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60 YIL SONRA ABD ARŞİVLERİNDEKİ CENEVRE GÖRÜŞMELERİ BELGELERİNE YENİDEN BAKMAK

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 161 - 188, 16.04.2024

İlksoy Aslım

Abstract

1960’lar dünyada Soğuk Savaş’ın daha da şiddetlendiği ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) eski Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’ni (SSCB) Çevreleme Politikasının doruğa çıktığı yıllar olmuştur. Moskova Mısır üzerinden Doğu Akdeniz’e girmiş ve ABD açısından yaşamsal çıkarlarını ve tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Tüm bu gelişmeler yaşanırken 1960’ta bir NATO planı çerçevesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti 1963 yılı sonunda iki kurucu toplum olan Kıbrıslı Rumlar ve Kıbrıslı Türkler arasındaki anlaşmazlıklar nedeniyle savaş alanına dönmüştür. Kıbrıs’taki çatışmalar Ada’nın iki garantörü olan Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ı da çatışma içine çekme olasılığını güçlendirmiştir. Başında beri Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin bağımsızlığı politikasını güden eski SSCB’nin Kıbrıs sorununa dahil olması ABD için kabul edilemez bir gelişme olarak kabul edilmiştir. Washington’un bakış açısına göre, NATO üyesi Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın Kıbrıs için çatışması ittifakın Güneydoğu kanadının çöküşü anlamına gelecek ve eski SSCB bundan yararlanmış olacaktı. Zaten Kıbrıs’taki komünist AKEL partisinin varlığı yeterince sorun yaratmştı. ABD’ye göre, eski SSCB ile flört eden Bağlantısızlar Hareketi üyesi Kıbrıs’ın Moskova’nın etki alanına girmesi engellenmeliydi. Bu nedenle ABD 1964 yılı boyunca Kıbrıs’ın ABD nüfuz alanı içinde kalması için politikalarını yeniden şekillendirmiştir. ABD ilk kez Kıbrıs sorununa daha öncesinden farklı olarak doğrudan dahil olmuştur. Bu süreçte Türkiye Kıbrıs’a askeri müdahalede bulunmak için girişimlerde bulunmuştur. ABD bir yandan Ankara’nın Kıbrıs’a askeri müdahale bulunmasını engellemeye bir yandan da Kıbrıs cumhurbaşkanı Makarios’u Yunanistan aracılığıyla kontrol etmeye çalışmıştır. ABD, Cenevre’de Kıbrıs’ın bir sorun olarak kalmasını engellemek için adanın Taksim/Enosis planını NATO çözümü olarak Türkiye ve Yunanistan’a tartıştırmıştır. Makarios da Cenevre görüşmeleri devam ederken Ada’da Kıbrıslı Türklere yönelik saldırılarını yoğunlaştırmıştır. Saldırıların yoğunlaşması Cenevre görüşmelerinin çöküşünü hedeflemiştir. ABD’nin taraflara sunduğu Acheson Planı anlatılacak bazı nedenlerden dolayı başarısız olmuştur. Ancak Acheson Planı’nın bazı prensipleri 1974’te hem Yunanistan hem de Türkiye tarafından uygulanmıştır. Yunanistan özellikle darbe sırasında Türkiye de askeri harekât süresince Acheson Planı’ndaki yöntemlerini kullanmışlardır. Bu çalışma Acheson Planı’nın 1964’teki başarısızlığına rağmen 1974’te Yunanistan ve Türkiye’nin politikalarını şekilendirmede önemli bir referans kaynağı olduğunu savunacak ve Yunanistan’ın Makarios’a yönelik darbesinin ve Türkiye’nin askeri müdahalesinin Acheson Planı’yla uyumlu olduğunu göstermeye çalışacaktır.

Keywords

ABD 1964 Cenevre Görüşmeleri Acheson Planı Makarios Kıbrıs Türkiye ve Yunanistan

References

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Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 161 - 188, 16.04.2024

İlksoy Aslım

Abstract

References

  • Adams, T. W., & A. J. Cottrell, (1968), Cyprus: Between East and West, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
  • Attalides, M., (1979), Cyprus: Nationalism and International Politics. Edinburgh, Q Press.
  • Bahçeli, T., (1990), Greek-Turkish Relations since 1955, Boulder, San Francisco & London, WestPoint Press.
  • Ball, G. W., (1982), The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs, New York & London, W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bitsios, D., (1975), Cyprus: The Vulnerable Republic, Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies. Couloumbis, T. A., (1983), The United States, Greece and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle, New York, Praeger.
  • Drousiotis, M., (2008), The First Partition: Cyprus (1963-1964), Nicosia, Alfadi Publications.
  • Erim, N., (1975), Bildiğim ve Gördüğüm Ölçüler İçinde Kıbrıs, Ankara, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayi.
  • Fırat, M. M., (1997) 1960-71 Arası Türk Dış Politikası ve Kıbrıs Sorunu, Ankara, Siyasal Kitabevi. FRUS 1: Riddleberger, Embtel Athens 3536, 15.6.1958: FRUS, 1958-1960, Central Files, 711.11-EI/6-1558, Department of State. FRUS, 1958-1960, Vol. Part 1, Doc. 227,
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  • NARA 14. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 168, 21.6.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, 2088, NARA.
  • NARA 15. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 223, 27.7.1964: Records of Undersecretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis - Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis - Geneva Telegrams, box 14, NARA.
  • NARA 16. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 241, 28.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 17. Labouisse, (for Acheson) Embtel Athens 172, 30.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA. NARA 18. Labouisse, (for Acheson) Embtel Athens 180, 30.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 19. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 265, 30.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA. NARA 20. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 266, 30.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 21. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 261, 30.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 22. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 241, 28.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 23. Labouisse, (for Acheson) Embtel Athens 187, 31.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 24. Labouisse, (for Acheson) Embtel Athens 187, 31.7.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2087, NARA.
  • NARA 25. Labouisse to Acheson, Embtel Athens 190, 1.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 26. The report of the NSC meeting, 4.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus 1 Contingency Plans to Cyprus VI Miscellaneous, box 12, NARA.
  • NARA 27. Ball, Finletter and Talbot to Acheson, Deptel 175, 6.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 28. Labouisse to Acheson, Embtel Athens 197, 2.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 29. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 315, 6.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 30. Belcher to Rusk for Acheson, Embtel Nicosia 178, 6.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 31. Ball to Hare, Flash Deptel 202, 9.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 32. Hare to Ball, Embtel 247, 10.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2090, NARA.
  • NARA 33. Ball to Belcher, Flash Deptel 128, 9.8.64: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 34. Ball to Acheson, Flash Deptel 345, 8.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 35. Labouisse, Embtel Athens 233, 8.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 36. Labouisse to Acheson, Athens 260, 11.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, Box 14, NARA.
  • NARA 37. Acheson to Rusk, Embtel 382, 11.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2090, NARA.
  • NARA 38. Labouisse, Embtel Athens 327, 17.8.1964: 1964-66, POL 23-8 CYP, box 2090, NARA.
  • NARA 39. Acheson to Rusk, Embtel 426, 19.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14, NARA.
  • NARA 40. Acheson to Rusk, Embtel 425, 19.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14., NARA.
  • NARA 41. Acheson to Rusk, Embtel Geneva 437, 20.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, Box 14. NARA.
  • NARA 42. Ball to Ambassadors, Deptel 320, 19.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 43. Acheson to Ball, Embtel Geneva 439, 20.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14., NARA.
  • NARA 44. Ball to Labouisse, Deptel Flash 327, 20.8.1964: POL 23-8 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 45. Labouisse for Acheson, Flash Deptel 360, 20.8.64: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14, NARA.
  • NARA 46. Labouisse for Acheson, Flash Deptel 366, 21.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 47. Acheson, Embtel Geneva 445, 21.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box. 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 48. Belcher, Embtel Nicosia 357, 21.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 49. Belcher, Embtel Nicosia 359, 21.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis to Cyprus Crisis-Nicosia Telegrams, box 13., NARA.
  • NARA 50. Ball to Belcher, Deptel Flash 206, 21.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 51. Acheson for Hare, Geneva 458, 22.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 52. Hare for Ball, Embtel Flash Ankara 363, 22.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 53. Ball to Labouisse, Deptel Flash 347, 22.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 54. Labouisse for Acheson, Embtel Athens 381, 23.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14., NARA.
  • NARA 55. Acheson, Embtel Geneva 461, 22.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams II to Cyprus Crisis-Dept’s Outgoing Telegrams II, box 15., NARA.
  • NARA 56. Acheson for Ball, Embtel Geneva 462, 22.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams II to Cyprus Crisis-Dept’s Outgoing Telegrams II, box 15., NARA.
  • NARA 57. Acheson to Rusk, Embtel Geneva 466, 22.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 58. Ball to Acheson, Flash Deptel 477, 23.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 59. Ball to Acheson and the Ambassadors, Deptel Flash 479, 23.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 60. Acheson for Ball, Flash Embtel Geneva 467, 23.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams II to Cyprus Crisis-Dept’s Outgoing Telegrams II, box 15., NARA.
  • NARA 61. Ball to General Porter, Flash Deptel 318, 24.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 62. General Porter to Ball, Embtel Ankara 384 Immediate, 25.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14., NARA.
  • NARA 63. General Porter to Ball, Immediate Embtel Ankara 407, 27.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2092, NARA.
  • NARA 64. Acheson-Jernegan Telecon with Ball and Talbot, Geneva, 24.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 65. Ball to Ambassadors, Flash Deptel London 1364, 25.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 66. Labouisse, Immediate Embtel Athens 405, also for Acheson, 25.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Athens Telegrams 1 to Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams 1, box 14., NARA.
  • NARA 67. Labouisse, Flash Embtel Athens 407, also for Acheson, 25.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2089, NARA.
  • NARA 68. Acheson to Ball, Immediate Embtel Geneva 486, Subject: “Outline of Acheson Plan No. 4”, 26.8.1964: Records of Under Secretary of State George W. Ball, 1961-1966, Lot 74D272, Entry 5175, Cyprus Crisis-Geneva Telegrams II to Cyprus Crisis-Dept’s Outgoing Telegrams II, box 15., NARA.
  • NARA 69. Acheson to the Department of the State, Airgram A-96, 25.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2091, NARA.
  • NARA 70. Acheson, Deptel London 1394, also for Acheson, 26.8.1964: POL 27 CYP, box 2092, NARA. NARA 71. Schott, Airgarm A-53 Nicosia, 27.8.1964: POL 23-9 CYP XR POL 15 CYP POL 15-1 CYP POL 32-1 GR-TUR, box 2077, NARA. Nicolet, C. (2001), United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954-1974: Romoving the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention, Möhnesee, Bibliopolis.
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  • Kızılyürek, N., (2008), Cyprus Republic: “The Unwanted Child, Cyprus Observer, 31 Ekim-Kasım.
  • Kızılyürek, N., (2007), “EOKA and April 1, Cyprus Observer, 13-19 Nisan.
  • Kousoulos, D. G., (1974), Modern Greece: Profile of Nation, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Kyriacos, C. M., (1977), The Rise and Fall of the Cyprus Republic, New Haven and London, Yale University Press.
  • Kyriakides, S., (1968), Cyprus: Constitutionalism and Crisis Government, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Laqueur, W., (1993), Europe in Our Time: A History 1945-1992, New York, Penguin Books. O’Malley, B. & Ian Craig, (1999), The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion, London/New York, I. B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Panteli, S., (1984), A New History of Cyprus: From the Earliest Time to the Present Day, London and Den Haag, East-West Publications.
  • Papandreou, A. (1977), Namlunun Ucundaki Demokrasi, İstanbul, Üçüncü Dünya Yayınları. Report of the Committee of Three on Non-Military Cooperation in NATO, 13 December 1956, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17481.htm 15.01.2024.
  • Salih, H. İ., (1978), Cyprus: The Impact of Nationalism on a State, Alabama, The University of Alabama Press.
  • Sander, O., (1998), Siyasi Tarih (1918-1994), 6. Baskı, Ankara, İmge Kitabevi.
  • Schulzinger, R. D., US Diplomacy since 1900, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Sonyel, S. S., (1997), Cyprus: The Destruction of a Republic, British Documents (1960-65), Cambridgeshire: The Eothen Press.
  • Stearns M., (1992), Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Toward Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, New York, NY: Council and Foreign Relations Press.
  • Stefanidis, I. D., (1999) Isle of Discord: Nationalism, Imperialism and the Making of the Cyprus Problem, London, Hurst Company.
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  • Tamkoç, M., (1998), The Turkish Cypriot State, London, K. Rüstem & Brother, 1998. Thomas W. Adams, T. W. & Cottrell, A. J., (1968 Cyprus: Between East and West, The Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore.
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  • Xydis, S. George., (1973) Cyprus; Reluctant Republic, The Hague-Paris, Mounton.
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There are 105 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Eu Regional Policy
Journal Section Research
Authors

İlksoy Aslım This is me

Publication Date April 16, 2024
Submission Date November 26, 2023
Acceptance Date February 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aslım, İ. (2024). 60 YIL SONRA ABD ARŞİVLERİNDEKİ CENEVRE GÖRÜŞMELERİ BELGELERİNE YENİDEN BAKMAK. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 161-188.

Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi (LAÜ) Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi haziran ve aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan iki hakemli bir dergidir. Derginin yelpazesi toplum bilimlerinin tüm disiplinlerini ve dallarını kapsamaktadır. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi yalnızca Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleleri kabul etmektedir.  http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/