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CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN ANIMALS AND COVID-19

Year 2021, , 352 - 359, 24.12.2021

Ayhan Atasever Ali Sefa Mendil Görkem Ekebaş

https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1040481

Abstract

Corona viruses can cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals, from subclinical infections to serious infections that result in death. Infection can cause various pathological disorders such as respiratory and digestive systems, hepatitis, reproductive disorders, encephalomyelitis and nephritis in sensitive species. Until now, many types of corona virus have been identified that cause infections in animals. With the SARS outbreak that first occurred in humans in China in 2002 and the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, it has been understood how important corona viruses are also in terms of public health. For this reason, while studies on corona viruses that cause infection in animals are continuing, detailed studies on the connection between coronaviruses in animals and corona viruses infections in humans are also being done. In this study, corona virus infections seen in animals were examined with an approach within the Veterinary Pathology discipline and the importance of COVID-19 emerging in humans recently was emphasized.

Keywords

Corona virus COVID-19 microscopy necropsy.

References

  • Cong Y, Ren X. Coronavirus entry and release in polarized epithelial cells: a review. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24(5):308-315.
  • Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med 2020; 9(4):1225.
  • Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2012; 86(7):3995-4008.
  • Cheever FS, Daniels JB, Pappenheimer AM, et al. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin: I. Isolation and biological properties of the virus. J Exp Med 1949; 90(3):181-194.
  • Holmes KV. Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae). Encyclopedia of Virology 1999; 291-298.
  • Lau SK, Chan JF. Coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals. Virol J 2015;12:209.
  • https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/AVMA-Detailed-Coronoavirus Taxonomy-2020-02-03.pdf; Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2021.
  • Benetka V, Kübber-Heiss A, Kolodziejek J, et al. Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99(1):31-42.
  • Herrewegh AAPM, Mähler M, Hedrich HJ, et al. Persistence and evolution of feline coronavirus in a closed cat-breeding colony. Virology 1997; 234(2):349-363.
  • Pedersen NC, Allen CE, Lyons LA. Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10(6):529-541.
  • Poland AM, Vennema H, Foley JE, et al. Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34(12):3180-3184.
  • Kipar A, Bellmann S, Kremendahl J, et al. Cellular composition, coronavirus antigen expression and production of specific antibodies in lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 65(2-4):243-257.
  • Kipar A, Kremendahl J, Addie DD, et al. Fatal enteritis associated with coronavirus infection in cats. J Comp Pathol 1998; 119(1):1-14.
  • Meli M, Kipar A, Müller C, et al. High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6(2):69-81.
  • Rottier PJ, Nakamura K, Schellen P, et al. Acquisition of macrophage tropism during the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis is determined by mutations in the feline coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 2005; 79(22):14122-14130.
  • Vogel L, Van der Lubben M, Te Lintelo EG, et al. Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats. Vet Res 2010; 41(5):71.
  • Pedersen NC. A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963–2008. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11(4):225-258.
  • Weiss RC, Scott FW. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1981; 4(2):175-189. Kipar A, Meli ML. Feline infectious peritonitis: still an enigma? Vet Pathol 2014; 51(2):505-526.
  • Montali RJ, Strandberg JD. Extraperitoneal lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Pathol 1972; 9(2):109-121.
  • Peiffer Jr RL, Wilcock BP. Histopathologic study of uveitis in cats: 139 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198(1):135-138.
  • Gür S, Gençay A, Doğan N. A serologic investigation for canine corona virus infection in individually reared dogs in central Anatolia. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2008; 5(2):67-71.
  • Erles K, Brownlie J. Canine respiratory coronavirus: an emerging pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 2008; 38(4):815-825.
  • Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks HW, et al. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 2003; 310(2):216-223.
  • Pratelli A, Elia G, Martella V, et al. M gene evolution of canine coronavirus in naturally infected dogs. Vet Rec 2002; 151(25):758-761.
  • Appel MJ, Cooper BJ, Greisen H. et al. Canine viral enteritis. I. Status report on corona-and parvo-like viral enteritides. Cornell Vet 1979; 69(3):123-133.
  • Licitra BN, Whittaker GR, Dubovi EJ, et al. Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(12):4230-4238.
  • Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Canine respiratory viruses. Vet Res 2007; 38(2):355-373.
  • Jeoung SY, Ann SY, Kim HT, et al. M gene analysis of canine coronavirus strains detected in Korea. J Vet Sci 2014; 15(4):495-502.
  • Decaro N, Cordonnier N, Demeter Z, et al. European surveillance for pantropic canine coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51(1):83-88.
  • Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, et al. Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3):492-494.
  • Escutenaire S, Isaksson M, Renström LHM, et al. Characterization of divergent and atypical canine coronaviruses from Sweden. Arch Virol 2007; 152(8):1507-1514.
  • Saif LJ. Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Vet Clin Food Anim Prac 2010; 26(2):349-364.
  • Tsunemitsu H, Smith DR, Saif LJ. Experimental inoculation of adult dairy cows with bovine coronavirus and detection of coronavirus in feces by RT-PCR. Arch Virol 1999; 144(1):167-175.
  • Boileau MJ, Kapil S. Bovine coronavirus associated syndromes. Vet Clin Food Anim Prac 2010; 26(1):123-146.
  • Saif LJ, Redman DR, Brock KV, et al. Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces. Vet Rec 1988; 123(11):300-301.
  • White ME, Schukken YH, Tanksley B. Space-time clustering of, and risk factors for, farmer-diagnosed winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Can Vet J 1989; 30(12):948-951.
  • Hansa A, Rai RB, Wani MY, et al. ELISA and RT-PCR based detection of bovine coronavirus in northern India. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2012; 7(11):1120-1129.
  • Singh S, Singh R, Singh KP, et al. Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of natural cases of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus infection causing enteritis in dairy calves. Microb Pathog 2020; 138:103814.
  • Storz J, Purdy CW, Lin X, et al. Isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216(10):1599-1604.
  • Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, et al. First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171(1-2):206-209.
  • Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger CM, et al. Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses. Vet J 2018; 231:13-18.
  • Giannitti F, Diab S, Mete A, et al. Necrotizing enteritis and hyperammonemic encephalopathy associated with equine coronavirus infection in equids. Vet Pathol 2015; 52(6):1148-1156.
  • Promkuntod N. Dynamics of avian coronavirus circulation in commercial and non-commercial birds in Asia–a review. Vet Q 2016; 36(1):30-44.
  • Wickramasinghe IA, De Vries RP, Gröne A, et al. Binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity. J Virol 2011; 85(17):8903-8912.
  • Cavanagh D. Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2007; 38(2):281-297.
  • Raj GD, Jones RC. Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken. Avian Pathol 1997; 26(4):677-706.
  • Cavanagh D, Naqi SA. Infectious bronchitis. Diseases of Poultry 2003; 11:101-119.
  • Bande F, Arshad SS, Omar AR, et al. Pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:4621659.
  • Khataby K, Kichou F, Loutfi C, et al. Assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (Italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12(1):94.
  • Bezuidenhout A, Mondal SP, Buckles EL. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of air sac lesions induced by two strains of infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145(4):319-326.
  • Hughes AL. Recombinational histories of avian infectious bronchitis virus and turkey coronavirus. Arch Virol 2011; 156(10):1823-1829.
  • Guy J. Turkey coronavirus enteritis. In: Swayne DE (eds), Diseases of Poultry. Ames, Iowa 2013; pp 376-381.
  • Masters PS, Perlman S. Coronaviridae. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds), Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 2013; pp 825-858.
  • Rengaraj D, Hong YH. Effects of dietary vitamin E on fertility functions in poultry species. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(5):9910-9921.
  • Brown PA, Courtillon C, Weerts EA, et al. Transmission Kinetics and histopathology induced by European Turkey Coronavirus during experimental infection of specific pathogen free turkeys. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66(1):234-242.
  • Saif YM, Guy JS, Day JM, et al. Viral enteric infections. Dis Poultry 2020; 12:401-445.
  • Teixeira MCB, Luvizotto MCR, Ferrari HF, et al. Detection of turkey coronavirus in commercial turkey poults in Brazil. Avian Pathol 2007; 36(1):29-33.
  • Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018; 23(2):130-137.
  • Ithete NL, Stoffberg S, Corman VM, et al. Close relative of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(10): 1697-1699.
  • Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:44-48.
  • Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19-new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. Jama 2020; 323(14):1339-1340.
  • Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q 2020; 40(1):68-76.
  • Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 2020; 583:282-285.

HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19

Year 2021, , 352 - 359, 24.12.2021

Ayhan Atasever Ali Sefa Mendil Görkem Ekebaş

https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1040481

Abstract

Coronavirusler, insan ve hayvanlarda subklinik, ölümle sonuçlanan ciddi enfeksiyonlara kadar geniş bir yelpazede hastalığa neden olabilmektedirler. Duyarlı canlı türlerinde enfeksiyon başta solunum ve sindirim sistemi olmak üzere hepatit, üreme bozuklukları, ensefalomiyelit, nefrit gibi patolojik bozuklar oluşturabilmektedir. Hayvanlarda enfeksiyonlara neden olan çok sayıda coronavirus tipi belirlenmiştir. İnsanlarda ilk olarak 2002 yılında Çin’de meydana gelen SARS ve son olarak 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 salgını coronaviruslerin halk sağlığı açısından da önemini göstermiştir. Hayvanlarda enfeksiyon oluşturan coronavirusler ile ilgili çalışmalar devam ederken, bir taraftan da hayvanlardaki coronavirusler ile insanlarda ortaya çıkan coronavirus enfeksiyonları arasındaki bağlantı ile ilgili çalışmalar detaylı araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hayvanlarda görülen coronavirus enfeksiyonları Veteriner Patoloji disiplini içinde bir yaklaşım ile ele alınarak incelenmiş ve insanlarda son dönemde ortaya çıkan COVID-19’un önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

Coronavirus COVID-19 mikroskobik nekropsi

References

  • Cong Y, Ren X. Coronavirus entry and release in polarized epithelial cells: a review. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24(5):308-315.
  • Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med 2020; 9(4):1225.
  • Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2012; 86(7):3995-4008.
  • Cheever FS, Daniels JB, Pappenheimer AM, et al. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin: I. Isolation and biological properties of the virus. J Exp Med 1949; 90(3):181-194.
  • Holmes KV. Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae). Encyclopedia of Virology 1999; 291-298.
  • Lau SK, Chan JF. Coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals. Virol J 2015;12:209.
  • https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/AVMA-Detailed-Coronoavirus Taxonomy-2020-02-03.pdf; Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2021.
  • Benetka V, Kübber-Heiss A, Kolodziejek J, et al. Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99(1):31-42.
  • Herrewegh AAPM, Mähler M, Hedrich HJ, et al. Persistence and evolution of feline coronavirus in a closed cat-breeding colony. Virology 1997; 234(2):349-363.
  • Pedersen NC, Allen CE, Lyons LA. Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10(6):529-541.
  • Poland AM, Vennema H, Foley JE, et al. Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34(12):3180-3184.
  • Kipar A, Bellmann S, Kremendahl J, et al. Cellular composition, coronavirus antigen expression and production of specific antibodies in lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 65(2-4):243-257.
  • Kipar A, Kremendahl J, Addie DD, et al. Fatal enteritis associated with coronavirus infection in cats. J Comp Pathol 1998; 119(1):1-14.
  • Meli M, Kipar A, Müller C, et al. High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6(2):69-81.
  • Rottier PJ, Nakamura K, Schellen P, et al. Acquisition of macrophage tropism during the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis is determined by mutations in the feline coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 2005; 79(22):14122-14130.
  • Vogel L, Van der Lubben M, Te Lintelo EG, et al. Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats. Vet Res 2010; 41(5):71.
  • Pedersen NC. A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963–2008. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11(4):225-258.
  • Weiss RC, Scott FW. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1981; 4(2):175-189. Kipar A, Meli ML. Feline infectious peritonitis: still an enigma? Vet Pathol 2014; 51(2):505-526.
  • Montali RJ, Strandberg JD. Extraperitoneal lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Pathol 1972; 9(2):109-121.
  • Peiffer Jr RL, Wilcock BP. Histopathologic study of uveitis in cats: 139 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198(1):135-138.
  • Gür S, Gençay A, Doğan N. A serologic investigation for canine corona virus infection in individually reared dogs in central Anatolia. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2008; 5(2):67-71.
  • Erles K, Brownlie J. Canine respiratory coronavirus: an emerging pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 2008; 38(4):815-825.
  • Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks HW, et al. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 2003; 310(2):216-223.
  • Pratelli A, Elia G, Martella V, et al. M gene evolution of canine coronavirus in naturally infected dogs. Vet Rec 2002; 151(25):758-761.
  • Appel MJ, Cooper BJ, Greisen H. et al. Canine viral enteritis. I. Status report on corona-and parvo-like viral enteritides. Cornell Vet 1979; 69(3):123-133.
  • Licitra BN, Whittaker GR, Dubovi EJ, et al. Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(12):4230-4238.
  • Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Canine respiratory viruses. Vet Res 2007; 38(2):355-373.
  • Jeoung SY, Ann SY, Kim HT, et al. M gene analysis of canine coronavirus strains detected in Korea. J Vet Sci 2014; 15(4):495-502.
  • Decaro N, Cordonnier N, Demeter Z, et al. European surveillance for pantropic canine coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51(1):83-88.
  • Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, et al. Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3):492-494.
  • Escutenaire S, Isaksson M, Renström LHM, et al. Characterization of divergent and atypical canine coronaviruses from Sweden. Arch Virol 2007; 152(8):1507-1514.
  • Saif LJ. Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Vet Clin Food Anim Prac 2010; 26(2):349-364.
  • Tsunemitsu H, Smith DR, Saif LJ. Experimental inoculation of adult dairy cows with bovine coronavirus and detection of coronavirus in feces by RT-PCR. Arch Virol 1999; 144(1):167-175.
  • Boileau MJ, Kapil S. Bovine coronavirus associated syndromes. Vet Clin Food Anim Prac 2010; 26(1):123-146.
  • Saif LJ, Redman DR, Brock KV, et al. Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces. Vet Rec 1988; 123(11):300-301.
  • White ME, Schukken YH, Tanksley B. Space-time clustering of, and risk factors for, farmer-diagnosed winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Can Vet J 1989; 30(12):948-951.
  • Hansa A, Rai RB, Wani MY, et al. ELISA and RT-PCR based detection of bovine coronavirus in northern India. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2012; 7(11):1120-1129.
  • Singh S, Singh R, Singh KP, et al. Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of natural cases of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus infection causing enteritis in dairy calves. Microb Pathog 2020; 138:103814.
  • Storz J, Purdy CW, Lin X, et al. Isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216(10):1599-1604.
  • Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, et al. First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171(1-2):206-209.
  • Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger CM, et al. Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses. Vet J 2018; 231:13-18.
  • Giannitti F, Diab S, Mete A, et al. Necrotizing enteritis and hyperammonemic encephalopathy associated with equine coronavirus infection in equids. Vet Pathol 2015; 52(6):1148-1156.
  • Promkuntod N. Dynamics of avian coronavirus circulation in commercial and non-commercial birds in Asia–a review. Vet Q 2016; 36(1):30-44.
  • Wickramasinghe IA, De Vries RP, Gröne A, et al. Binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity. J Virol 2011; 85(17):8903-8912.
  • Cavanagh D. Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2007; 38(2):281-297.
  • Raj GD, Jones RC. Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken. Avian Pathol 1997; 26(4):677-706.
  • Cavanagh D, Naqi SA. Infectious bronchitis. Diseases of Poultry 2003; 11:101-119.
  • Bande F, Arshad SS, Omar AR, et al. Pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:4621659.
  • Khataby K, Kichou F, Loutfi C, et al. Assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (Italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12(1):94.
  • Bezuidenhout A, Mondal SP, Buckles EL. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of air sac lesions induced by two strains of infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145(4):319-326.
  • Hughes AL. Recombinational histories of avian infectious bronchitis virus and turkey coronavirus. Arch Virol 2011; 156(10):1823-1829.
  • Guy J. Turkey coronavirus enteritis. In: Swayne DE (eds), Diseases of Poultry. Ames, Iowa 2013; pp 376-381.
  • Masters PS, Perlman S. Coronaviridae. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds), Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 2013; pp 825-858.
  • Rengaraj D, Hong YH. Effects of dietary vitamin E on fertility functions in poultry species. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(5):9910-9921.
  • Brown PA, Courtillon C, Weerts EA, et al. Transmission Kinetics and histopathology induced by European Turkey Coronavirus during experimental infection of specific pathogen free turkeys. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66(1):234-242.
  • Saif YM, Guy JS, Day JM, et al. Viral enteric infections. Dis Poultry 2020; 12:401-445.
  • Teixeira MCB, Luvizotto MCR, Ferrari HF, et al. Detection of turkey coronavirus in commercial turkey poults in Brazil. Avian Pathol 2007; 36(1):29-33.
  • Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018; 23(2):130-137.
  • Ithete NL, Stoffberg S, Corman VM, et al. Close relative of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(10): 1697-1699.
  • Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:44-48.
  • Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19-new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. Jama 2020; 323(14):1339-1340.
  • Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q 2020; 40(1):68-76.
  • Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 2020; 583:282-285.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Ayhan Atasever This is me 0000-0002-6327-1604

Ali Sefa Mendil This is me

Görkem Ekebaş This is me 0000-0001-9094-677X

Publication Date December 24, 2021
Submission Date October 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Atasever, A., Mendil, A. S., & Ekebaş, G. (2021). HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(3), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1040481
AMA Atasever A, Mendil AS, Ekebaş G. HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19. JHS. December 2021;30(3):352-359. doi:10.34108/eujhs.1040481
Chicago Atasever, Ayhan, Ali Sefa Mendil, and Görkem Ekebaş. “HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 30, no. 3 (December 2021): 352-59. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1040481.
EndNote Atasever A, Mendil AS, Ekebaş G (December 1, 2021) HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 30 3 352–359.
IEEE A. Atasever, A. S. Mendil, and G. Ekebaş, “HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19”, JHS, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 352–359, 2021, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.1040481.
ISNAD Atasever, Ayhan et al. “HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 30/3 (December 2021), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1040481.
JAMA Atasever A, Mendil AS, Ekebaş G. HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19. JHS. 2021;30:352–359.
MLA Atasever, Ayhan et al. “HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 3, 2021, pp. 352-9, doi:10.34108/eujhs.1040481.
Vancouver Atasever A, Mendil AS, Ekebaş G. HAYVANLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19. JHS. 2021;30(3):352-9.