Detection of rotavirus in raw and ready-to-eat food samples

Öz

Rotavirus infection is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis. Since transmission generally occurs person-to-person via the fekal-oral route, the importance of foodborne transmission can be underestimated. Food can be contaminated with rotavirus at any stage of the food processing, from farm to fork. In this study, 105 food samples of animal origin were collected from seafood (mussels, fish, etc.), red meat (sausage, meatballs, etc.), and poultry meat (ham, wings, etc.). The samples were tested for rotavirus by RT-PCR. Virus isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for positive samples. Rotavirus was detected in two mussel sample groups by RT-PCR. DNA sequence analysis was carried out for both the VP4 and VP7 gene regions of the rotavirus in one sample and determined that it was a group A human rotavirus G1P[8]. Rotavirus isolation did not occur after the inoculation of the samples onto MA-104 cell culture. This study demonstrated the presence of rotavirus in raw mussel samples in the market.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Foodborne diseases
• Genotype
• MA-104
• Rotavirus
• RT-PCR

Çiğ ve tüketime hazır gıda örneklerinde rotavirusun tespiti

Öz

Rotaviruslar, akut gastroenterit olgularının yaygın bir nedenidir. Rotavirus infeksiyonlarında bulaşmanın genellikle insandan insana fekal-oral yolla gerçekleşmesi sebebiyle gıda kaynaklı bulaşmaların önemi gözardı edilebilmektedir. Gıdalar, çiftlikten sofraya kadar geçen sürecin herhangi bir aşamasında rotavirus ile kontamine olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada deniz ürünleri (midye, balık vb.), kırmızı et (sosis, köfte vb.) ve kanatlı et ürünlerinden (jambon, kanat vb.) 105 örnek toplanmıştır. Örnekler, RT-PCR ile rotavirus varlığı açısından test edilmiştir. Pozitif örneklerden virus izolasyonu için hücre kültürüne ekim gerçekleştirilmiş ve örneklerin genotiplendirilmesi için DNA dizilimi ve filogenetik analiz yapılmıştır. RT-PCR ile 2 midye örnek grubunda rotavirus tespit edilmiştir. Bir örnek için rotavirusun hem VP4 hem de VP7 gen bölgelerinden DNA dizi analizi yapılmış ve tespit edilen virusun grup A insan rotavirus G1P[8] olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin hücre kültürüne inokulasyonundan sonra rotavirus izolasyonu gerçekleşmemiştir. Bu çalışma, çiğ midye örneklerinde rotavirus varlığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gıda kaynaklı hastalıklar
• Genotip
• MA-104
• Rotavirus
• RT-PCR

Kaynakça

1. Altındis M, Küçükkurt Ş, Kalaycı R, Aslan F, Bükülmez A, Yoldaş Y. (2016) Akut gastroenteritli çocuklarda rotavirus, enterik adenovirus ve norovirus sıklığı. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-12.
2. Arnold M, Patton JT, McDonald SM. (2009) Culturing, storage, and quantification of rotaviruses. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol, 15(1), 15C-3. doi: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15
3. Balkan ÇE, Karameşe M, Çelebi D, Aydoğdu S, Çalık Z, Yılmaz Y. (2016) Acute gastroenteritis agents among 0–5 years-old turkish children. Kafkas J Med Sci, 6(2), 94-7. doi: 10.5505/kjms.2016.30301
4. Banyai K, László B, Duque J, Steele AD, Nelson EAS, Gentsch JR, Parashar UD. (2012) Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs. Vaccine, 30, A122-A130. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111
5. Bicer S, Col D, Erdag GC, Giray T, Gurol Y, Yilmaz G, Vitrinel A, Ozelgun B. (2014) A retrospective analysis of acute gastroenteritis agents in children admitted to a university hospital pediatric emergency unit. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 7(4). doi: 10.5812/jjm.9148
6. Bozdayi G, Dogan B, Dalgic B, Bostanci I, Sari S, Battaloglu NO, Rota S, Dallar Y, Nishizono A, Nakagomi O, Kamruddin A. (2008) Diversity of human rotavirus G9 among children in Turkey. J Med Virol, 80(4), 733-740. doi: 10.1002/jmv.21120
7. Ceyhan M, Alhan E, Salman N, Kurugol Z, Yildirim I, Celik U, Keser M, Koturoglu G, Tezer H, Kuset Bulbul E, Karabocuoglu M, Halicioglu O, Anis Sameh, Pawinski R. (2009) Multicenter prospective study on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Turkey, 2005–2006: a hospital-based study. J. Infect. Dis., 200(Supplement_1), S234-S238. doi: 10.1086/605056
8. Doro R, László B, Martella V, Leshem E, Gentsch J, Parashar U, Bányai K. (2014) Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure?. Infect Genet Evol, 28, 446-461. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017

9. Fusco G, Di Bartolo I, Cioffi B, Ianiro G, Palermo P, Monini M, Amoroso MG. (2017) Prevalence of foodborne viruses in mussels in Southern Italy. Food Environ Virol, 9(2), 187-194. doi: 10.1007/s12560-016-9277-x
10. Fusco G, Anastasio A, Kingsley DH, Amoroso MG, Pepe T, Fratamico PM, Boccia F. (2019) Detection of hepatitis a virus and other enteric viruses in shellfish collected in the gulf of Naples, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health , 16(14), 2588. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142588
11. Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Woods P, Gouvea V, Gorziglia M, Flores J, Bhan MK. (1992) Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol., 30(6), 1365-1373. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.6.1365-1373.1992.
12. Ghalyoun F, Ünver Alçay A. (2018) Investigation of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in mussels and shrimps using multiplex real-time PCR. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 24 (5): 761-767, 2018. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2018.19997
13. Gladstone BP, Ramani S, Mukhopadhya I, Muliyil J, Sarkar R, Rehman AM, Desselberger U. (2011) Protective effect of natural rotavirus infection in an Indian birth cohort. N Engl J Med, 365, 337-346. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1006261
14. Greenberg HB, Estes MK (2009). Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology, 136(6), 1939-1951. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076
15. Gouvea V, Santos N, do C Timenetsky M. (1994) Identification of bovine and porcine rotavirus G types by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol., 32(5), 1338-1340. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.5.1338-1340.1994
16. Gündeşlioğlu ÖÖ, Kocabaş E, Haytoğlu Z, Dayar GT, Çil MK, Durmaz R. (2018) Adana İlinde Akut Gastroenteritli Çocuklarda Rotavirus Prevalansı ve Genotip Dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul, 52(2), 156-165. doi: 10.5578/mb.66648
17. Hara M, Mukoyama J, Tsuruhara T, Ashiwara Y, Saito Y, Tagaya I. (1978) Acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren associated with reovirus-like agent. Am J Epidemiol, 107(2), 161-169. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112518
18. Hasoksuz, M. (2008). Su ve gıda kaynaklı viruslar. Gıda Güvenliği Dergisi, cilt.4, ss.48-51.
19. Jaykus L. (2000). Enteric viruses as' emerging agents' of foodborne disease. IJAFR Journal, 245-255.
20. Jones TH, Muehlhauser V (2017). Frequency of hepatitis E virus, rotavirus and porcine enteric calicivirus at various stages of pork carcass processing in two pork processing plants. Int. J. Food Microbiol.259, 29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.019
21. Keller R, Justino JF, Cassini ST (2013). Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vitória, Brazil. J. water health, 11(3), 573-580. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.245
22. Kittigul L, Panjangampatthana A, Rupprom K, Pombubpa K. (2014) Genetic diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in environmental water and bivalve shellfish in Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11(2), 1299-1311. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110201299
23. Koopmans M, Duizer E. (2004) Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 90(1), 23-41. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7
24. Machnowska P, Ellerbroek L, Johne R. (2014) Detection and characterization of potentially zoonotic viruses in faeces of pigs at slaughter in Germany. Vet. Microbiol., 168(1), 60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.018
25. Matsumoto K, Hatano M, Kobayashi K, Hasegawa A, Yamazaki S, Nakata S, Chiba S, Kimura Y. (1989) An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with acute rotaviral infection in schoolchildren. J Infect Dis, 160(4), 611-615. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.4.611
26. Mayr C, Strohe G, Contzen M. (2009) Detection of rotavirus in food associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak in a mother and child sanatorium. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 135(2), 179-182. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.010
27. Newell DG, Koopmans M, Verhoef L, Duizer E, Aidara-Kane A, Sprong H, Obsteegh M, Langelaar M, Threfall J, Scheutz F, Giessen JVD, Kruse H. (2010) Food-borne diseases—the challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 139, S3-S15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021
28. Parashar UD, Hummelman EG, Bresee JS, Miller MA, Glass RI. (2003) Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9(5), 565. doi: Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI (2006). Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12(2), 304. doi: 10.3201/eid1202.050006
29. Parashar UD, Burton A, Lanata C, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Steele D, Birmingham M, Glass RI. (2009) Global mortality associated with rotavirus disease among children in 2004. J. Infect. Dis., 200(Supplement_1), S9-S15. doi: 10.1086/605025
30. Patel MM, Pitzer V, Alonso WJ, Vera D, Lopman B, Tate J, Viboud C, Parashar UD. (2013) Global seasonality of rotavirus disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 32(4), e134. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31827d3b68
31. Piskata Z, Servusova E, Babak V, Nesvadbova M, Borilova G. (2019) The quality of DNA isolated from processed food and feed via different extraction procedures. Molecules, 24(6), 1188. doi: 10.3390/molecules24061188
32. Rasebotsa S, Mwangi PN, Mogotsi MT, Sabiu S, Magagula NB, Rakau K, Uwimana J, Mutesa L, Muganga N, Murenzi D, Tuyisenge L, Jaimes J, Esona MD, Bowen MD, Mphahlele MJ, Seheri ML, Mwenda JM, Nyaga MM (2020). Whole genome and in-silico analyses of G1P [8] rotavirus strains from pre-and post-vaccination periods in Rwanda. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 13460. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69973-1
33. Richards GP (2001). Enteric virus contamination of foods through industrial practices: a primer on intervention strategies. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 27(2), 117-125. doi: 10.1038/sj.jim.7000095
34. Simsek C, Bloemen M, Jansen D, Descheemaeker P, Reynders M, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J (2022). Rotavirus vaccine-derived cases in Belgium: Evidence for reversion of attenuating mutations and alternative causes of gastroenteritis. Vaccine, 40(35), 5114-5125.
35. Smulders F, Nørrung B, Budka H (Eds.). (2013). Food borne viruses and prions and their significance for public health (Vol. 6). Wageningen Academic Publishers.
36. Tapisiz A, Bedir Demirdag T, Cura Yayla BC, Gunes C, Ugraş Dikmen A, Tezer H Aksakal NB, Bozdayı G, Ozkan S. (2019) Rotavirus infections in children in Turkey: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2, 29(1), e2020. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2020
37. Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD. (2012) 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 12(2), 136-141. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5
38. Velazquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero ML, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Ruiz-Palacios GM (1996). Rotavirus infection in infants as protection against subsequent infections. N Engl J Med, 335(14), 1022-1028. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610033351404
39. Yoshikawa T, Ihira M, Higashimoto Y, Hattori F, Miura H, Sugata K, Komoto S, Taniguchi K, Iguchi A, Yamada M, Ariga T (2019). Persistent systemic rotavirus vaccine infection in a child with X‐linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Journal of Medical Virology, 91(6), 1008-1013.