change and agriculture,” World Bank Environment Department Paper, vol. 91, 2003. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16616
30. [30] A. Lema, and E. Majule,” Impacts of climate change, variability and adaptation strategies on agriculture in semi-arid areas of Tanzania: The case of Manyoni District in Singida Region, Tanzania,” African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 3(8), 206–218, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest09.099
31. [31] J.J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. Leary, D. J. Dokken, and K. S. White, “Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: Contribution of working group II to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, 2001 ,”Cambridge University Press. https://tinyurl.com/469pzerw
32. [32] N.A.A. El-Azm, and S.MS. Youssef, “Spraying potassium silicate and sugar beet molasses on tomato plants minimizes transpiration, relieves drought stress and rationalizes water use,” Middle East J, Vol.4(4), 1047-1064, 2015. https://rb.gy/2icce
33. [33] M. Prakash, and K. Ramachandran,” Effects of moisture stress and anti-transpirants on leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein and photosynthetic rate in brinjal plants,”Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.184 (3), 153-156, 2000.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00330.x
34. [34] A.S Abdullah, M.M. Aziz, K.H.M. Siddique, and K.C. Flower, “Film antitranspirants increase yield in drought stressed wheat plants by maintaining high grain number,” Agricultural Water Management, vol.159, 11–18, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.05.018
35. [35] C.J. Rhodes, “Feeding and healing the world: through regenerative agriculture and permaculture,”Science Progress, vol.95 (4), 345–446, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685012X13504990668392
36. [36] R. Topak, S. Süheri, and B. Acar, “Effect of different drip irrigation regimes on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey,” Irrigation Science, vol.29 (1), 79–89, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-010-0219-3
37. [37] L. Levidow, D. Zaccaria,R. Maia, E. Vivas, M. Todorovic, and A. Scardigno, “Improving water-efficient irrigation: Prospects and difficulties of innovative practices,” Agricultural Water Management, vol. 146, 84–94, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.07.012
38. [38] M. Bittelli, M. Flury, G.S. Campbell, and E.J. Nichols, “Reduction of transpiration through foliar application of chitosan,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.107 (3), 167–175, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00242-2
39. [39] M. Iriti, M. Sironi, S. Gomarasca, A.P Casazza, C. Soave, and F. Faoro, “Cell death-mediated antiviral effect of chitosan in tobacco,”Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 44(11–12). 893–900, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.10.009
40. [40] F.M. Del Amor, P. Cuadra-Crespo, D.J. Walker, J.M. Cámara, and R. Madrid, “Effect of foliar application of antitranspirant on photosynthesis and water relations of pepper plants under different levels of CO2 and water stress,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.167 (15), 1232-1238, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.04.010
41. [41] J. Kocięcka, D. Liberacki, J.M. Kupiec, M. Stróżecki, and P. Dłużewski, “Effects of Silicon Application and Groundwater Level in a Subirrigation System on Yield of a Three-Cut Meadow,” Water, Vol. 15(11), 2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112103
42. [42] W.Mphande, P.S Kettlewell, I.G Grove, and A.D. Farrell, “The potential of antitranspirants in drought management of arable crops: A review,” Agricultural Water Management, 236, 106-143, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106143
43. [43] P.S Kettlewell, and J.R. Holloway, “Connecting developmental and process physiology to improve yield of draughted wheat with a film antitranspirant,”Aspects of Applied Biology, No.105, 23-24, 2010. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123411786
44. [44] V. G. Shweta, “Antitranspirants: An effective approach to mitigate the stress in field crops,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol.9 (5), 1671–1678, 2020. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.188
45. [45] D. M. Glenn, “The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops,” HortScience: A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science, vol.47 (6), 710–711,2012. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.710
46. [46] F. Zhao, D. Zhang, Y. Zhao, W. Wang, H. Yang, F. Tai, C. Li, and X. Hu, “The difference of physiological and proteomic changes in maize leaves adaptation to drought, heat, and combined both stresses,” Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol.7, 2-19, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01471
47. [47] H.A. Hussain, S. Men, S. Hussain, Y. Chen, S. Ali, S. Zhang, K. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Xu, C. Liao, and L. Wang, “Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids,” Scientific Reports, vol.9 (1), 1-12, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40362-7
48. [48] K. Agyeman, I. Osei-Bonsu, J.N Berchie, S. Yeboah, L.M. Tengan, P. Marno, A. Adjei, and M. Apraku,” Yield and growth performance of drought tolerant maize varieties in the Forest-Savanna transition zone of Ghana.,” Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana, vol.13, 1237–1246, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4314/afsjg.v13i1
49. [49] S.A Saseendran, L.R. Ahuja, L. Ma, and T.J. Trout, “Modeling for best management of the effects of irrigation frequencies, initial water, and nitrogen on corn,” Practical Applications of Agricultural System Models to Optimize the Use of Limited Water, vol.5, 25-52, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2134/advagricsystmodel5.c2
50. [50] R.P. Sah, M. Chakraborty, K. Prasad, M. Pandit,V.K. Tudu, M.K. Chakravarty, S.C. Narayan, M. Rana, and D. Moharana, “Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components,” Scientific Reports, vol.10 (1), 2944, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59689-7
51. [51] Y. Lu, Z. Hao, C. Xie, J. Crossa, J.L. Araus, S. Gao, B.S Vivek, C. Magorokosho, S. Mugo, D. Makumbi, S. Taba, G. Pan, X. Li, T. Rong, S. Zhang, and Y. Xu, “Large-scale screening for maize drought resistance using multiple selection criteria evaluated under water-stressed and well-watered environments,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 124(1), 37–45, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.06.003
52. [52] G.O Edmeades, “Progress in achieving and delivering drought tolerance in maize-an update,” ISAAA: Ithaca, NY, 130, 2013. https://rb.gy/2nt2k
53. [53] M. Aslam, M.A., Maqbool, and R. Cengiz,” Drought Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.),” Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25442-5
54. [54] M. Farooq, A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D., Fujita, and S.M.A Basra, “Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management,” In Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 153–188), 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_12
55. [55] A.Y Kamara, A. Menkir, B. Badu-Apraku, and O. Ibikunle,”The influence of drought stress on growth, yield and yield components of selected maize genotypes,” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.141 (1), 43–50, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003423
56. [56] H. Min, C. Chen, S. Wei, X. Shang, M. Sun, R. Xia, X. Liu, D. Hao, H. Chen, and Q. Xie, “Identification of drought tolerant mechanisms in maize seedlings based on transcriptome analysis of recombination inbred lines,” Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol.7, 1080, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01080
57. [57] R.Çakir, “Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn,” Field Crops Research, vol. 89(1), 1–16, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.005
58. [58] K. Djaman, S. Irmak,W.R. Rathje,D.L. Martin, and D.E. Eisenhauer, “Maize evapotranspiration, yield production functions, biomass, grain yield, harvest index, and yield response factors under full and limited irrigation,” Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 56(2), 373-393, 2013. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42676
59. [59] S.A. Anjum, X. Xie, L.C. Wang, M.F. Saleem, C. Man, and W. Lei, “Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress,” African journal of agricultural research, vol.6 (9), 2026-2032, 2011. doi:10.5897/AJAR10.027
60. [60] F.Baret,S. Madec, K. Irfan, J. Lopez, A. Comar,M. Hemmerlé, D. Dutartre, S. Praud, and M.H. Tixier, “Leaf-rolling in maize crops: from leaf scoring to canopy-level measurements for phenotyping,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 69(10),2705–2716,2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery071
61. [61] T. Ge,F. Sui, L. Bai, C. Tong, and N. Sun ,”Effects of water stress on growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency in summer maize (Zea mays L.) throughout the growth cycle,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 34(3),1043–1053,2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0901-y
62. [62] S. Pokhrel, “Effects of drought stress on the physiology and yield of the maize: a review, ”Food and Agri Economics Review (FAER), vol.1 (1), 36-40, 2021. http://doi.org/10.26480/faer.01.2021.36.40
63. [63] J.S. Boyer, and M.E. Westgate, “Grain yields with limited water,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 55(407), 2385–2394, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh219
64. [64] S.A. Anjum, L.C. Wang, M. Farooq, M. Hussain, L.L. Xue, and C.M. Zou, “Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in maize through modulation of enzymatic antioxidants and leaf gas exchange,”Journal of Agronomy and crop science, vol.197 (3), 177-185, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439037X.2010.00459.x
65. [65] M. Benešová, D. Holá, L. Fischer, P.L. Jedelský, F. Hnilička, N. Wilhelmová, O. Rothová, M. Kočová, D. Procházková, J. Honnerová, L. Fridrichová, and H. Hniličková, “The physiology and proteomics of drought tolerance in maize: early stomatal closure as a cause of lower tolerance to short-term dehydration?” PloS One, vol. 7(6), e38017, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038017
66. [66] M.S. Lopes, J.L Araus, P.D.R van Heerden, and C.H. Foyer, “Enhancing drought tolerance in C (4) crops,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.62 (9), 3135–3153, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err105
67. [67] B. Wang, C. Liu, D. Zhang, C. He, J. Zhang , and Z. Li, “Effects of maize organ-specific drought stress response on yields from transcriptome analysis,” BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 19(1),1-19 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1941-5
68. [68] M. M. Chaves, J. Flexas, and C. Pinheiro,”Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell,” Annals of Botany, vol.103 (4), 551–560, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125
69. [69] L. Serna, “Maize stomatal responses against the climate change,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.13, 1-9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.952146
70. [70] T. Parthasarathi, K. Vanitha, and G. Velu, “Physiological impacts of soil moisture stress and plant population on leaf gas exchange and radiation use of maize,” International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, vol.5 (4), 77-385, 2012. https://rb.gy/jpxe3
71. [71] S. Bayat, and A. Sepehri, “Paclobutrazol and salicylic acid application ameliorates the negative effect of water stress on growth and yield of maize plants,”Journal of Research in Agricultural Science vol. 8(2)127- 139, 2012. https://rb.gy/olzln
72. [72] M. Kamran, S. Wennan, I. Ahmad, M. Xiangping, C. Wenwen, Z. Xudong, M. Siwei, A. Khan, H. Qingfang, and L. Tiening, “Application of paclobutrazol affect maize grain yield by regulating root morphological and physiological characteristics under a semi-arid region,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8(1), 1–15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23166-z
73. [73] O.Q.A. Ulameer, and S.S.A Ahmed, “Anti-transpirant role in improving the morphological growth traits of maize plants subjected to water stress,” Research on Crops, vol.19 (4), 593-603, 2018. https://rb.gy/qekzy
74. [74] D. Ghazi, “Impact of drought stress on maize (Zea mays) plant in presence or absence of salicylic acid spraying,” Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, vol.8(6), 223- 229, 2017. https://doi.org/10.21608/JSSAE.2017.37382
75. [75] I. Ahmad, S.M.A. Basra, and A. Wahid, “Exogenous application of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide improves the productivity of hybrid maize at low temperature stress,” Int. J. Agric. Biol, vol. 16(4), 825-830, 2014. http://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/41448_..pdf
76. [76] A.S.M. Morsy, and H.M Mehanna, “Beneficial effects of antitranspirants on water stress tolerance in maize under different plant densities in newly reclaimed land,” Bulletin of the National Research Centre, vol.46 (2-17), 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00934-6
77. [77] Gomaa, M. A., E. E., A. A. M. Z. Kandil, El-Dein, M. E. M. Abou-Donia, H. M. Ali, and N. R A. bdelsalam, “Increase maize productivity and water use efficiency through application of potassium silicate under water stress,” Scientific Reports, vol.11 (1), 1-8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80656-9
78. [78] S. I. Shedeed, “Assessing effect of potassium silicate consecutive application on forage maize plants (Zea mays L.),” Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, vol.5 (2), 119-127, 2018. https://jipbs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/321/290
79. [79] M. M. A. Mondal, A. B. Puteh, N. C. Dafader, M. Y. Rafii, and M. A. Malek. "Foliar application of chitosan improves growth and yield in maize." J. Food Agric. Environment, vol.11, (2), 520- 523, 2013.. https://rb.gy/6lg8v
80. [80] Y.J Guan, J. Hu, X.J. Wang, and C.X. Shao, “Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress,” Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, vol. 10(6), 427–433, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0820373
81. [81] V. Saharan, R.V Kumaraswamy,R.C. Choudhary, S. Kumari, A. Pal, A., R. Raliya, and P. Biswas, “Cu-chitosan nanoparticle mediated sustainable approach to enhance seedling growth in maize by mobilizing reserved food,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.64 (31), 6148–6155, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02239
82. [82] D.Y. Nakasato,A.E.S Pereira, J.L. Oliveira, H.C. Oliveira, and L.F. Fraceto, “Evaluation of the effects of polymeric chitosan/tripolyphosphate and solid lipid nanoparticles on germination of Zea mays, Brassica rapa and Pisum sativum,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 142, 369–374,2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.033
83. [83] E.G. Lizárraga-Paulín, S.P. Miranda-Castro, E. Moreno-Martínez, A.V. Lara-Sagahón, and I. Torres-Pacheco, “Maize seed coatings and seedling sprayings with chitosan and hydrogen peroxide: their influence on some phenological and biochemical behaviors,” Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, Vol. 14(2), 87–96, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1200270
84. [84] M. Peña-Datoli,C.M.I Hidalgo-Moreno, V.A. González-Hernández, E.G. Alcántar-González, and J.D. Etchevers-Barra, “Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed coating with chitosan and sodium alginate and its effect on root development,” Agrociencia Vol.50 (8), 1091–1106, 2016. https://rb.gy/p7cyh
85. [85] M. Martins,M. Carvalho, D.T Carvalho, S. Barbosa, A.C. Doriguetto, P.C Magalhaes, and C. Ribeiro, “Physicochemical characterization of chitosan and its effects on early growth, cell cycle and root anatomy of transgenic and non-transgenic maize hybrids,”Australian Journal of Crop Science,vol.12(1),56-66, 2018. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.45go44563320158
86. [86] W.M. Khan, B. Prithiviraj, and D.L Smith, “Effect of foliar application of chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides on photosynthesis of maize and soybean,” Photosynthetica, vol.40 (4), 621–624, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024320606812
87. [87] W., Li, P. Yang, S. Guo, R. Song, and J. Yu, “Co-application of soil superabsorbent polymer and foliar fulvic acid to increase tolerance to water deficit maize: photosynthesis, water parameters, and proline,” Chilean journal of agricultural research, 79(3), 435-446, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392019000300435
88. [88] M. Gomaa, I. Fathallah Rehab, E. E. Kandil, and A. M. M. Ali, “Using of Potassium Silicate to Alleviate Drought Stress Effect on Peanut as Grown in Sandy Soil,” Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, vol.26 (3), 109-119, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21608/jalexu.2021.179977
89. [89] E. E. Kandi, A.A. M. Zen El-Dein, and M.E.M Abou-Donia, “Effect of irrigation intervals and foliar application of potassium silicate on growth of maize,” Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, H. Botany, vol.11 (1), 103-109, 2020. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_122139.html
90. [90] A. Parveen, W. Liu, S. Hussain, J. Asghar, S. Perveen, and Y. Xiong, “Silicon priming regulates morpho-physiological growth and oxidative metabolism in maize under drought stress,” Plants, vol.8 (10), 1-14, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100431
91. [91] M. Hussain, M.A. Malik, M. Farooq, M.B. Khan, M. Akram, and M.F. Saleem, “Exogenous glycinebetaine and salicylic acid application improves water relations, allometry and quality of hybrid sunflower under water deficit conditions,” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.195 (2), 98–109, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2008.00354.x
92. [92] W. Khan, B. Prithiviraj, and D.L. Smith, “Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates,”Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.160 (5), 485–492, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-00865
93. [93] W. Yang, P. Li, S. Guo, R. Song, and J. Yu, “Co-application of soil superabsorbent polymer and foliar fulvic acid to increase tolerance to water deficit maize: photosynthesis, water parameters, and proline,” Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 79(3), 435–446, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392019000300435
94. [94] D.V.B Reddy, N. Ramesh, S. Manimaran, and P. Thangavel, “Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.),” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 15(1), 116-119, 2023. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4192
95. [95] A. Kumar, K.S. Rana, D.S. Rana, R.S Bana, A.K Choudhary, and V. Pooniya, “Effect of nutrient-and moisture-management practices on crop productivity, water-use efficiency and energy dynamics in rainfed maize (Zea mays) + soybean (Glycine max) intercropping system,” Indian Journal of Agronomy, vol 60(1), 152–156,2015. https://tinyurl.com/w4uazrna
96. [96] B. R.B. Vani, N. Ramesh, S. Manimaran, and P. Thangavel, “Effect of organic mulches and kaolin clay foliar spray on growth, yield attributes and yield of dry landmaize (Zea mays), ”CropResearch, Vol.58 (1and2), 2933,2023. https://doi.org/10.31830/24541761.2023.CR8 68
97. [97] S.A Anjum, M. Farooq, L.C. Wang, L. L. Xue, S.G Wang, L. Wang, and M. Chen,”Gas exchange and chlorophyll synthesis of maize cultivars are enhanced by exogenously- applied glycinebetaine under drought conditions,” Plant, Soil and Environment, vol.57 (7), 326-331, 2011. https://doi.org/10.17221/41/2011-PSE
98. [98] A.M.S Elshamly, “Minimizing the adverse impact of drought on corn by applying foliar potassium humate combined with chitosan,” Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01146-1
99. [99] U. Petzold, S. Peschel, I. Dahse, and G. Adam, “Stimulation of source-applied14C-sucrose export in Vicia faba plants by brassinosteroids, GA3and IAA,”Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 41 (4), 469–479, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14388677.1992.tb00517.x
100. [100] T. C. De Souza, P. C.Magalhães, E. M. de Castro, N. P. Carneiro, F. A. Padilha, and C. C. G Júnior, “ABA application to maize hybrids contrasting for drought tolerance: changes in water parameters and in antioxidant enzyme activity,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol.73(3), 205–217, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9881-9
101. [101] C. Travaglia, G. Balboa, G. Espósito, and H. Reinoso, “ABA action on the production and redistribution of field-grown maize carbohydrates in semiarid regions,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol.67 (1), 27–34, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-012-9657-7
102. [102] A.M. S. Elshamly, “Interaction effects of sowing date, irrigation levels, chitosan, and potassium silicate on yield and water use efficiency for maize grown under arid climate,” Gesunde Pflanzen. , 1-17, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00836-1
103. [103] J. Kocięcka & D. Liberacki,” The potential of using chitosan on cereal crops in the face of climate change,” Plants, vol.10 (6), 1160, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061160
104. [104] Q. Ali, and M. Ashraf, “Induction of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) due to exogenous application of trehalose: growth, photosynthesis, water relations and oxidative defence mechanism,” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol. 197(4), 258-271, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00463.x
105. [105] L.G. Almeida, P.C. Magalhães, D. Karam, E. M. D. Silva, and A.A Alvarenga, “Chitosan application in the induction of water deficit tolerance in maize plants,” Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 42, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.42463
106. [106] S.A. Anjum, L. Wang, M. Farooq, L. Xue, and S. Ali, “Fulvic acid application improves the maize performance under well‐watered and drought conditions,” Journal of agronomy and crop science, vol. 197(6), 409-417, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00483.x
107. [107] W. Bi, M. Wang, B Weng, D. Yan, Y. Yang, and J. Wang, “Effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on the growth of summer maize,” Atmosphere, vol.11 (1), 1-18, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010021
108. [108] R. Liao, L. Zhang, P. Yang, W. Wu, and Z. Zhang,”Physiological regulation mechanism of multi-chemicals on water transport and use efficiency in soil-maize system,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 172, 1289–1297, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.239
109. [109] W. Yang, P. Li, S. Guo, B. Fan, R. Song,J. Zhang, and J. Yu, “Compensating effect of fulvic acid and super-absorbent polymer on leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency of maize under moderate water deficit conditions,”Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 83(3), 351–360, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0297-9
110. [110] T. A. Abd El-Mageed, A. Shaaban, S. A. Abd El-Mageed, W.M Semida, and R.M.O Rady, “Silicon defensive role in maize (Zea mays L.) against drought stress and metals- contaminated irrigation water,” Silicon, vol.13, 2165-2176, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00690-0
111. [111] R .V. Kumaraswamy, S. Kumari, R.C. Choudhary, S.S. Sharma, A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and V. Saharan,”Salicylic acid functionalized chitosan nanoparticle: A sustainable biostimulant for plant,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.123, 59–69, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.202
112. [112] J. Monjane,P. Dimande, A. Zimba, E. Nhachengo, E. Teles, H. Ndima, and A. Uamusse, “Antifungal Activity of Biopesticides and their Effects on the Growth Parameters and Yield of Maize and Pigeon Pea,” Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR), vol.4(9), 512-515,2020. https://www.tjnpr.org/index.php/home/article/view/1123
113. [113] R. C. Choudhary, R.V. Kumaraswamy, S. Kumari,A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and V. Saharan,” Synthesis, characterization, and application of chitosan nanomaterials loaded with zinc and copper for plant growth and protection,” In Nanotechnology (pp. 227–247), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8_10
114. [114] U. R. Butt, R. Naz, A. Nosheen, H. Yasmin, R. Keyani, I. Hussain, and M.N. Hassan,” Changes in pathogenesis-related gene expression in response to bioformulations in the apoplast of maize leaves againstFusarium oxysporum,” Journal of Plant Interactions, vol.14 (1), 61–72, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1550217
115. [115] C. Mohamed, T.V. Etienne, and K.N.G Yannick, “Use of bioactive chitosan and Lippia multiflora essential oil as coatings for maize and sorghum seeds protection,” EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, vol.14 (1), 27-34, 2020. https://shorturl.at/uMPRT
116. [116] N.S. El-Mougy, H.M Abouelnaser, and M.M. Abdel-Kader, “Seed Dressing and Foliar Spray with Different Fungicide Alternatives for Controlling Maize Diseases under Natural Field Conditions,” Plant Arch, vol. 20, 2755-2759, 2020. http://plantarchives.org/20-1/2755-2759%20(5996).pdf
117. [117] L.V Ferrochio, E. Cendoya, V. G. L. Zachetti, M. C. Farnochi, W. Massad, and M.L. Ramirez, “Combined effect of chitosan and water activity on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on maize-based media,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.185, 51–56, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.05.011
118. [118] M .R. Romero-Aranda, O. Jurado, and J. Cuartero, “Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.163 (8), 847–855, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.05.010
119. [119] D. Katiyar, A. Hemantaranjan, and B. Singh, ”Chitosan as a promising natural compound to enhance potential physiological responses in plant: a review,” Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.20 (1), 1–9, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-015-0139-6
120. [120] S. Kaur, and G. S. Dhillon,”The versatile biopolymer chitosan: potential sources, evaluation of extraction methods and applications, “Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol.40 (2), 155–175, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.770385
121. [121] V. Zargar, M. Asghari, and A. Dashti, “A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: Structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications,” ChemBioEng Reviews, vol.2 (3), 204–226, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400025
122. [122] T. Q. Shi, H. Peng, S.Y. Zeng, R. Y. Ji, K. Shi, H. Huang, and X.J. Ji, “Microbial production of plant hormones: Opportunities and challenges,” Bioengineered, vol.8 (2), 124– 128, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1212138
123. [123] A. Francini, G. Lorenzini, and C. Nali, “The antitranspirant Di-1-p-menthene, a potential chemical protectant of ozone damage to plants,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.219(1–4), 459–472, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0720-6
124. [124] V. Cantore, B. Pace, and R. Albrizio, “Kaolin-based particle film technology affects tomato physiology, yield and quality,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 66(2), 279–288, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.03.008
125. [125] V. Markó, L. H. M. Blommers, S. Bogya, and H. Helsen, “Kaolin particle films suppress many apple pests, disrupt natural enemies and promote woolly apple aphid,”Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Entomologie [Journal of Applied Entomology], Vol. 132(1), 26–35, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01233.x
126. [126] A. L. Knight, B. A. Christianson, T. R. Unruh, G. Puterka, and D. M. Glenn, “Impacts of seasonal kaolin particle films on apple pest management, “The Canadian Entomologist, vol. 133(3), 413–428, 2001. https://doi.org/10.4039/ent133413-3
127. [127] N. Lalancette, R. D. Belding, P. W. Shearer, J. L. Frecon, and W. H. Tietjen, “Evaluation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic kaolin particle films for peach crop, arthropod and disease management,” Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, vol.61 (1), 25-39, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.943
128. [128] S. Pascual, G. Cobos, E. Seris, and M. González-Núñez, “Effects of processed kaolin on pests and non-target arthropods in a Spanish olive grove,” Journal of Pest Science, vol. 83(2), 121– 133, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-009-0278-5
129. [129] M. Kumar Sootahar, X. Zeng, S. Su, Y. Wang, L. Bai, Y. Zhang, T. Li, and X. Zhang, “The effect of fulvic acids derived from different materials on changing properties of albic black soil in the northeast plain of China ,”Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol.24(8), 1-12, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081535
130. [130] S. A Khilji, Z. A. Sajid, S. Fayyaz, A. A. Shah, A. N. Shah, M. Rauf, M. Arif, S. H. Yang, and S. Fiaz, “Fulvic acid alleviates paper sludge toxicity in canola (Brassica napus L.) by reducing Cr, Cd, and Pb uptake ,”Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.13, 1-14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.874723
131. [131] S. P. Katengeza, and S. T. Holden, “Productivity impact of drought tolerant maize varieties under rainfall stress in Malawi: A continuous treatment approach,” Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol.52 (1), 157–171, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12612
132. [132] A. Badr, H. H. El-Shazly, R. A. Tarawneh, and A. Börner, “Screening for drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm using germination and seedling traits under simulated drought conditions ,”Plants, Vol.9(5), 1-23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050565
133. [133] H. Webber, F. Ewert, J.E. Olesen, C. Müller, S. Fronzek, A. C. Ruane, M. Bourgault, P. Martre, B. Ababaei, M. Bindi, R. Ferrise, R. Finger, N. Fodor, C. Gabaldón-Leal, T. Gaiser, M. Jabloun, K. C. Kersebaum, J .I Lizaso, I .J. Lorite, and .D. Wallach, “Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe, “Nature Communications, vol.9 (1), 42-49, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06525-2
134. [134] S. Rafique, “Drought responses on physiological attributes of Zea mays in relation to nitrogen and source-sink relationships,” Abiotic Stress Plants. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93747
135. [135] E. M. Bagula, J.G.M. Majaliwa, T.A. Basamba, J.G.M. Mondo, B. Vanlauwe, G. Gabiri, J.B. Tumuhairwe, G.N. Mushagalusa, P. Musinguzi, S. Akello and A. Egeru ,”Water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) crop under selected soil and water conservation practices along the slope gradient in Ruzizi watershed, eastern DR Congo,” Land, vol.11(10), 1-20, 2022..https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101833
136. [136] R. Bheemanahalli, P. Ramamoorthy, S. Poudel, S. Samiappan, N. Wijewardane, and K. R. Reddy, “Effects of drought and heat stresses during reproductive stage on pollen germination, yield, and leaf reflectance properties in maize (Zea mays L.),” Plant Direct, vol. 6(8), 1-14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.434
137. [137] P. Previtali, F. Giorgini, R.S. Mullen, N. K. Dookozlian, K. L. Wilkinson, and C. M. Ford, “A systematic review and meta-analysis of vineyard techniques used to delay ripening," Horticulture Research, vol.9, (uhac104) 1-10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac118
138. [138] J. Rodriguez,” Sunburn in Citrus: Assessing Physiological Impacts and Mitigation Treatments (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University-Kingsville),”2018. https://tinyurl.com/5vsrvzf7
139. [139] L. Sibande, A. Bailey, and S. Davidova,” The impact of farm input subsidies on maize marketing in Malawi,” Food Policy, vol.69, 190–206, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.04.001
140. [140] S. Koppmair, M. Kassie, and M.Quaim,” Farm production, market access and dietary diversity in Malawi,” Public Health Nutrition, vol.20 (2), 325–335, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002135
141. [141] R. G Evans, and E. J. Sadler,”Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water use,” Water resources research, Vol. 44(7), 1-15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006200
142. [142] P. Kettlewell,” Economics of film antitranspirant application: a new approach to protecting wheat crops from drought-induced yield loss,”International Journal of Agricultural Management, vol.1, 43-45, 2011. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/149907/
143. [143] B. P. Janawade, and Y. B. Palled, Effect of irrigation schedules, mulch and antitranspirants on growth, yield and economics of wheat (cv. DWD-I006). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.20 (1), 6-9, 2007. http://14.139.155.167/test5/index.php/kjas/article/view/829