ZINC, ITS FUNCTIONS AND ROLE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is the essential mineral for the organism. It is a biological trace element that needs to be taken every day for optimal health. Despite the vital necessity of Zn, the body has no warehouse that can be used to maintain metal levels for a long time. Zinc is absorbed in the intestine by specific zinc-bearing proteins and distributed in the human body. Free zinc is rare in serum because albumin is highly attached on proteins such as α2-macroglobulin and transferrin. During zinc deficiency, while polymorphonuclear cells chemotaxis and phagocytosis decreased, zinc supplementation had the opposite effect. Pathogens are destroyed by the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases which have been shown to be inhibited by both zinc deficiency and excess after phagocytosis.

Keywords

• immune system
• zinc
• zinc-binding protein

ÇİNKO, FONKSİYONLARI VE İMMÜN SİSTEMDEKİ ROLÜ

Abstract

Çinko (Zn), organizma için temel minerallerden biridir. Optimal sağlık için her gün belirli bir miktarda alınması gereken bir eser elementtir. Hayati öneme sahip olan çinkonun vücuttaki düzeyini korumak için kullanılabilecek bir çinko depose yoktur. Çinko, spesifik çinko taşıyan proteinler tarafından bağırsakta emilir ve insane vücudunda dağıtılır. Serumda serbest çinko nadirdir; çünkü albümin, α2-makroglobulin ve transferrin gibi proteinlere büyük oranda bağlıdır. Çinko eksikliğinde polimorfo nükleer hücreler kemotaksisi ve fagositoz azalırken, çinko takviyesi tam tersi bir etkiye sahiptir. Patojenler, fagositoz sonrasında çinko yetersizliği veya fazlalığı sonucu inhibe edildiği gösterilen nikotin amidadenin dinükleotid fosfatoksidazlarının aktivitesi ile yok edilir.  

Keywords

• çinko
• çinko bağlayıcı protein
• immun sistem

References

1. Referans1 Özdemir Ö, Tabanlı G. Çinko eksikliğinin alerjik hastalıklardaki rolü. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2016; 6(4): 267-274.
2. Referans2. Belgemen T, Akar N. Çinkonun yaşamsal fonksiyonları ve çinko metabolizması ile ilişkili genler. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2004; 57 (03).
3. Referans3. Tanzer F. Çinko ve sağlığa etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatric Sciences 2006; 2(11): 68-78.
4. Referans4. Choi S, Xian L, and Zui P. Zinc deficiency and cellular oxidative stress: prognostic implications in cardiovascular diseases. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2018; 39-7.
5. Referans5. Bin BH, Juyeon S, and Sung TK. function, structure, and transport aspects of zıp and znt zinc transporters in ımmune cells. Journal of immunology research 2018.
6. Referans6. Sapkota M, and Daren LK. Essential role of zinc and zinc transporters in myeloid cell function and host defense against infection. Journal of immunology research 2018.
7. Referans7. Chu A, Peter P and Samir S. Zinc status at baseline is not related to acute changes in serum zinc concentration following bouts of running or cycling. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2018.
8. Referans8. Takatani-Nakase T. Zinc transporters and the progression of breast cancers. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018: 1517-22.

9. Referans9. Frederickson Christopher J. Neurobiology of zinc and zinc-containing neurons. International review of neurobiology. Academic Press 1989: 145-238.
10. Referans10. Wessels I, Martina M, and Lothar R. Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients 2017: 1286.
11. Referans11. Portbury S, and Paul A. Zinc signal in brain diseases. International journal of molecular sciences 2017: 2506.
12. Referans12. Maret W. Zinc in cellular regulation: The nature and significance of zinc signals. International journal of molecular sciences 2017: 2285.
13. Referans13. Wang J, et al. Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications. Nutrients 2018: 584.
14. Referans14. Maywald M, Inga W, and Lothar R. Zinc signals and immunity. International journal of molecular sciences 2017: 2222.
15. Referans15. Djoko KY, et al. Copper and zinc toxicity and its role in innate immune defense against bacterial pathogens. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2015:115.
16. Referans16. Gammoh N, and Lothar R. Zinc in infection and inflammation. Nutrients 2017: 624.
17. Referans17. Bonaventura P, et al. Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmunity reviews 2015: 277-285.
18. Referans18. Dubben S, et al. Cellular zinc homeostasis is a regulator in monocyte differentiation of HL‐60 cells by 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of leukocyte biology 2010: 833-44.
19. Referans19. Muzzioli M, et al. Zinc improves the development of human CD34+ cell progenitors towards natural killer cells and induces the expression of GATA-3 transcription factor. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 2007: 955-65.
20. Referans20. Allen JI, et al. Alterations in human natural killer cell activity and monocyte cytotoxicity induced by zinc deficiency. Translational Research 1983: 577-589.
21. Referans21. Sarhan D, et al. Dendritic cell regulation of NK‐cell responses involves lymphotoxin‐α, IL‐12, and TGF‐β. European journal of immunology 2015: 1783-93.
22. Referans22. ten Hacken E, and Jan AB. Molecular pathways: targeting the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia—focus on the B-cell receptor. Clinical cancer research 2014: 548-56.
23. Referans23. Saha AR, Elba MH, and John WH. Zinc induces thymulin secretion from human thymic epithelial cells in vitro and augments splenocyte and thymocyte responses in vivo. International Journal of immunopharmacology 1995: 729-733.
24. Referans24. Kitabayashi C, et al. Zinc suppresses Th17 development via inhibition of STAT3 activation. International immunology 2010: 375-386.
25. Referans25. Kitabayashi C, et al. Zinc suppresses Th17 development via inhibition of STAT3 activation. International immunology 2010: 375-386.
26. Referans26. Miyai T et al. Zinc transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 facilitates antiapoptotic signaling during early B-cell development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2014: 11780-5.
27. Referans27. Fraker Pamela J, et al. Possible roles for glucocorticoids and apoptosis in the suppression of lymphopoiesis during zinc deficiency: a review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1995: 11-17.
28. Referans28. Girgenti MJ, Joseph JT, and Brady JM. ZNF804a regulates expression of the schizophrenia-associated genes PRSS16, COMT, PDE4B, and DRD2. PloS one 2012.
29. Referans29. Himmerich H, et al. Regulatory T cells increased while IL-1β decreased during antidepressant therapy. Journal of psychiatric research 2010: 1052-7.
30. Referans30. Wong Jr EK, et al. Plasma zinc levels in multiple sclerosis. Metabolic and pediatric ophthalmology 1980: 3.
31. Referans31. Wessels I, and Robert JC. Zinc dyshomeostasis during polymicrobial sepsis in mice involves zinc transporter Zip14 and can be overcome by zinc supplementation. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2015: 768-78.
32. Referans32. Rungby J. Zinc, zinc transporters and diabetes. Diabetologia 2010: 1549-51.