Research Article
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN

Year 2023, , 97 - 105, 03.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1190837

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between screen addiction and physical activity, physical performance, balance, circadian rhythm, and quality of life (QoL) in children. Sixty-eight children who were aged 8-12 years included in the study was assessed with the Screen Addiction Problematic Media Use Scale, the Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Six-Minute Walk Test, the 5 Repetition Sit to Stand Test, the Sit and Reach Test, the Vertical Jump Test, the Flamingo Balance Test, the Tandem Walking Test, the Daily Rhythm Scale for Children, and the Children's QoL Scale. There was no significant relationship between screen addiction and physical activity, physical performance, balance, circadian rhythm and QoL. While there is a positive statistically significant relationship (rs=0.350; p<0.01 and rs=294; p<0.05, respectively) between screen time and problematic media use, there is a negative statistical correlation between screen addiction and physical activity and circadian rhythm (rs=-0.281; p<0.05 and rs=-272; p<0.05, respectively). The functional muscle strength of the lower extremities decrease with the increase in screen addiction (p<0.05). In conclusion, physical activity levels decrease as the duration of digital screen usage increases. Considering that screen addiction reduces lower extremity functional muscle strength, it is important to encourage children to physical activity. In addition, the increase in the QoL as the screen usage time increases, and the fact that the average daily device usage time is low in the children included in the study, suggests that the children use technological devices efficiently. The increase in QoL may have positively affected the circadian rhythm.

References

  • Alaçam H, Çulha Ateş F, Şengül AC, et al. Üniversite öğrencilerinde internet bağımlılığının sigara ve alkol kullanımı ile ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg 2015; 16(6):383-388.
  • Erboy E, Vural RA. İlköğretim 4 ve 5 sınıf öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığını etkileyen faktörler. Ege Eğitim Dergisi 2010; 11(1):39-58.
  • Rasmussen M, Pedersen J, Olesen LG et al. Short-term efficacy of reducing screen media use on physical activity, sleep, and physiological stress in families with children aged 4-14: study protocol for the screens randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1):380.
  • Marufoğlu S, Kutlutürk S. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının fiziksel aktivite ve uyku alışkanlıklarına etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2020; 22(2):114-122.
  • Janwantanakul P, Sitthipornvorakul E, Paksaichol A. Risk factors for the onset of nonspecific low back pain in office workers: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012; 35(7):568–577.
  • Waterhouse J. Introduction to chronobiology in Fundamentals of Chronobiology and Chronotherapy. N Abacıoğlu, H Zengil (Ed), Ankara, Palme Yayıncılık 1999.
  • Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy J,Czeisler CA. Evening use of lightemitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015; 112(4):1232-1237.
  • Turner PL, Mainster MA. Circadian photoreception: Ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92(11):1439–1444.
  • Arora T, Broglia E, Thomas GN, Taheri S. Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Med 2014; 15(2):240–247.
  • Domoff SE, Miller AL, Khalatbari N, et al. Maternal beliefs about television and parental mediation in a lowincome United Statessample. J Child Media 2017; 11:278 –294.
  • Furuncu C, Öztürk E. Problemli medya kullanım ölçeği türkçe formunun geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması: Çocuklarda ekran bağımlılığı ölçeği ebeveyn formu. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi 2020; 4(3):535-566.
  • Kowalski KC, Crocker PR, Faulkner RA. Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1997; 9:174-186.
  • Sert ZE, Temel AB. İlköğretim öğrencileri için fiziksel aktivite soru formunun Türk toplumuna uyarlanması: geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 2014; 7(2):109-114.
  • ATS. Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166 (1):111–17. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016 May 15; 193(10):1185.
  • Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14:377–381.
  • Whitney SL, Wrisley DM, Marchetti GF, et al. Clinical measurement of sitto-stand performance in people with balance disorders: validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test. Physic Ther 2005; 85(10):1034-1045.
  • Minkler S, Patterson P. The Validity of the modified sit-and-reach test in college-age student. Res Q Exerc Sport 1994; 65(2):189-192.
  • Tamer K. Sporda Fiziksel Fizyolojik Performansın Ölçülmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara, Bağırgan Yayınevi, 2000 p:156.
  • Panta, K. A Study to Associate the Flamingo Test and the Stork Test in Measuring Static Balance on Healthy Adults. Foot Ankle Online J 2015; 8(3):1-4.
  • Adam C, Klissouras V, Ravazollo M, Renson R, Tuxworth W. European test of physical ftness. Rome: Council of Europe, Committee for the Development of Sport; 1988.
  • Carskadon M, Vieira C, Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 1993; 16:258–262.
  • Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL: Measurement model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Med Care 1999; 37:126-39.
  • Çakın-Memik N, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A et al. Çocuklar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 8-12 yaş çocuk formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2008; 15(2):87-98.
  • Haripriya S, Samuel SE, Megha M. Correlation between smartphone addiction, sleep quality and physical activity among young adults. J Clin Diagn Res 2019; 13(10):YC05-9.
  • Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS et al. Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
  • Feindel H. İnternet Bağımlılığı Bağımlılar ve Aileleri için El Kitabı. İletişim Yayınları, 2019.
  • Männikkö N, Billieux J, Kääriäinen M. Problematic digital gaming behavior and its relation to the psychological, social and physical health of Finnish adolescents and young adults. J Behav Addict 2015; 4(4):281–288.
  • Delfino LD, Dos Santos Silva DA, Tebar WR, et al. Screen time by different devices in adolescents: association with physical inactivity domains and eating habits. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 58(3)318–325.
  • Bürgi F, Meyer U, Granacher U et al. Relationship of physical activity with motor skills, aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study (Ballabeina). Int J Obes 2005; 35(7):937–944.
  • Delebe A. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital eğitim hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve akademik eğitim konusunda ilerlemek hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020, Niğde.
  • Lepp A, Barkley JE, Sanders GJ, et al. The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of US college students. IntJ Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10(1):1-9.
  • Erdoğanoğlu Y, Arslan BÇ. Gençlerde akıllı telefon kullanımının fiziksel kapasite üzerine etkisi. Anadolu PsikiyatrDerg 2019; 20(5).
  • Lee DH, Jeon HJ. The effect of the use of smartphone while walking on the electromyography activity of the lower extremity in young students. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 17(2):138–144.
  • Sjolie AN.Access to pedestrian roads, daily activities, and physical performance of adolescents. Spine 2000; 25(15):1965–1972.
  • Minatto G, Ribeiro RR, Junior AA et al. Influence of age, sexual maturation, anthropometric variables and body composition on flexibility. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2010; 12(3):151-158.
  • Pekyavaş N, Bastug Yuruk O, Saygılı F. Artan mobil teknoloji kullanımının yol açtığı ağrı sendromu: “Text Neck”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020; 4 (3):251-257.
  • Kang JH, Park RY, Lee SJ et al. The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker. Ann Rehabil Med 2012; 36(1):98–104.
  • Wahl S, Engelhardt M, Schaupp P, et al. The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm. J Biophot 2019; 12(12):e201900102.
  • Höhn C, Schmid SR, Plamberger CP, et al. Preliminary Results: The impact of smartphone use and short wavelength light during the evening on circadian rhythm, sleep and alertness. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3(1):66–86.
  • Lin YH, Wong BY, Lin SH, et al. Development of a mobile application (App) to delineate "digital chronotype" and the effects of delayed chronotype by bedtime smartphone use. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 110:9–15.
  • Hunter CM, Figueiro MG. Measuring light at night and melatonin levels in shift workers: A review of the literature. Biol Res Nurs 2017; 19(4):365–374.
  • Ulusoy Y. Uykunun egzersiz performansı üzerine etkisi-uyku, beslenme ve toparlanma ilişkisi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2020; 3(3):1-22.
  • Nielson CA, Deegan EG, Hung ASL, Nunes AJ. Potential Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Sensorimotor Integration during Quiet Stance in Young Adults. WURJHNS 2010;1(4):1–8.
  • Doğan U. Effects of social network use on happiness, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction of high school students: Case of Facebook and Twitter. Educ Sci 2016; 41(183).
  • Griffiths MD, Davies MNO. Videogame Addiction: Does It Exist? Handbook Of Computer Game Studies. J. Goldstein, J. Raessens (Eds), Boston. MIT Pres, 2005; pp 359–368.

ÇOCUKLARDA EKRAN BAĞIMLILIĞININ FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE, FİZİKSEL PERFORMANS, DENGE, SİRKADİYEN RİTİM VE YAŞAM KALİTESİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2023, , 97 - 105, 03.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1190837

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı; çocuklardaki ekran bağımlılığı ile fiziksel aktivite, fiziksel performans, denge, sirkadiyen ritim ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 8-12 yaş arası 68 çocuk, Problemli Medya Kullanım Ölçeği, Fiziksel Aktivite Soru Formu, Altı Dakika Yürüme Testi, Otur Kalk Testi, Otur-Uzan Testi, Dikey Sıçrama Testi, Flamingo Denge Testi, Tandem Yürüyüş Testi, Çocuklara Yönelik Günlük Ritim Ölçeği ve Çocuklar için Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği ile değerlendirildi. Ekran bağımlılığıyla fiziksel aktivite, fiziksel performans, denge, sirkadiyen ritim ve yaşam kalitesi parametreleri arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı. Ekran başında geçirilen süreyle problemli medya kullanımı ve yaşam kalitesi arasında pozitif yönlü istatistiksel anlamlı ilişki (sırasıyla rs=0.350; p<0.01 ve rs=294; p<0.05); fiziksel aktivite ve sirkadiyen ritim arasında negatif yönlü istatistiksel anlamlı ilişki vardı (sırasıyla rs=-0.281; p<0.05 ve rs=-272; p<0.05). Ekran bağımlılığının artmasıyla alt ekstremite fonksiyonel kas kuvvetinin azaldığı görüldü (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, dijital ekranlarla geçirilen süre arttıkça fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri azalmaktadır. Ekran bağımlılığının alt ekstremite fonksiyonel kas kuvvetini azalttığı düşünüldüğünde çocukların fiziksel aktiviteye teşvik edilmesi önemlidir. Bununla birlikte ekran kullanım süresi arttıkça yaşam kalitesini artması, çalışmaya dahil edilen çocuklarda günlük ortalama cihaz kullanım sürelerinin az olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, çocukların teknolojik cihazları verimli kullandığını düşündürmektedir. Yaşam kalitesindeki artış, sirkadiyen ritmi olumlu etkilemiş olabilir.

References

  • Alaçam H, Çulha Ateş F, Şengül AC, et al. Üniversite öğrencilerinde internet bağımlılığının sigara ve alkol kullanımı ile ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg 2015; 16(6):383-388.
  • Erboy E, Vural RA. İlköğretim 4 ve 5 sınıf öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığını etkileyen faktörler. Ege Eğitim Dergisi 2010; 11(1):39-58.
  • Rasmussen M, Pedersen J, Olesen LG et al. Short-term efficacy of reducing screen media use on physical activity, sleep, and physiological stress in families with children aged 4-14: study protocol for the screens randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1):380.
  • Marufoğlu S, Kutlutürk S. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının fiziksel aktivite ve uyku alışkanlıklarına etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2020; 22(2):114-122.
  • Janwantanakul P, Sitthipornvorakul E, Paksaichol A. Risk factors for the onset of nonspecific low back pain in office workers: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012; 35(7):568–577.
  • Waterhouse J. Introduction to chronobiology in Fundamentals of Chronobiology and Chronotherapy. N Abacıoğlu, H Zengil (Ed), Ankara, Palme Yayıncılık 1999.
  • Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy J,Czeisler CA. Evening use of lightemitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015; 112(4):1232-1237.
  • Turner PL, Mainster MA. Circadian photoreception: Ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92(11):1439–1444.
  • Arora T, Broglia E, Thomas GN, Taheri S. Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Med 2014; 15(2):240–247.
  • Domoff SE, Miller AL, Khalatbari N, et al. Maternal beliefs about television and parental mediation in a lowincome United Statessample. J Child Media 2017; 11:278 –294.
  • Furuncu C, Öztürk E. Problemli medya kullanım ölçeği türkçe formunun geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması: Çocuklarda ekran bağımlılığı ölçeği ebeveyn formu. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi 2020; 4(3):535-566.
  • Kowalski KC, Crocker PR, Faulkner RA. Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1997; 9:174-186.
  • Sert ZE, Temel AB. İlköğretim öğrencileri için fiziksel aktivite soru formunun Türk toplumuna uyarlanması: geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 2014; 7(2):109-114.
  • ATS. Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166 (1):111–17. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016 May 15; 193(10):1185.
  • Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14:377–381.
  • Whitney SL, Wrisley DM, Marchetti GF, et al. Clinical measurement of sitto-stand performance in people with balance disorders: validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test. Physic Ther 2005; 85(10):1034-1045.
  • Minkler S, Patterson P. The Validity of the modified sit-and-reach test in college-age student. Res Q Exerc Sport 1994; 65(2):189-192.
  • Tamer K. Sporda Fiziksel Fizyolojik Performansın Ölçülmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara, Bağırgan Yayınevi, 2000 p:156.
  • Panta, K. A Study to Associate the Flamingo Test and the Stork Test in Measuring Static Balance on Healthy Adults. Foot Ankle Online J 2015; 8(3):1-4.
  • Adam C, Klissouras V, Ravazollo M, Renson R, Tuxworth W. European test of physical ftness. Rome: Council of Europe, Committee for the Development of Sport; 1988.
  • Carskadon M, Vieira C, Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 1993; 16:258–262.
  • Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL: Measurement model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Med Care 1999; 37:126-39.
  • Çakın-Memik N, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A et al. Çocuklar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 8-12 yaş çocuk formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2008; 15(2):87-98.
  • Haripriya S, Samuel SE, Megha M. Correlation between smartphone addiction, sleep quality and physical activity among young adults. J Clin Diagn Res 2019; 13(10):YC05-9.
  • Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS et al. Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
  • Feindel H. İnternet Bağımlılığı Bağımlılar ve Aileleri için El Kitabı. İletişim Yayınları, 2019.
  • Männikkö N, Billieux J, Kääriäinen M. Problematic digital gaming behavior and its relation to the psychological, social and physical health of Finnish adolescents and young adults. J Behav Addict 2015; 4(4):281–288.
  • Delfino LD, Dos Santos Silva DA, Tebar WR, et al. Screen time by different devices in adolescents: association with physical inactivity domains and eating habits. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 58(3)318–325.
  • Bürgi F, Meyer U, Granacher U et al. Relationship of physical activity with motor skills, aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study (Ballabeina). Int J Obes 2005; 35(7):937–944.
  • Delebe A. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital eğitim hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve akademik eğitim konusunda ilerlemek hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020, Niğde.
  • Lepp A, Barkley JE, Sanders GJ, et al. The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of US college students. IntJ Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10(1):1-9.
  • Erdoğanoğlu Y, Arslan BÇ. Gençlerde akıllı telefon kullanımının fiziksel kapasite üzerine etkisi. Anadolu PsikiyatrDerg 2019; 20(5).
  • Lee DH, Jeon HJ. The effect of the use of smartphone while walking on the electromyography activity of the lower extremity in young students. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 17(2):138–144.
  • Sjolie AN.Access to pedestrian roads, daily activities, and physical performance of adolescents. Spine 2000; 25(15):1965–1972.
  • Minatto G, Ribeiro RR, Junior AA et al. Influence of age, sexual maturation, anthropometric variables and body composition on flexibility. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2010; 12(3):151-158.
  • Pekyavaş N, Bastug Yuruk O, Saygılı F. Artan mobil teknoloji kullanımının yol açtığı ağrı sendromu: “Text Neck”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020; 4 (3):251-257.
  • Kang JH, Park RY, Lee SJ et al. The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker. Ann Rehabil Med 2012; 36(1):98–104.
  • Wahl S, Engelhardt M, Schaupp P, et al. The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm. J Biophot 2019; 12(12):e201900102.
  • Höhn C, Schmid SR, Plamberger CP, et al. Preliminary Results: The impact of smartphone use and short wavelength light during the evening on circadian rhythm, sleep and alertness. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3(1):66–86.
  • Lin YH, Wong BY, Lin SH, et al. Development of a mobile application (App) to delineate "digital chronotype" and the effects of delayed chronotype by bedtime smartphone use. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 110:9–15.
  • Hunter CM, Figueiro MG. Measuring light at night and melatonin levels in shift workers: A review of the literature. Biol Res Nurs 2017; 19(4):365–374.
  • Ulusoy Y. Uykunun egzersiz performansı üzerine etkisi-uyku, beslenme ve toparlanma ilişkisi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2020; 3(3):1-22.
  • Nielson CA, Deegan EG, Hung ASL, Nunes AJ. Potential Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Sensorimotor Integration during Quiet Stance in Young Adults. WURJHNS 2010;1(4):1–8.
  • Doğan U. Effects of social network use on happiness, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction of high school students: Case of Facebook and Twitter. Educ Sci 2016; 41(183).
  • Griffiths MD, Davies MNO. Videogame Addiction: Does It Exist? Handbook Of Computer Game Studies. J. Goldstein, J. Raessens (Eds), Boston. MIT Pres, 2005; pp 359–368.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Beyza Koyuncu 0000-0003-4949-4665

Büşra Kepenek Varol 0000-0001-5488-5316

Publication Date April 3, 2023
Submission Date October 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Koyuncu, B., & Kepenek Varol, B. (2023). THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(1), 97-105. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1190837
AMA Koyuncu B, Kepenek Varol B. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN. JHS. April 2023;32(1):97-105. doi:10.34108/eujhs.1190837
Chicago Koyuncu, Beyza, and Büşra Kepenek Varol. “THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 32, no. 1 (April 2023): 97-105. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1190837.
EndNote Koyuncu B, Kepenek Varol B (April 1, 2023) THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 32 1 97–105.
IEEE B. Koyuncu and B. Kepenek Varol, “THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN”, JHS, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 97–105, 2023, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.1190837.
ISNAD Koyuncu, Beyza - Kepenek Varol, Büşra. “THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 32/1 (April 2023), 97-105. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1190837.
JAMA Koyuncu B, Kepenek Varol B. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN. JHS. 2023;32:97–105.
MLA Koyuncu, Beyza and Büşra Kepenek Varol. “THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 1, 2023, pp. 97-105, doi:10.34108/eujhs.1190837.
Vancouver Koyuncu B, Kepenek Varol B. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCREEN ADDICTION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BALANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN. JHS. 2023;32(1):97-105.