Metisilin Dirençli Staphylococcus aureus ve Önemi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 157 - 161, 30.12.2018

Barışhan Doğan , Mücahit Palaz Müjgan İzgür

https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.513551

Öz

Metisilin Dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antimikrobiyallere karşı geliştirdiği direnç mekanizmaları sayesinde dikkatleri üzerine çekerek günümüzde çok önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Stafilokoklar, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda normal mikrobiyota etkeni olarak bulunmasının yanı sıra patojen, humanoz, zoonoz karakterli enfeksiyonlar başta olmak üzere lokal ve sistemik enfeksiyonlara neden olan piyojenik karakterli etkenlerdir. Hazırlanan bu derleme ile MRSA’nın önemine dikkat çekmek, bilinçli antibiyotik kullanımına vurgu yapmak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

MRSA, Metisilin direnci, Stapylococcus aureus

Kaynakça

• 1. Appelbaum PC (2006). MRSA the tip of the iceberg. Clin Microbiol Infect. 12(2):3-10.
• 2. Appelbaum PC (2007). Microbiology of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. (45):65- 70.
• 3. Baptiste KE, Williams K, Williams NJ, Wattret A, Clegg PD, Dawson S, Corkill JE, O’Neill T, Hart CA (2005). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci in Companion Animals. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (11):1942-1944.
• 4. Berger-Baechi B (1989). Genetics of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. (23):671-675.
• 5. Chambers HF (1988). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. (1):173-186.
• 6. Chambers HF (1997). Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev. (10):781-791.
• 7. Chambers HF, Hackbarth CJ (1987). Effect of NaCl and nafcillin on penicillin-binding protein 2a and heterogeneous expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (31):1982-1988.
• 8. Chambers HF (2001). The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Emerg. Infect. Dis. (7):178-182.
• 9. Demirel G, Fındık D, Dagi HT, Arslan U (2014). Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Genotypes Amoung University Students in TURKEY. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 45(6):1401-1409.
• 10. Eliopoulos G (2005). Antimicrobial agents for treatment of serious infections caused by resistant S. aureus and enterococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 24(12):826- 831.
• 11. Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, Spratt BG (2002). The evolutionary history of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99(11):7687–7692.
• 12. Álvarez L, Webb C, Holmes M (2011). A novel fieldbased approach to validate the use of network models for disease spread between dairy herds. Epidemiol Infect. 139(12):1863-1874.
• 13. Álvarez L, Holden M, Lindsay H, Webb C, Brown D, Curran M, Walpole E, Brooks K, Pickard DJ, Teale C, Parkhill J,Bentley SD, Edwards GF, Girvan EK, Kearns AM, Pichon B, Hill LRL, Larsen AR, Skov RL, Peacock SJ, Maskell DJ, Holmes M (2011). Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 11(8):595-603.
• 14. Gordon RJ, Lowy FD (2008). Pathogenesis of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. (46):350-359.
• 15. Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E (2006). Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant S. aureus as a publichealth threat. The Lancet. (368):874– 885.
• 16. Hackbarth CJ, Chambers HF (1993). blaI and blaR1 regulate β-lactamase and PBP 2a production in methicillin resistant S. aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (39):1144-1149.
• 17. Hackbarth CJ, Miick C, Chambers HF (1994). Altered production of penicillin-binding protein 2a can affect phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (38):2568-2571.
• 18. Hartman BJ, Tomasz A (1986). Expression of methicillin resistance in heterogeneous strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother. (29):85-92.
• 19. Henze U, Sidow T, Wecke J, Labischinski H, Berger-Bachi B (1993). Influence of femB on methicillin resistance and peptidoglycan metabolism in S.aureus. J Bacteriol. (175):1612-1620.
• 20. Hiramatsu K, Katayama Y, Yuzawa H, Ito T (2002). Molecular genetics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. (292):67-74.
• 21. International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC) (2009). Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec): Guidelines for Reporting Novel SCCmec Elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53(12):4961-4967.
• 22. Ito T, International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWGSCC) (2012). Guidelines for reporting novel mecA gene homologues. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (56):4997- 4999.
• 23. Jacoby GA, Archer GL (1991). New mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. N. Eng. J. Med. (324): 601-612.
• 24. Jevons MP (1961). Celbenin resistant Staphylococci. BMJ. (1):124-125.
• 25. Jonge BL, Tomasz A (1993). Abnormal peptidoglycan produced in a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus grown in the presence of methicillin: functional role for penicillin- binding protein 2A in cell wall synthesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (37):342-346.
• 26. Kim C, Milheiriço C, Gardete S, Holmes MA, Holden MTG, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A (2012). Properties of a Novel PBP2A Protein Homolog from Staphylococcus aureus Strain LGA251 and Its Contribution to the β-Lactamresistant Phenotype. J Biol Chem. 287(44): 36854–36863.
• 27. Kobayashi N, Taniguchi K, Urasawa S (1998). Analysis of diversity of mutations in the mecI gene and mecA promoter/ operator region of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (42):717-720.
• 28. Kuwahara-Arai K, Kondo N, Hori S, Tateda-suzuki E, Hiramatsu K (1996). Suppression of methicillin resistance in a mecA containing pre-methicilin-resistant S. aureus strain is caused by the mecI mediated repression of PBP2’ production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (40):2680- 2685.
• 29. Liu GY (2009). Molecular pathogenesis of S. aureus infection. Pediatr. Res. (65):71-77.
• 30. Lowy FD (1998). Staphylococcus aureus infections. New. Eng. J. Med. (20):520-531.
• 31. Lozano C, López M, Gómez-Sanz E, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C, Zarazaga M (2009). Detection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in food samples of animal origin in Spain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (64):1325-1326.
• 32. Monecke S, Aamot HV, Stieber B, Ruppelt A, Ehricht R (2014). Characterization of PVL-positive MRSA from Norway. APMIS. 122(7):580-584.
• 33. Morgan M (2008). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and animals: zoonosis or humanosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (62):1181-1187.
• 34. Ogston A (1881). Report upon microorganisms in surgical diseases. J Br Med.(1):369-375.
• 35. Özgünes N, Ergen P, Ceylan N, Yazıcı S, Aksoy Y (2002). Yatan hastalardan ve poliklinik hastalarından izole edilen stafilokok suşlarında metisilin direnci ve dirençli suşlarda glikopeptid duyarlılığı. ANKEM Derg. (16):423-426.
• 36. Peacock S (2006). Staphylococcus aureus. Principles and practice of clinical bacteriology. (2):73-98.
• 37. Pu S, Han F, Ge B (2009). Isolation and characterization of methicillin resistant S. aureus strains from Louisiana retail meats. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. (75):265-267.
• 38. Ryffel C, Kayser FH, Berger-Bachi B (1992). Correlation between regulation of mecA transcription and expression of methicillin-resistance in staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (36):25-31.
• 39. Shore AC, Deasy EC, Slickers P, Brennan G, O’Connell B, Monecke S, Coleman DC (2011). Detection of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type XI Carrying Highly Divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, bla Z, and ccr Genes in Human Clinical Isolates of Clonal Complex 130 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 55(8):3765–3773.
• 40. Shorr AF (2007). Epidemiology of staphylococ resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis. (45):171-176.
• 41. Stefani S, Goglio A (2010). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: related infections and antibiotic resistance. Int J Infect Dis. 14(4):19-22.
• 42. Stefani S, Varaldo PE (2003). Epidemiology of methicillin- resistant staphylococci in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. (9):1179-1186.
• 43. Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G (2001). Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet. 358(9277):207-208.
• 44. Tsubakishita S, Kuwahara-Arai K, Baba T, Hiramatsu K (2010). Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec-Like Element in Macrococcus caseolyticus . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54(4):1469–1475.
• 45. Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL, Bishal WR (2005). Community acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. The Lancet Infect. Dis. (5):275-286.