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PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 101 - 106, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.827227

Abstract

Psikobiyotikler, yeterli miktarlarda tüketildiğinde pozitif psikiyatrik etkiler yaratan probiyotikler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Psikobiyotiklerin bazı psikolojik rahatsızlıkları önleme ve hatta bu hastalıkların tedavi edilmesinde rol oynadıkları özellikle son 10 yılda üzerinde durulan bir konudur. Psikobiyotik bakterilerin duygusal, bilişsel, sistemik ve sinirsel indekslerdeki değişikliklerle karakterize edilen antidepresan ve anksiyolitik etkilere sahip oldukları belirtilmekte ve bu mikroorganizmalar ile ilgili gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar giderek artmaktadır. Bu derlemede psikobiyotiklerin günümüzde dünya nüfusunun önemli bir kısmını etkileyen depresyon ve anksiyete üzerine etki mekanizmaları ile bu konuda gerçekleştirilen klinik çalışmalar üzerinde durulmuştur.

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Thanks

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References

  • 1. Wasilewski A, Zielinska M, Storr M. Et al. Beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics in ınflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 2015; 21(7):1674-1682.
  • 2. Zendeboodi F, Khorshidian N, Mortazavian AM, et al. Probiotic: Conceptualization from a new approach. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020; 32:103-123.
  • 3. Akan E, Kınık Ö. Gıda üretimi ve depolanması sırasında probiyotiklerin canlılıklarını etkileyen faktörler. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 2015; 11(2):155-166.
  • 4. Bhat B, Bajaj BK. Multifarious cholesterol lowering potential of lactic acid bacteria equipped with desired probiotic functional attributes. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:1-16.
  • 5. Greener M. Psychobiotics: bacterial hope for depression?. Progr Neurol Psychiatry 2018; 22(1):9-11.
  • 6. Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA. Probiotics and psychobiotics: the role of microbial neurochemicals. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11(4):1071-1085.
  • 7. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74(10):720-726.
  • 8. Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, et al. Microbiota regulation of the Mammalian gut-brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol 2015; 91:1-62.
  • 9. Ashaolu TJ. Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110625.
  • 10. Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics. Nutr Rev 2015; 73(10):675-693.
  • 11. la Cuesta-Zuluaga D, Mueller NT, Álvarez-Quintero R, et al. (2019). Higher fecal short-chain fatty acid levels are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, obesity, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Nutrients 2019; 11(1):51.
  • 12. Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, et al. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC Med 2013; 11(1):1-16.
  • 13. Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC, et al. In depression, bacterial translocation may drive inflammatory responses, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS-damaged neoepitopes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127(5):344-354.
  • 14. Beck, B.R., Park, G.S., Jeong, D.Y., Lee, Y.H., Im, S., Song, W.H., Kang, J. (2019). Multidisciplinary and comparative investigations of potential psychobiotic effects of Lactobacillus strains isolated from newborns and their impact on gut microbiota and ileal transcriptome in a healthy murine model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 9: 269.
  • 15. Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Salinas E, Ortiz GG, et al. From probiotics to psychobiotics: live beneficial bacteria which act on the Brain-Gut axis. Nutrients 2019; 11(4):890.
  • 16. Butler MI, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, et al. From isoniazid to psychobiotics: the gut microbiome as a new antidepressant target. Br Hosp Med 2019; 80(3):139-145.
  • 17. Cheng LH, Liu YW, Wu, CC, et al. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27(3):632-648.
  • 18. Misra S, Mohanty D. Psychobiotics: A new approach for treating mental illness? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59(8):1230-1236.
  • 19. Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, et al. Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4430-4438.
  • 20. Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, et al. GABAergic system in stress: Implications of GABAergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway. Neural Plast 2020; Article ID 8858415.
  • 21. Yu L, Han X, Cen S, et al. Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk on insomnia involving regulation of gut microbiota. Microbiol Res 2020; 233:126409.
  • 22. Duranti S, Ruiz L, Lugli GA, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a key member of the human gut microbiota in the production of GABA. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1):1-13.
  • 23. Liu T, Feenstra KA, Heringa J, et al. Influence of gut microbiota on mental health via neurotransmitters: A review. J Artif Intell Med Sci 2020; 1(1-2):1-14.
  • 24. Gao K, Mu CL, Farzi A, et al. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr 2020; 11(3):709-723.
  • 25. Luang-In V, Samappito W, Pumriw S, et al. Psychobiotic effects of multi-strain probiotics originated from thai fermented foods in a rat model. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40(6):1014-1032.
  • 26. Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, et al. (2010). Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neurosci 2010; 170(4):1179-1188.
  • 27. Lyte M. Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics. Bioessays 2011; 33:574-581.
  • 28. Reddy KSV. The potential role of gut microbiota in psychiatrıc disorders. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2020; 9(8):1184-1198.
  • 29. Qiao H, An SC, Xu C, et al. Role of proBDNF and BDNF in dendritic spine plasticity and depressive-like behaviors induced by an animal model of depression. Brain Res 2017; 1663:29-37.
  • 30. Licznerski P, Jonas EA. BDNF signaling: Harnessing stress to battle mood disorder. PNAS 2018; 115(15):3742-3744.
  • 31. Tian P, Wang G, Zhao J, et al. Bifidobacterium with the role of 5-hydroxytryptophan synthesis regulation alleviates the symptom of depression and related microbiota dysbiosis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 66:43-51.
  • 32. Makris AP, Karianaki M, Tsamis KI, et al. The role of the gut-brain axis in depression: endocrine, neural, and immune pathways. Hormones 2020; 1-12.
  • 33. Tian P, O'Riordan KJ, Lee, Y.K, et al. Towards a psychobiotic therapy for depression: Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 reverses chronic stress-induced depressive symptoms and gut microbial abnormalities in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100216.
  • 34. Ranji C. A systematic review of depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13(4):480.
  • 35. Anonymous (2017). World Health Organisation. Depression: Let’s talk. 1-year on. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2017/en/
  • 36. Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Behrooz M., et al. Can psychobiotics “mood” ify gut? An update systematic review of randomized controlled trials in healthy and clinical subjects, on anti-depressant effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Clin Nutr 2020; 39(5):1395-1410.
  • 37. Dean A, Lindholm P, Järvholm K, et al. Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 71:102208.
  • 38. Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, et al. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 1-15.
  • 39. Gualtieri P, Marchetti M, Cioccoloni G, et al. Psychobiotics regulate the anxiety symptoms in carriers of allele A of IL-1β gene: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Mediators Inflammation 2020; Article ID 2346126.
  • 40. Magalhães-Guedes KT, do Nascimento ASM, da Anunciação TA, et al. Psychobiotics in daily food against psychiatric disorders. Afr J Food Sc 2020; 14(6):161-166.
  • 41. Logan AC, Katzman M. Major depressive disorder: Probiotics may be an adjuvant therapy. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:533-538.
  • 42. Morshedi M, Valenlia KB, Hosseinifard ES, et al. Beneficial psychological effects of novel psychobiotics in diabetic rats: the interaction among the gut, blood and amygdala. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:145-152.
  • 43. Liu YW, Liu WH, Wu CC, et al. Psychotropic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in early life-stressed and naive adult mice. Brain Res 2016;1631:1-12.
  • 44. Hao Z, Wang W, Guo R, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (ATCC 27766) has preventive and therapeutic effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2019; 104:132-142.
  • 45. Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterol 2013; 144(7):1394-1401.
  • 46. Aizawa E, Tsuji H, Asahara, T, et al. Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder. J Affective Disord 2016; 202:254-257.
  • 47. Allen AP, Hutch W, Borre YE, et al. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6(11):e939-e939.
  • 48. Colica C, Avolio E, Bollero P, et al. Evidences of a new psychobiotic formulation on body composition and anxiety. Mediators Inflammation 2017; Article ID 5650627.
  • 49. Kelly JR, Allen AP, Temko A, et al. Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:50-59.

PSYCHOBIOTICS: RELATIONSHIP TO DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 101 - 106, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.827227

Abstract

Psychobiotic sare defined as probiotics that produce positive psychiatric effects when consumed in sufficient quantities. The role of psychobiotics in preventing and even treating some psychological disorders is an is sue that has been emphasized especially in last 10 years. It was stated that psychobiotic bacteria have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects characterized by changes in emotional, cognitive, systemic and neural indexes, and studies on these microorganisms are increasing. In this review, action mechanism of psychobiotics on depression and anxiety, which affect a significant part of the world population, and the clinical studies on this subject were focused on.

Project Number

-

References

  • 1. Wasilewski A, Zielinska M, Storr M. Et al. Beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics in ınflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 2015; 21(7):1674-1682.
  • 2. Zendeboodi F, Khorshidian N, Mortazavian AM, et al. Probiotic: Conceptualization from a new approach. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020; 32:103-123.
  • 3. Akan E, Kınık Ö. Gıda üretimi ve depolanması sırasında probiyotiklerin canlılıklarını etkileyen faktörler. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 2015; 11(2):155-166.
  • 4. Bhat B, Bajaj BK. Multifarious cholesterol lowering potential of lactic acid bacteria equipped with desired probiotic functional attributes. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:1-16.
  • 5. Greener M. Psychobiotics: bacterial hope for depression?. Progr Neurol Psychiatry 2018; 22(1):9-11.
  • 6. Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA. Probiotics and psychobiotics: the role of microbial neurochemicals. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11(4):1071-1085.
  • 7. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74(10):720-726.
  • 8. Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, et al. Microbiota regulation of the Mammalian gut-brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol 2015; 91:1-62.
  • 9. Ashaolu TJ. Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110625.
  • 10. Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics. Nutr Rev 2015; 73(10):675-693.
  • 11. la Cuesta-Zuluaga D, Mueller NT, Álvarez-Quintero R, et al. (2019). Higher fecal short-chain fatty acid levels are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, obesity, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Nutrients 2019; 11(1):51.
  • 12. Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, et al. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC Med 2013; 11(1):1-16.
  • 13. Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC, et al. In depression, bacterial translocation may drive inflammatory responses, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS-damaged neoepitopes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127(5):344-354.
  • 14. Beck, B.R., Park, G.S., Jeong, D.Y., Lee, Y.H., Im, S., Song, W.H., Kang, J. (2019). Multidisciplinary and comparative investigations of potential psychobiotic effects of Lactobacillus strains isolated from newborns and their impact on gut microbiota and ileal transcriptome in a healthy murine model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 9: 269.
  • 15. Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Salinas E, Ortiz GG, et al. From probiotics to psychobiotics: live beneficial bacteria which act on the Brain-Gut axis. Nutrients 2019; 11(4):890.
  • 16. Butler MI, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, et al. From isoniazid to psychobiotics: the gut microbiome as a new antidepressant target. Br Hosp Med 2019; 80(3):139-145.
  • 17. Cheng LH, Liu YW, Wu, CC, et al. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27(3):632-648.
  • 18. Misra S, Mohanty D. Psychobiotics: A new approach for treating mental illness? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59(8):1230-1236.
  • 19. Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, et al. Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4430-4438.
  • 20. Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, et al. GABAergic system in stress: Implications of GABAergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway. Neural Plast 2020; Article ID 8858415.
  • 21. Yu L, Han X, Cen S, et al. Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk on insomnia involving regulation of gut microbiota. Microbiol Res 2020; 233:126409.
  • 22. Duranti S, Ruiz L, Lugli GA, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a key member of the human gut microbiota in the production of GABA. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1):1-13.
  • 23. Liu T, Feenstra KA, Heringa J, et al. Influence of gut microbiota on mental health via neurotransmitters: A review. J Artif Intell Med Sci 2020; 1(1-2):1-14.
  • 24. Gao K, Mu CL, Farzi A, et al. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr 2020; 11(3):709-723.
  • 25. Luang-In V, Samappito W, Pumriw S, et al. Psychobiotic effects of multi-strain probiotics originated from thai fermented foods in a rat model. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40(6):1014-1032.
  • 26. Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, et al. (2010). Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neurosci 2010; 170(4):1179-1188.
  • 27. Lyte M. Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics. Bioessays 2011; 33:574-581.
  • 28. Reddy KSV. The potential role of gut microbiota in psychiatrıc disorders. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2020; 9(8):1184-1198.
  • 29. Qiao H, An SC, Xu C, et al. Role of proBDNF and BDNF in dendritic spine plasticity and depressive-like behaviors induced by an animal model of depression. Brain Res 2017; 1663:29-37.
  • 30. Licznerski P, Jonas EA. BDNF signaling: Harnessing stress to battle mood disorder. PNAS 2018; 115(15):3742-3744.
  • 31. Tian P, Wang G, Zhao J, et al. Bifidobacterium with the role of 5-hydroxytryptophan synthesis regulation alleviates the symptom of depression and related microbiota dysbiosis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 66:43-51.
  • 32. Makris AP, Karianaki M, Tsamis KI, et al. The role of the gut-brain axis in depression: endocrine, neural, and immune pathways. Hormones 2020; 1-12.
  • 33. Tian P, O'Riordan KJ, Lee, Y.K, et al. Towards a psychobiotic therapy for depression: Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 reverses chronic stress-induced depressive symptoms and gut microbial abnormalities in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100216.
  • 34. Ranji C. A systematic review of depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13(4):480.
  • 35. Anonymous (2017). World Health Organisation. Depression: Let’s talk. 1-year on. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2017/en/
  • 36. Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Behrooz M., et al. Can psychobiotics “mood” ify gut? An update systematic review of randomized controlled trials in healthy and clinical subjects, on anti-depressant effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Clin Nutr 2020; 39(5):1395-1410.
  • 37. Dean A, Lindholm P, Järvholm K, et al. Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 71:102208.
  • 38. Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, et al. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 1-15.
  • 39. Gualtieri P, Marchetti M, Cioccoloni G, et al. Psychobiotics regulate the anxiety symptoms in carriers of allele A of IL-1β gene: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Mediators Inflammation 2020; Article ID 2346126.
  • 40. Magalhães-Guedes KT, do Nascimento ASM, da Anunciação TA, et al. Psychobiotics in daily food against psychiatric disorders. Afr J Food Sc 2020; 14(6):161-166.
  • 41. Logan AC, Katzman M. Major depressive disorder: Probiotics may be an adjuvant therapy. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:533-538.
  • 42. Morshedi M, Valenlia KB, Hosseinifard ES, et al. Beneficial psychological effects of novel psychobiotics in diabetic rats: the interaction among the gut, blood and amygdala. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:145-152.
  • 43. Liu YW, Liu WH, Wu CC, et al. Psychotropic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in early life-stressed and naive adult mice. Brain Res 2016;1631:1-12.
  • 44. Hao Z, Wang W, Guo R, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (ATCC 27766) has preventive and therapeutic effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2019; 104:132-142.
  • 45. Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterol 2013; 144(7):1394-1401.
  • 46. Aizawa E, Tsuji H, Asahara, T, et al. Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder. J Affective Disord 2016; 202:254-257.
  • 47. Allen AP, Hutch W, Borre YE, et al. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6(11):e939-e939.
  • 48. Colica C, Avolio E, Bollero P, et al. Evidences of a new psychobiotic formulation on body composition and anxiety. Mediators Inflammation 2017; Article ID 5650627.
  • 49. Kelly JR, Allen AP, Temko A, et al. Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:50-59.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics, Clinical Sciences, Food Engineering, Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Bahar Onaran 0000-0002-3515-7548

Nazlı Türkmen This is me 0000-0002-4219-8903

Project Number -
Publication Date March 28, 2022
Submission Date November 19, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Onaran, B., & Türkmen, N. (2022). PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(1), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.827227
AMA Onaran B, Türkmen N. PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ. JHS. March 2022;31(1):101-106. doi:10.34108/eujhs.827227
Chicago Onaran, Bahar, and Nazlı Türkmen. “PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31, no. 1 (March 2022): 101-6. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.827227.
EndNote Onaran B, Türkmen N (March 1, 2022) PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31 1 101–106.
IEEE B. Onaran and N. Türkmen, “PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ”, JHS, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2022, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.827227.
ISNAD Onaran, Bahar - Türkmen, Nazlı. “PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31/1 (March 2022), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.827227.
JAMA Onaran B, Türkmen N. PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ. JHS. 2022;31:101–106.
MLA Onaran, Bahar and Nazlı Türkmen. “PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 1, 2022, pp. 101-6, doi:10.34108/eujhs.827227.
Vancouver Onaran B, Türkmen N. PSİKOBİYOTİKLER: DEPRESYON VE ANKSİYETE İLE İLİŞKİSİ. JHS. 2022;31(1):101-6.