Cultural Comparison of University Students in Entrepreneurial Intentions, Creativity, and Emotional Intelligence: An Example of the USA and Turkey

Year 2023, , 1 - 10, 31.10.2023

Fatih Yıldırım , İnci Yilmazli Trout Stephanie Hartzell Seda Kayapalı Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1303240

Abstract

İnsan kaynağının sağladığı katma değer, ülkelerin refah düzeyini önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. İnsan kaynaklarının yetiştirilmesinde en önemli unsurlardan birisi ise eğitimdir. Eğitim sistemlerinin başarısı, yetiştirilen bireylerin niteliklerine bağlıdır. Özellikle girişimcilik niyeti, yaratıcılık ve duygusal zeka eğitim ve toplumsal kültürden etkilenebilir. Bu unsurlar, doğuştan sahip oldukları yeteneklere bağlı olarak bireyler arasında farklılıklar gösterebilirken iyi bir eğitim, çevresel ve baskın olan kültürel faktörler, kişisel faktörleri geliştirebilir.
Bu nicel çalışma, Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki (ABD) lisansüstü öğrencilerinin girişimcilik niyetleri, yaratıcılık ve duygusal zeka düzeyleri açısından bir karşılaştırma sağlamayı amaçlamıştır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye ve ABD'de iki farklı üniversitede 799 öğrenciye anket uygulanmıştır. Verileri analiz ederken, yapısal geçerliliği elde etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve ardından karşılaştırmalı testler yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, ABD eğitim gören üniversitesinde öğrencilerinin Türkiye'de eğitim gören öğrencilere oranla duygusal zeka boyutlarından; problem çözme becerilerinin, duygusal farkındalığın, kişilerarası ilişkilerin ve bunun yanında yaratıcılığın daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Öte yandan, Türkiye'deki öğrenciler daha yüksek düzeyde özdenetim ve girişimcilik niyeti göstermiştir. Sonuçlar kültürel bir bağlamda tartışılmış ve buna göre öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Duygusal Zekâ, Girişimci Niyeti, Yaratıcılık, Yüksek Öğretim

Cultural Comparison of University Students in Entrepreneurial Intentions, Creativity, and Emotional Intelligence: An Example of the USA and Turkey

Abstract

The added value of human resources has a significant impact on the level of welfare of countries. One of the most important elements of human resource development is education. The success of education systems depends on the qualities of the individuals they educate. In particular, concepts such as entrepreneurship, creativity, and emotional intelligence can be influenced by education and social culture. These elements may vary from individual to individual, depending on their innate abilities. However, a good education, and environmental and dominant cultural factors can improve individual factors.
This quantitative study aimed to provide a comparison between graduate students in Turkey and the United States of America (USA) in terms of levels of entrepreneurial intentions, creativity, and emotional intelligence. Within this context, we surveyed 799 students in two different universities in Turkey and the USA. In analyzing the data, we completed a confirmatory factor analysis to obtain structural validity followed by comparative tests. The results demonstrated that the students in the US university had higher levels in emotional intelligence dimensions of problem-solving skills, emotional awareness, and interpersonal relations as well as creativity when compared with the students in Turkey. On the other hand, the students in Turkey showed higher levels of self-control, emotional intelligence, and entrepreneurial intentions. The results were discussed within a cultural context and recommendations were provided accordingly.

Keywords

Emotional intelligence, Entrepreneurial intentions, Creativity, Higher education

References

• Argyris, C., and Schön, D. A. (1996). Organizational learning II: Theory, Method and Practice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
• Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği (European Commission). (2009). Avrupa Komisyonu’nun ekonomik ve sosyal uyum üzerine 6. ilerleme raporu, Yaratıcı ve Yenilikçi Bölgeler.
• Barker A. (2001). Yenilikçiliğin Simyası, (Çev.: Ahmet Kardam), MESS Yayınları: İstanbul.
• Caruso, D. R., and Salovey, P. (2004). The emotionally intelligent manager: How to develop and use the four key emotional skills of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Certo S. C. (2000). Modern Management, USA: Prentice Hall
• Day D.V., D.J. Shleicher, A.L. Unckless, and N.J. Hiller. (2002). “Self-monitoring personality at work: A meta-analytic investigation of construct validity.” Journal of Applied Psychology April 2002, 87(2): 390-401. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.390 390-401.
• Deshpandé, R., and J. U. Farley. (2004). “Organizational culture, market orientation, innovativeness, and firm performance: An international research odyssey.” International Journal of Research in Marketing 21: 3-22.
• Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper& Row Pub.
• Epstein, S. (1998). Constructive Thinking: The Key to Emotional Intelligence. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
• Erdoğan, Ö., and M. Ergün. (2011). “İki Farklı Meslek Grubunda Çalışan Personelin Denetim Odağı ve Risk Eğilim Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması.” H. Ü. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (H. U. Journal of Education) 40:176-185.
• Freeman, E. R. (1989). Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York, USA: Bantam Books.
• Goodman, M. (1995). Creative Management. UK: Prentice Hall.
• Grichnik, D., A. Smeja, and I. Welpe. (2010). “The Importance of Being Emotional: How Do Emotions Affect Entrepreneurial Opportunity Evaluation and Exploitation?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76:15-29.
• Hofstede Insights (2023).https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/ turkey,the-usa/ (30.01.2023)
• Hofstede, G., G. J. Hofstede, and M. Minkov. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw- Hill USA.
• Hong, E., and R. Milgram (2008). Preventing Talent Loss. New York, USA: Routledge.
• Immegart, G., and P. Francis. (1973). An Introduction to Systems for the Educational Administrator. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
• Jones, G. R. (2004). Organizational Theory, Design and Change: Text and Cases. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Kaya, A. (2015). Duygusal zeka ve menkul kıymetler piyasalarında yatırımcı davranışı. Ankara:Nobel Akademi.
• Kickul, J., and R. S. D’Intino. (2005). “Measure for Measure: Modeling Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy onto Instrumental Tasks Within the New Venture Creation Process.” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 8(2): 39-47.
• King, N., & N. Anderson. (1995). Innovation and Change in Organizations. London & New York Routledge.
• Kochhar, Rakesh. (2015). A Global Middle Class is More Promise Than Reality: From 2001 to 2011, Nearly 700 Million Step Out of Poverty, But Most Only Barely. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, July.
• Kochhar, R. (2018). The American Middle Class is Stable in Size, But Losing Ground Financially to Upper-Income Families. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, September.
• Kutschker, M., and S., Schmid. (2011). Internationales management. 7., überarb. und aktualisierte Aufl. München: Oldenbourg.
• Malaga, R. A. (2000). “The effect of stimulus modes and associative distance in individual creativity support systems.” Decision Support Systems 29(2): 125-141.
• Mayer, R. E. (1998). “Cognitive, Metacognitive and Motivational Aspects of Problem Solving.” Instructional Science 26: 49–63.
• Mayer, J. D., P. Salovey and D. Caruso. (2004). “Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings and Implications.” Psychological Inquiry 15 (3): 197-215.
• Naktiyok, A., and M. K. Timuroglu. (2009). “Öğrencilerin Motivasyonel Değerlerinin Girişimcilik Niyetleri Üzerine Etkisi ve Bir Uygulama. (The Effects of Student Motivational Levels on Their Entrepreneurial Intentions).” Ataturk Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Dergisi 23(3):85–103.
• Reber, A. S. (1985). The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Penguin Books.
• Robbins, S. P., and T. A. Judge. (2012). Organizational Behavior. Ankara: Nobel Yayın, Translation of the 14th Ed. Rotter, J.B. (1966). “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement.” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 80 (1):1-28
• Salovey, P., and J. D. Mayer. (1990). “Emotional Intelligence.” Imagination, Cognition and Personality 9(3):185–211. Sargut, S. (2010). Kültürler Arası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., H. Moosbrugger, and H. Müller. (2003). “Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures.” Methods of Psychological Research Online 8(2): 23-74.
• Stoner, J. A. F., and W. Charles. (1986). Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
• The World Bank, (2018).https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=TR (30.01.2023)
• Torrance, E. P. (1990). Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Figural, Forms A and B: Directions Manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
• Yanık O., M. K. Timuroğlu, and A. Naktiyok. (2017). “The Effect of Emotions on Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Research 9(2): 461-477.
• Yie, L. C., and D. Botelho. (2010). “How Does National Culture Impact on Consumers’ Decision-Making Styles? A Cross Cultural Study in Brazil, the United States and Japan.” Brazilian Administration Review (BAR) 7(3): 260–275.