KEDİLERDE TRITRICHOMONAS FOETUS ENFEKSİYONU VE RİSK FAKTÖRLERİ

Abstract

Kedi trikomonozisi Tritrichomonas foetus’un neden olduğu protozoer bir hastalıktır. Yakın zamanda kedi hastalıklarında rol olmaya başlayan yeni bir patojen olarak tanımlanmış ve kedilerde ileum, sekum ve kolonda kolonileşerek kronik kalın bağırsak ishallerine neden olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Tritrichomonas foetus Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa, Asya ve Avustralya’da tespit edilmiş ve pandemik olarak tanımlanmıştır. Enfekte kedilerin çoğunluğunu kedi yoğunluğunun fazla olduğu barınak ve kedi yetiştiriciliği yapan işletmeler oluşturmaktadır. Kedi trikomonozisinde yaş, ırk, ishal geçmişi, bakım ve beslenme koşulları ile evde farklı bir evcil hayvanın varlığı gibi faktörler risk belirlenmesinde dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu derleme ile kedi trikomonozisi hakkında güncel araştırmalar ile risk faktörlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır

Keywords

• Kedi, Tritrichomonas foetus, Risk Faktörleri

Tritrichomonas Foetus Infeciıon and Risk Factors in Cats

Abstract

Cat trichomonosis is a protozoan disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. It has recently been described as a new pathogen that begins to play a role in cat diseases and has been shown to cause chronic thick bowel diarrhea by colonizing ileum, cecum and colon. Tritrichomonas fetus has been reported and identified as pandemic in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The majority of infected cats constitutes shelter and cat breeding establishments where cat density is high. Factors such as age, cat breeds, history of diarrhea, care and nutrition, and the presence of a different domestic animal at home are taken into consideration in predicting risk factors in cat trichomonosis. With this review, it is aimed to present current researches on cat trichomonosis and risk factors.

Keywords

• Cat, Tritrichomonas foetus, Risk factors

References

1. 1. Rae DO, Chenoweth PJ, Genho PC, et al. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas fetus in a bull population and effect on production in a large cow-calf enterprise. J Am Vet Med 1999; 214: 1051-1055.
2. 2. Gookin JL, Breitschwerdt EB, Levy MG, Gager RB, Benrud JG. Diarrhea associated with trichomonosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215: 1450-1454.
3. 3. Xenoulis PG, Lopinski DJ, Read SA, et al. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats: a retrospective study of 104 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 1098-1103.
4. 4. Bell ET, Gowan RA, Lingard AE, et al. Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: 889-898.
5. 5. Doi J, Hirota J, Morita A, et al. Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74: 413-417.
6. 6. Kingsbury DD, Marks SL, Cave NJ, et al. Identification of Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia spp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010; 58: 6-10.
7. 7. Grellet A, Makhlouf SE, Desquilbet L, et al. Efficacy of guar gum-based ronidazole capsules as a treatment for T. foetus infection in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 19(2): 177-184.
8. 8. Yao C. Opportunistic human infections caused by Tritrichomonas species: A mini-review. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2012; 34: 127-131.

9. 9. Yao C. Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus-infected bulls, an ultimate approach to eradicate bovine trichomoniasis in US cattle? J Med Microbiol 2013; 62: 1-9.
10. 10. Levy MG, Gookin JL, Poore M, et al. Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea. J Parasitol 2003; 89: 99-104.
11. 11. Kessel JF. Trichomoniasis in kittens. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1928; 22: 61-80.
12. 12. Reinmann K, Muller N, Kuhnert P, et al. Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from cats and cattle show minor genetic differences in unrelated loci ITS-2 and EF-1alpha. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185: 138-144.
13. 13. Šlapeta J, Craig S, McDonell D, Emery D. Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126: 209-213.
14. 14. Šlapeta J, Muller N, Stack CM, et al. Comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmuller, 1928) cat genotype, T. foetus (Riedmuller, 1928) cattle genotype and Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) at 10 DNA loci. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42: 1143-1149.
15. 15. Sun Z, Stack C, Šlapeta J. Sequence differences in the diagnostic region of the cysteine protease 8 gene of Tritrichomonas foetus parasites of cats and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186: 445-449.
16. 16. Gookin JL, Stebbins ME, Hunt E, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2707-2710.
17. 17. Stockdale H, Rodning S, Givens M, et al. Experimental infection of cattle with a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus. J Parasitol 2007; 93: 1429-1434.
18. 18. Foster DM, Gookin JL, Poore MF, et al. Outcome of cats with diarrhea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225: 888- 892.
19. 19. Gookin JL, Levy MG, Law JM, et al. Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1690-1697.
20. 20. Mardell EJ, Sparkes AH. Chronic diarrhea associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in a British cat. Vet Rec 2006; 158: 765-766.
21. 21. Stockdale HD, Dillon AR, Newton JC, et al. Experimental infection of cats (Felis catus) with Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from cattle. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154: 156-161.
22. 22. Pekmezci D, Pekmezci GZ, Özcan Ü, Tütüncü M, Dalgın D. Türkiye’de ilk kez evcil kedilerde Tritrichomonas foetus’ün moleküler teşhisi ve risk faktörlerinin ortaya konulması. OMÜ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi, Proje No: PYO. VET.1901.16.004, Samsun.
23. 23. Yao C, Köster LS. Tritrichomonas foetus infection a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet Res 2015; 46(1): 35.
24. 24. Galián M, Heusinger A, Gentil M, Müller E. Tritrichomonas fetus in cats. Argos- Informativo Veterinario 2011; 134: 44-45.
25. 25. Hosein A, Kruth SA, Pearl DL, et al. Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in Ontario. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 706-711.
26. 26. Queen EV, Marks SL, Farver TB. Prevalence of selected bacterial and parasitic agents in feces from diarrheic and healthy control cats from Northern California. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26: 54-60.
27. 27. Gray SG, Hunter SA, Stone MR, Gookin JL. Assessment of reproductive tract disease in cats at risk for Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71: 76-81.