Research Article
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Year 2013, , 151 - 166, 15.10.2013
https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151

Abstract

References

  • Akbaba, S. & Kurubacak, G (1998). Teachers’ Attitudes towards technology. Technology and Teacher Education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the advancement of computing in Education.
  • Babbie, E.R. (1973). Survey Research Methods. Retrieved 10 March, 2013, from: http://www.books.aisc.ucla.edu/cbrpdfs/tusgb3.pdf.
  • Bogoan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (1998). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to theory and methods (3rd Ed.). Allyn & Bacon: Boston.
  • Borris, H. (2004). Teachers Instructional Beliefs about integrating educational Technology. Retrieved 09 March, 2013 from: http://www.calculators research\teachers belief calculators.htm.
  • Botswana (1994). Revised National Policy on Education. Gaborone: Government Printers.
  • Botswana 3 yr. J.C. Curriculum Blueprint (1996). Three year J.C syllabus 1996. Curriculum Division.
  • Botswana 3 yr. J.C. Curriculum Blueprint (2010). Three year J.C syllabus 2010. Curriculum Division.
  • Brown, E. T., Karp, K., Petrosko, J. M., Jones, J., Beswick, G., Howe, C., Zwagnig, K. (2007). or Catalyst: Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices Regarding calculator use in mathematics instruction. Retrieved 16 February, 2013 from http://www.eric.ed.gov /ERICWebPortal/ search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb.
  • Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1997). Quantitative Data Analysis. London: Routeledge.
  • Calculator Information Center (1977). Research on Hand – Held calculators, K-12: Bulletin No.9. Columbus, Ohio.
  • Campbell, P.F. & Stewart, E.L (1993). “Calculators and Computers.” Early Childhood Mathematics. Ed. Robert Jensen. NCTM Research Interpretation Project. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 251 – 268.
  • Clayton, M (2000). “Calculators in class: Freedom from Scratch paper or “Cratch”, Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 14, 2013 from: http://www.csmonitor.com.
  • Cockcroft, W.H (1982). Mathematics Counts: Report of the committee of Inquiry into the teaching of mathematics in schools under the chairmanship of Dr. W.H. Cockcroft. London: HMSO.
  • Cohen, L. & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in Education (4th ed.). Routledge: London.
  • Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications: London.
  • Dunham, P.H (1995). “ Calculators use and Gender issues.” Association for women in mathematics Newsletter, 25(2), 16-18.
  • Dunham, P.H. (1996). Hand-held Calculators in Mathematics Education: A Research Perspective. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013, from: http://mathforum.org/technology/papers/papers/dunham.html.
  • Farkas, S. & Johnson, J. (1997). Teachers talk about Public Education today. New York: Public Agenda.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994a). Is experience enough?: A survey of mathematics teachers’ philosophies of calculator use. In J. Willis, B. Robin & D. Willis, (Eds.), Technology and Teacher Education Annual – 1994 (pp.543 – 547). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of computing Education.
  • Fleener, M.J (1994b). A research study of teachers’ beliefs about calculator use. In G. Marks (Ed.), Mathematics/ Science Education and Technology – 1994 (pp. 56 – 61). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994c). A survey of mathematics teachers’ attitudes about calculators: The impact of philosophical orientation. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994d). The relationship between experience and philosophical orientation: A comparison of pre-service and practicing teachers’ beliefs about calculators. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of computing Education.
  • Gay, L.R., & Airasian, P. (1996). Educational Research: Competence for analysis and application. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall.
  • Hale, J. (2011). The 3 Basic Types of Descriptive Research Methods. Psych Central. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013 from: http//psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/27/the 3- basic- types-of- descriptive – research- methods/.
  • Handal, B., Bobis, J., & Grimson, L. (2001). Teachers’ mathematical beliefs and practices in teaching and learning thematically, Numeracy and beyond. Retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/166860056.
  • Hartsell, T., Herron, S., Fang, H., & Rathod, A. (2009). Effectiveness of professional development in teaching mathematics and technology applications. Retrieved February 16, 2013 from: http://www.sicet.org/journals/jetde/jetde09/taralynn.pdf
  • Hembree, R & Dessart, D. J (1992). Research on calculators in mathematics education in J. Fey
  • and C. Hirsch (eds), Calculators in mathematics education, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Reston VA, 23-32.
  • Howard, P. (1992). Teachers’ attitudes towards the student use of calculators on K-6 mathematics classes. Retrieved 10 February, 2013 from: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ version/166928509
  • Howson, G (1991). National curricula in mathematics. Leicester: The mathematical association. Retrieved 09 February, 2013 from: http: // www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/ detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICE
  • Huan, S., Compley, R., Williams, B & Waxman, A (1992). Investigating middle – school mathematics teachers’ attitudes toward calculator use. Technology and Teacher education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Kaino, L.M. & Salani, E. (2004). Students’ gender attitudes towards the use of calculators in mathematics instruction. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013, from: http://www.kurims.kyoto _u.ac.jp/ EMIS/ proceedings/ PME28/ RR/ RR303_kaino. pdf.
  • Kastberg, S., & Leathan, K. (2005). Research on graphing calculators at the secondary level: Implications for mathematics teacher education. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from: http://www.editlib.org/p/5641/.
  • Keraz, E., & Ozdemir, D. (2006). The relationship between educational ideologies and technology acceptance in pre-service teachers. Retrieved January 8, 2013 from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar.
  • Kilpatrick, J., Clements, K., Bishop, A.J., Keitel, C (1996). International Handbook of Mathematics education: Part 1, 4. Dordrecht: Kluwer academic Publishers.
  • Kyeleve, J.I, & Williams, J.S. (1995). Gender, courses and curricula effects on students’ attitudes to mathematical modelling in 16-19 mathematics programmes. Retrieved on 10 January, 2013, from: http://www.bsrlm.org.uk/IPs/ip15-1/BSRLM-IP-15-1-5.pdf.
  • Lin, Y.C & Yuan, Y. (2009). The elementary school teachers’ beliefs of integrating calculators into mathematics instruction. Retrieved 10 February 2013 from: http://atcm.math and tech.org/EP2009/papers full/28/2009_17270.pdf.
  • Lovat, T. J., & Smith, D. (1995). Curriculum: Action on reflection revisited. Australia: social Sciences Press. Retrieved 08 February, 2013 from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03217369#page-1.
  • Mason, A. (2010). Integrating calculators in the secondary Mathematics Classroom: Teachers’ attitudes and Perspectives. Retrieved January 01, 2013 from: http://www.eric.ed.gov/.
  • Mergendoller, J.R. (1994). The curry school of education, University of Virginia. In Exemplary approaches to training teachers to use technology, Vol. 1: case studies (pp.4.1-4.24).
  • Mosimaneotsile, N (1999). Effects of calculator usage in junior secondary schools. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Murphy, C.A., Coover, D., & Owen, S.V. (1989). Development and validation of the computer self-efficacy scale. Educational and psychological measurement, 49, 893-899.
  • NCTM (1974). NCTM board approves policy statement on the use of mini calculator in mathematics classroom. NCTM newsletter. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (1980). An agenda for Action: Recommendations for school mathematics of the 1980s. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Number and operations standards. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (2003). NCTM Position Statement. The use of Technology in the Learning and Teaching of mathematics. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www.Nctm.org/uploadedFiles /About_NCTM/Position_Statements/technology.pdf.
  • Padron, Y (1992). Education students’ attitudes toward the effectiveness of instructional technology. Technology and teacher education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Planov, M., Baunder, D., Carr, D& Sarrar, R (1993). Structuring teachers’ attitudinal changes: A follow, up study. Technology and teacher Education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Ponoesele, J.B (1993). The impact of calculator/computer in some Botswana Senior Secondary mathematics classrooms. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Powers, R., & Blubaugh, W (2005). Technology in mathematics education: Preparing teachers for the future. Retrieved on 09 February, 2013, from: http://www.merga.net.au/ documents /MERJ_15_1_Handal.pdf.
  • Ruthven, K (1992). Personal Technology and classroom change: A British Perspective. Calculators in mathematics Education, National Council of Teachers of mathematics. Reston, VA, 91-100.
  • Smith, B.A (1996). A Meta-analysis of outcomes from the use of calculators in mathematics Education, Texas A & M doctoral dissertation, December, 1996, pp.101.
  • Suydam, M.N (1976). Electronic hand calculator: the implications for pre-college education, final draft. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
  • Suydam, M.N (1982). The use of calculators in Pre- College Education: Fifth Annual State-of-the-Art- Review. Columbus, OH: Calculator Information Center. Retrieved February 06, 2013, from: http://education.ti.com/sites/US/downloads/pdf/therole.pdf.
  • Suydam, M.N (1985). Research on Instructional Materials for Mathematics. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for science, mathematics, and Environmental Education.
  • Szetela, W. (1979). Hand –held calculators and the learning of trigonometric ratios. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. Retrieved January 05, 2013 from: http://eric.ed.gov /?id=EJ200094.
  • Tarr, J.E., Uekawa, K., Mittag, K., Lennex, L. (2000). A comparison of calculator use in eighth – grade mathematics classrooms in the United States, Japan, and Portugal: Results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study: official Journal of School Science and mathematics association, founded 1901,100, 139-150.
  • Viera, C. R., & Gaspar, M.F. (2013). Plenatitude Teacher Education for effectiveness and well-being with Neuro- Linguistic programming. Retrieved on February 09, 2013, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDF/ED540211.pdf.
  • Walmsley, A. (2003). Integrating calculator technology in an elementary and middle school preservice teacher program: A personal journey. Contemporary Issues in technology and Teacher Education, 3(2), 116-127.

Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana

Year 2013, , 151 - 166, 15.10.2013
https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151

Abstract

Lesson starts are transitional events which may cause management problems for teachers This study sought junior secondary school mathematics teachers’ beliefs about calculator use in mathematics instruction in Botswana and was descriptive in nature adopting a survey design. The sample of seventeen (17) mathematics teachers from four (4) junior secondary schools in the Tutume Sub-district in Central Educational Region was selected through a purposive random sampling procedure. A questionnaire comprising both closed and open ended questions was designed to collect data then the analysis of results was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. As an illustration, a t-test was used to test for differences in teachers’ beliefs by gender while a one-way ANOVA was used to test for difference in their beliefs by experience. The study revealed that most of the teachers expressed their lack of confidence and were incompetent with the use of a calculator in their teaching with female teachers feeling less confident to explain different functions of a calculator than their male counterparts. In addition, the study showed that most of the teachers believed that a calculator was a technological tool that could be useful to the students in the future. On the contrary, most teachers felt that the overuse of calculators by the students could hamper the development of basic computational skills. Therefore, it was recommended that school based training on calculator use should be provided so as to empower teachers with the necessary technological skills for effective classroom instruction. The study findings have implications to research and practice as it provides unique and comprehensive data that will lead to insight for curriculum designers, policy implementers and instructional leaders on effective calculator use in math instruction.

References

  • Akbaba, S. & Kurubacak, G (1998). Teachers’ Attitudes towards technology. Technology and Teacher Education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the advancement of computing in Education.
  • Babbie, E.R. (1973). Survey Research Methods. Retrieved 10 March, 2013, from: http://www.books.aisc.ucla.edu/cbrpdfs/tusgb3.pdf.
  • Bogoan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (1998). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to theory and methods (3rd Ed.). Allyn & Bacon: Boston.
  • Borris, H. (2004). Teachers Instructional Beliefs about integrating educational Technology. Retrieved 09 March, 2013 from: http://www.calculators research\teachers belief calculators.htm.
  • Botswana (1994). Revised National Policy on Education. Gaborone: Government Printers.
  • Botswana 3 yr. J.C. Curriculum Blueprint (1996). Three year J.C syllabus 1996. Curriculum Division.
  • Botswana 3 yr. J.C. Curriculum Blueprint (2010). Three year J.C syllabus 2010. Curriculum Division.
  • Brown, E. T., Karp, K., Petrosko, J. M., Jones, J., Beswick, G., Howe, C., Zwagnig, K. (2007). or Catalyst: Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices Regarding calculator use in mathematics instruction. Retrieved 16 February, 2013 from http://www.eric.ed.gov /ERICWebPortal/ search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb.
  • Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1997). Quantitative Data Analysis. London: Routeledge.
  • Calculator Information Center (1977). Research on Hand – Held calculators, K-12: Bulletin No.9. Columbus, Ohio.
  • Campbell, P.F. & Stewart, E.L (1993). “Calculators and Computers.” Early Childhood Mathematics. Ed. Robert Jensen. NCTM Research Interpretation Project. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 251 – 268.
  • Clayton, M (2000). “Calculators in class: Freedom from Scratch paper or “Cratch”, Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 14, 2013 from: http://www.csmonitor.com.
  • Cockcroft, W.H (1982). Mathematics Counts: Report of the committee of Inquiry into the teaching of mathematics in schools under the chairmanship of Dr. W.H. Cockcroft. London: HMSO.
  • Cohen, L. & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in Education (4th ed.). Routledge: London.
  • Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications: London.
  • Dunham, P.H (1995). “ Calculators use and Gender issues.” Association for women in mathematics Newsletter, 25(2), 16-18.
  • Dunham, P.H. (1996). Hand-held Calculators in Mathematics Education: A Research Perspective. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013, from: http://mathforum.org/technology/papers/papers/dunham.html.
  • Farkas, S. & Johnson, J. (1997). Teachers talk about Public Education today. New York: Public Agenda.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994a). Is experience enough?: A survey of mathematics teachers’ philosophies of calculator use. In J. Willis, B. Robin & D. Willis, (Eds.), Technology and Teacher Education Annual – 1994 (pp.543 – 547). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of computing Education.
  • Fleener, M.J (1994b). A research study of teachers’ beliefs about calculator use. In G. Marks (Ed.), Mathematics/ Science Education and Technology – 1994 (pp. 56 – 61). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994c). A survey of mathematics teachers’ attitudes about calculators: The impact of philosophical orientation. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Fleener, M.J. (1994d). The relationship between experience and philosophical orientation: A comparison of pre-service and practicing teachers’ beliefs about calculators. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of computing Education.
  • Gay, L.R., & Airasian, P. (1996). Educational Research: Competence for analysis and application. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall.
  • Hale, J. (2011). The 3 Basic Types of Descriptive Research Methods. Psych Central. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013 from: http//psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/27/the 3- basic- types-of- descriptive – research- methods/.
  • Handal, B., Bobis, J., & Grimson, L. (2001). Teachers’ mathematical beliefs and practices in teaching and learning thematically, Numeracy and beyond. Retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/166860056.
  • Hartsell, T., Herron, S., Fang, H., & Rathod, A. (2009). Effectiveness of professional development in teaching mathematics and technology applications. Retrieved February 16, 2013 from: http://www.sicet.org/journals/jetde/jetde09/taralynn.pdf
  • Hembree, R & Dessart, D. J (1992). Research on calculators in mathematics education in J. Fey
  • and C. Hirsch (eds), Calculators in mathematics education, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Reston VA, 23-32.
  • Howard, P. (1992). Teachers’ attitudes towards the student use of calculators on K-6 mathematics classes. Retrieved 10 February, 2013 from: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ version/166928509
  • Howson, G (1991). National curricula in mathematics. Leicester: The mathematical association. Retrieved 09 February, 2013 from: http: // www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/ detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICE
  • Huan, S., Compley, R., Williams, B & Waxman, A (1992). Investigating middle – school mathematics teachers’ attitudes toward calculator use. Technology and Teacher education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Kaino, L.M. & Salani, E. (2004). Students’ gender attitudes towards the use of calculators in mathematics instruction. Retrieved on 10 February, 2013, from: http://www.kurims.kyoto _u.ac.jp/ EMIS/ proceedings/ PME28/ RR/ RR303_kaino. pdf.
  • Kastberg, S., & Leathan, K. (2005). Research on graphing calculators at the secondary level: Implications for mathematics teacher education. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from: http://www.editlib.org/p/5641/.
  • Keraz, E., & Ozdemir, D. (2006). The relationship between educational ideologies and technology acceptance in pre-service teachers. Retrieved January 8, 2013 from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar.
  • Kilpatrick, J., Clements, K., Bishop, A.J., Keitel, C (1996). International Handbook of Mathematics education: Part 1, 4. Dordrecht: Kluwer academic Publishers.
  • Kyeleve, J.I, & Williams, J.S. (1995). Gender, courses and curricula effects on students’ attitudes to mathematical modelling in 16-19 mathematics programmes. Retrieved on 10 January, 2013, from: http://www.bsrlm.org.uk/IPs/ip15-1/BSRLM-IP-15-1-5.pdf.
  • Lin, Y.C & Yuan, Y. (2009). The elementary school teachers’ beliefs of integrating calculators into mathematics instruction. Retrieved 10 February 2013 from: http://atcm.math and tech.org/EP2009/papers full/28/2009_17270.pdf.
  • Lovat, T. J., & Smith, D. (1995). Curriculum: Action on reflection revisited. Australia: social Sciences Press. Retrieved 08 February, 2013 from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03217369#page-1.
  • Mason, A. (2010). Integrating calculators in the secondary Mathematics Classroom: Teachers’ attitudes and Perspectives. Retrieved January 01, 2013 from: http://www.eric.ed.gov/.
  • Mergendoller, J.R. (1994). The curry school of education, University of Virginia. In Exemplary approaches to training teachers to use technology, Vol. 1: case studies (pp.4.1-4.24).
  • Mosimaneotsile, N (1999). Effects of calculator usage in junior secondary schools. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Murphy, C.A., Coover, D., & Owen, S.V. (1989). Development and validation of the computer self-efficacy scale. Educational and psychological measurement, 49, 893-899.
  • NCTM (1974). NCTM board approves policy statement on the use of mini calculator in mathematics classroom. NCTM newsletter. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (1980). An agenda for Action: Recommendations for school mathematics of the 1980s. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Number and operations standards. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http:// standards .nctm.org /document/ appendix/numb.htm.
  • NCTM (2003). NCTM Position Statement. The use of Technology in the Learning and Teaching of mathematics. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www.Nctm.org/uploadedFiles /About_NCTM/Position_Statements/technology.pdf.
  • Padron, Y (1992). Education students’ attitudes toward the effectiveness of instructional technology. Technology and teacher education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Planov, M., Baunder, D., Carr, D& Sarrar, R (1993). Structuring teachers’ attitudinal changes: A follow, up study. Technology and teacher Education annual. Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing Education.
  • Ponoesele, J.B (1993). The impact of calculator/computer in some Botswana Senior Secondary mathematics classrooms. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Powers, R., & Blubaugh, W (2005). Technology in mathematics education: Preparing teachers for the future. Retrieved on 09 February, 2013, from: http://www.merga.net.au/ documents /MERJ_15_1_Handal.pdf.
  • Ruthven, K (1992). Personal Technology and classroom change: A British Perspective. Calculators in mathematics Education, National Council of Teachers of mathematics. Reston, VA, 91-100.
  • Smith, B.A (1996). A Meta-analysis of outcomes from the use of calculators in mathematics Education, Texas A & M doctoral dissertation, December, 1996, pp.101.
  • Suydam, M.N (1976). Electronic hand calculator: the implications for pre-college education, final draft. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
  • Suydam, M.N (1982). The use of calculators in Pre- College Education: Fifth Annual State-of-the-Art- Review. Columbus, OH: Calculator Information Center. Retrieved February 06, 2013, from: http://education.ti.com/sites/US/downloads/pdf/therole.pdf.
  • Suydam, M.N (1985). Research on Instructional Materials for Mathematics. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for science, mathematics, and Environmental Education.
  • Szetela, W. (1979). Hand –held calculators and the learning of trigonometric ratios. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. Retrieved January 05, 2013 from: http://eric.ed.gov /?id=EJ200094.
  • Tarr, J.E., Uekawa, K., Mittag, K., Lennex, L. (2000). A comparison of calculator use in eighth – grade mathematics classrooms in the United States, Japan, and Portugal: Results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study: official Journal of School Science and mathematics association, founded 1901,100, 139-150.
  • Viera, C. R., & Gaspar, M.F. (2013). Plenatitude Teacher Education for effectiveness and well-being with Neuro- Linguistic programming. Retrieved on February 09, 2013, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDF/ED540211.pdf.
  • Walmsley, A. (2003). Integrating calculator technology in an elementary and middle school preservice teacher program: A personal journey. Contemporary Issues in technology and Teacher Education, 3(2), 116-127.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Other ID JA42JU47HC
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

End Salani This is me

Publication Date October 15, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013

Cite

APA Salani, E. (2013). Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. European Journal of Educational Research, 2(4), 151-166. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151
AMA Salani E. Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. eujer. October 2013;2(4):151-166. doi:10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151
Chicago Salani, End. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana”. European Journal of Educational Research 2, no. 4 (October 2013): 151-66. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151.
EndNote Salani E (October 1, 2013) Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. European Journal of Educational Research 2 4 151–166.
IEEE E. Salani, “Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana”, eujer, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 151–166, 2013, doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151.
ISNAD Salani, End. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana”. European Journal of Educational Research 2/4 (October 2013), 151-166. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151.
JAMA Salani E. Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. eujer. 2013;2:151–166.
MLA Salani, End. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana”. European Journal of Educational Research, vol. 2, no. 4, 2013, pp. 151-66, doi:10.12973/eu-jer.2.4.151.
Vancouver Salani E. Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. eujer. 2013;2(4):151-66.