LABORUTUVAR, EGZOTİK HAYVANLAR VE DOMUZLARDA CORONAVİRUS ENFEKSİYONLARI VE COVID-19

Abstract

Koronavirüs enfeksiyonları insan ve hayvanlarda başta solunum ve sindirim sistemi olmak üzere hepatit, üreme bozuklukları, ensefalomiyelit, nefrit gibi patolojik bozuklara yol açarak, ölümle sonuçlanan ciddi hastalığa neden olabilmektedirler.. İnsanlarda 2002 yılında Çin’de meydana gelen SARS ve 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 salgını koronavirüslerin halk sağlığı açısından önemini göstermişbir taraftan da hayvanlardaki koronavirüsler ile insanlarda ortaya çıkan koronavirüs enfeksiyonları arasındaki bağlantı ile ilgili çalışmalar detaylı araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada laborutuvar, egzotik hayvanlar ve domuzlarda görülen koronavirüs enfeksiyonları Veteriner Patoloji disiplini içinde bir yaklaşım ile ele alınarak incelenmiş ve insanlarda son dönemde ortaya çıkan COVID-19’un önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

• Koronavirüs
• covid-19
• rat
• domuz
• egzotik

CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN SWINE, LABORATORY AND EXOTIC ANIMALS AND COVID-19

Abstract

Coronavirus infections can cause serious diseases that result in death by causing pathological disorders such as hepatitis, reproductive disorders, encephalomyelitis, nephritis, especially respiratory and digestive system in humans and animals. The SARS epidemic that occurred in China in 2002 and the COVID-19 epidemic that emerged in 2019 showed the importance of coronaviruses in terms of public health, on the other hand, studies on the connection between coronaviruses in animals and coronavirus infections in humans are being investigated in detail. In this study, coronavirus infections seen in laboratories, exotic animals, and pigs were examined with an approach within the discipline of Veterinary Pathology, and the importance of COVID-19, which has recently emerged in humans, was emphasized.

Keywords

• Coronavirus
• covid-19
• rat
• pig
• exotic.

References

1. 1. Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2012; 86(7):3995-4008.
2. 2. Holmes KV. Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae). Encyclopedia of Virology 1999; 291-298.
3. 3. Lathrop SL, Wittum TE, Brock KV, et al. Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61(9):1062-1066.
4. 4. Majhdi F, Minocha HC, Kapil S. Isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(11):2937-2942.
5. 5. Hasoksuz M, Alekseev K, Vlasova A, et al. Biologic, antigenic, and full-length genomic characterization of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe. J Virol 2007; 81(10):4981-4990.
6. 6. Woo PC, Lau SK, Wernery U, et al. Novel betacoronavirus in dromedaries of the Middle East, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20(4):560-572.
7. 7. Chung JY, Kim HR, Bae YC, Lee OS, Oem JK. Detection and characterization of bovine-like coronaviruses from four species of zoo ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2011; 148(2-4):396-401.
8. 8. Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC, Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus. In: Ahmed R, Chen I (eds), Persistent Viral Infections. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York 1998; pp 537-557.

9. 9. Haring J, Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2001; 4(4):462-466.
10. 10. Homberger FR. Enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus. Lab Anim 1997; 31(2):97-115.
11. 11. Barthold SW, Smith AL. Mouse hepatitis virus strain-related patterns of tissue tropism in suckling mice. Arch Virol 1984; 81(1-2):103-112.
12. 12. Ishida T, Fujiwara K. Pathology of diarrhea due to mouse hepatitis virus in the infant mouse. Jpn J Exp Med 1979; 49(1):33-41.
13. 13. Treuting PM, Clifford CB, Sellers RS, Brayton CF. Of mice and microflora: Considerations for genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol 2012; 49(1):44-63.
14. 14. Funk CJ, Manzer R, Miura TA, et al. Rat respiratory coronavirus infection: replication in airway and alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune response. J Gen Virol 2009; 90(Pt 12):2956-2964.
15. 15. Holmes KV, Mason RJ, Miura TA, et al. Rat coronavirus infection of primary rat alveolar epithelial cells. In: Perlman S, Holmes KV (eds), The Nidoviruses Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer, Boston 2006; pp 351-356.
16. 16. Haick AK, Rzepka JP, Brandon E, Balemba, Miura TA. Neutrophils are needed for an effective immune response against pulmonary rat coronavirus infection, but also contribute to pathology. J Gen Virol 2014; 95(Pt3):578-590.
17. 17. Miłek J, Blicharz-Domańska K. Coronaviruses in avian species–review with focus on epidemiology and diagnosis in wild birds. J Vet Res 2018; 62(3):249-255.
18. 18. McCluskey BJ, Haley C, Rovira A, et al. Retrospective testing and case series study of porcine delta coronavirus in US swine herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 123:185-191.
19. 19. Hughes LA, Savage C, Naylor C, et al. Genetically diverse coronaviruses in wild bird populations of northern England. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15(7):1091-1094.
20. 20. Torres CA, Listorti V, Lupini C, et al. Gamma and deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from Northern Italy. Poult Sci 2017; 96(3):717-722.
21. 21. Kim HR, Oem JK. Surveillance of avian coronaviruses in wild bird populations of Korea. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50(4):964-968.
22. 22. Chamings A, Nelson TM, Vibin J, et al. Detection and characterisation of coronaviruses in migratory and non-migratory Australian wild birds. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1):1-10.
23. 23. Schütze H. Chapter 20 - coronaviruses in aquatic organisms. In: Kibenge FSB, Godoy MG (eds), Aquaculture Virology. Academic Press, San Diego CA 2016; pp 327-335.
24. 24. Mihindukulasuriya KA, Wu G, Leger JS, Nordhausen RW, Wang D. Identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray. J Virol 2008; 82(10):5084-5088.
25. 25. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lam CSF, et al. Discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct species of marine mammal coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus. J Virol 2014; 88(2):1318-1331.
26. 26. Jung K, Saif LJ. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection: Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunoprophylaxis. Vet J 2015; 204(2):134-143.
27. 27. Wang J, Zhao P, Guo L, et al. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variants with high pathogenicity, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(12):2048-2049.
28. 28. Stevenson GW, Hoang H, Schwartz KJ, et al. Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: Clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25(5):649-654.
29. 29. Puranaveja S, Poolperm P, Lertwatcharasarakul P, et al. Chinese-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15(7):1112-1115.
30. 30. Coussement W, Ducatelle R, Debouck P, Hoorens J. Pathology of experimental CV777 coronavirus enteritis in piglets. I. Histological and histochemical study. Vet Pathol 1982; 19(1):46-56.
31. 31. Morin M, Morehouse LG, Solorzano RF, Olson LD. Transmissible gastroenteritis in feeder swine: clinical, immunofluorescence and histopathological observations. Can J Comp Med 1973; 37(3):239-248.
32. 32. Martins AMCRPF, Bersano JG, Ogata R, et al. Diagnosis to detect porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) by optical and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Int J Morphol 2013; 31(2):706-715.
33. 33. Maclachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ. Coronaviridae. In; MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ (eds), Fenner's veterinary virology (4th ed.), Academic Press, Amsterdam 2011pp 393-413.
34. 34. Ahn K, Chae C, Kweon CH. Immunohistochemical identification of porcine respiratory coronavirus antigen in the lung of conventional pigs. Vet Pathol 1997; 34(2):167-169.
35. 35. Li Z, He W, Lan Y, et al. The evidence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus induced nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. Peer J 2016; 15(4):e2443.
36. 36. Andries K, Pensaert M B. Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41(9):1372-1378.
37. 37. Gao W, Zhao K, Zhao C, et al. Vomiting and wasting disease associated with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis viruses infection in piglets in Jilin, China. Virol J 2011; 8(1):130.
38. 38. Koonpaew S, Teeravechyan S, Frantz PN, Chailangkarn T, Jongkaewwattana A. PEDV and PDCoV pathogenesis: The interplay between host innate immune responses and porcine enteric coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:34.
39. 39. Morilla A, Yoon KJ, Zimmerman JJ. Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. John Wiley and Sons, Iowa 2008; pp 245-354.
40. 40. Tomasello E, Pollet E, Vu Manh TP, Uze G, Dalod M. Harnessing mechanistic knowledge on beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I effects to design innovative immunotherapies targeting cytokine activity to specific cell types. Front Immunol 2014; 5:526.
41. 41. Wang L, Byrum B, Zhang Y. Detection and genetic characterization of deltacoronavirus in pigs, Ohio, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20(7):1227-1230.
42. 42. Zhao Y, Qu H, Hu J, et al. Characterization and pathogenicity of the porcine deltacoronavirus isolated in Southwest China. Viruses 2019; 11(11):1074.
43. 43. Chen Q, Gauger P, Stafne M, et al. Pathogenicity and pathogenesis of a United States porcine deltacoronavirus cell culture isolate in 5-day-old neonatal piglets. Virol 2015; 482:51-59.
44. 44. Wevers BA, van der Hoek L. Recently discovered human coronaviruses. Clin Lab Med 2009; 29(4):715-724.
45. 45. Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(19):1814-1820.
46. 46. WHO. Cumulative Number of Reported Probable Cases of Severe Acute. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/en/; Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2020.
47. 47. Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005; 102(39):14040-14045.
48. 48. Memish ZA, Mishra N, Olival KJ, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(11):1819-1823.
49. 49. Azkur A. COVID-19 ve Hayvanlar. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni 2020; 11(2): 49-60.
50. 50. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018; 23(2):130-137.
51. 51. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:44-48.
52. 52. Azkur AK, Akdis M, Azkur D, et al. Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19. Allergy 2020; 75(7): 1564-1581.
53. 53. Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19 new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA 2020; 323(14):1339-1340.
54. 54. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Quart 2020; 40(1):68-76.
55. 55. Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, et al. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. BioRxiv 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0 (in press)
56. 56. Leroy EM, Gouilh MA, Brugère-Picoux J. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic. One Health 2020; 10:100133
57. 57. Sit TH, Brackman CJ, Ip SM, T et al. Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020; 586(7831): 776-778.
58. 58. Hossain MG, Akter S, Saha S. SARS-CoV-2 host diversity: An update of natural infections and experimental evidences. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2020; 54(2):175-181.
59. 59. Halfmann PJ, Hatta M, Chiba S, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats. New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 383(6):592-594.
60. 60. Shi J, Wen Z, Zhong G, et al. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2. Science 2020; 368(6494):1016-1020.