Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Clostridium Welchii Tip A'nın Antibiyotiklere Duyarlılığında Çeşitli Antibiyogram Tekniklerinin Denenmesi ve Ülkemiz Teşhis Laboratuvarlarında Kullanılabilecek En Uygun Antibiyogram Yönteminin Belirlenmesi

Year 1993, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 74 - 91, 01.12.1993

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ülkemizdeki teşhis laboratuvarlannda kullanılabilecek en
çabuk,kolay, güvenilir ve ucuz yöntemin seçilmesi amacı ile, C. welchii (Cl.
perfringens) Tip A'nın penisilin, gentamisin ve tetrasikline duyarlılığında
buyyon dilüsyon, mikro dilüsyon, agar dilüsyon, buyyon disk ve agar
diffüzyon metodları karşılartırmalı olarak çalışıldı.
Buyyon dilüsyon, mikro dilüsyon, agar dilüsyon ve buyyon disk
yöntemleri ile penisilin MIC değerleri sırasıyla 0,781 µg/ml, 0,390 µg/ml, 4
µg/ml ve 1 lU/ml (0,6 µg/ml), gentamisin MIC değerleri 25 µg/ml, 3,125 µg/
ml, 8 µg/ml ve 20 µg/ml, tetrasiklin MIC değerleri 1,562 µg/ml, 0,781 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml ve 1,5 µg/ml olarak saptandı.
Testlerde kullanılan antibiyotiklerin MIC değerleri yönünden buyyon
dilüsyon ve buyyon disk metodları arasında tüm tekrarlarda uyumlu sonuçla elde edildi ve her iki metodun da tekrarlanabilirlik oranı %100 olarak saptandı.
Ülkemizdeki tüm teşhis laboratuvarlarında bulunabilecek alet ve malzeme
ile yapılabilmeleri, çabuk, kolay ve güvenilir olmaları nedeni ile buyyon
dilüsyon ve buyyon disk metodlan rutin olarak uygulanabilir bulunmuştur.

References

  • Ackerman, V.P., Obbnik, D.J.G. and Sivertsen, T.: Transferable antibiotic resistance in a general hospital. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 6 : 251 - 262, 1983.
  • Appelbaum, P.C., Jacobs, M.R., Spangler, S.K. and Yamabe, S.: Comparative activitiy of β- Lactamase inhibitors YTR 830, clavulanate, and sulbactam combined with β-Lactams against β-Lactamase-Producing Anaerobes. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30 : 789-791, 1986.
  • Arda, M.: Genel Bakteriyoloji. 2 Baskı, Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayınları : 369, Ders Kitabı : 267, s. 184-215, 1981.
  • Arda, M., Minbay, A. ve Aydın, N. : Özel Mikrobiyoloji. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayınları: 386, Ders Kitabı : 284, s. 392-511, 1982.
  • Aydın, N.: Antibiyotik duyarlılık "Antibiyogram" teknikleri. Uygulamalı Hizmet lçi Eğitimi Seminer Notları,İstanbul, 1979.
  • Aydın, N., İstanbulluoğlu , E. ve Aydın, N. : Yemlere katılan çeşitli antibiyotikterin civciv ve piliçlerin barsak florasındaki Koliform grubu bakterilerin direnç durumları üzerine etkisi. Doğa, TU Vet ve Hay. Derg., 8 : 5-16, 1984.
  • Baba, E., Fukua, T., Arakawa, A., Ikawa, H. and Takeda, M.: Antibiotic susceptibility of Fusobacterium necrophorum from bovine hepatic abscesse. Br. Vet. J., 145 : 195-197, 1989.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. and Truck, M.: Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45 : 493-49.6, 1966.
  • Benno, Y., Endo, K. and Mitsuoka, T.: Isolation of fecal Clostridium perfringens form broiler chickens and their susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents for growth promotion. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 50: 832-834, 1988.
  • Beşe, M.: Mikrobiyolojide Kullanılan Antibiyotik Duyarlılık ve Deneme Yöntemleri. Kardeşler Basımevi, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Bilgehan, H.: Kemoterapötik Maddeler ve Mikroorganizmalar. Bilgehan Basımevi, İzmir, s. 196-223, 1983.
  • Brobio, M.V. Pascual. A., Dominguez, M.C., and Perea, E.J.: Effect of medium, pH, and inoculum size on activitiy of Ceftizoxime and Sch-34343 against anaerobik bacteria. Antiınicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30: 626-627, 1986.
  • Bourdon, J.L., Marchall, N.: Tecniques Bacteriologiques, Doin Editeurs, pp. 235- 275, 1973.
  • Brenner, V.C. and Sherris, J.C.: Influence of different media and bloods on the results of diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test. Antiınicrob . Ag. Chemother., 1 : 116-122, 1971.
  • Bryan, E.L.: General mechanism of resistance to antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Cheınother., 22, Suppl. A, 1-15, 1988.
  • Chitwood, L.A.: Tube dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Efficacy of a microtechnique applicable to diagnostic laboratories. Appl. Microbiol., 17 : 707-709,1969.
  • Chopra, I.: Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symposiuın Suppl. 1495-1665, 1988.
  • Degener, J.E., Thonus, l.P. and Michen, M.F.: The antimicrobial susceptibility test A comparison of the results of four methods. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 50: 505-517, 1981.
  • Du Preez, J.H., Greeff, A.S. and Eksteen, N.: Isolation and significance of anaerobic bacteria isolated form cases of bovine mastitis. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 48 : 123-125, 1981.
  • Egerton, J.R., Parsonson, I.M. and Graham, N.P.H.: Parenteral chemotherapy of ovine Foot-Rot. Aust. Vet. J., 44: 275-283, 1968.
  • Erdeğer, J. : Antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri ve uygulama alanları. Etlik Vet. Mikrobiol. Derg., 7: 1-26, 1990. ·
  • Finegold, S.M., Harada, N.E. and Miller, L.G.: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern as aids in classification and characterization of Gram-negative anaerobik bacilli. J. Bacteriol., 94 : 1443-1450, 1967.
  • Gavan, T.L. and Town, M.A.: A microdilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing: An evaluation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 53 : 880-885, 1970.
  • Glisan, G.L., Steele, J.H., Whitford, H., Christensen, B.L. and Kapadia, A.: Antimicrobic resistance and susceptibility in five bacterial pathogens: A comparison of susceptibility tesıs in 1974 and 1978. J.A.V.M.A., 180 : 655-668, 1982.
  • Goldstein, E.J.C., Cıtron, D.M.: Comparative in vitro activities of aınoxicillin-clavulanic acid and lmipenem against anaerobic bacteria isolated from comınunity hospital. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 29 : 158-160, 1986.
  • Gürer, 1.: Disk-Plak difüzyon metodu kullanılarak yapılan antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri sonuçlarına etki yapan çeşitli faktörler üzerinde araştırmalar ve bulgular. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Suppl.,1, 1-24, 1971.
  • Güven, S.: Anaerob Mikroorganizmalar ve Bakteriyolojik Muayene Metodları. Pendik Vet. Kont. Araşt. Enst. Yayınları, Istanbul, 1972.
  • Harwick, H.J.: Weiss, P. and Fekety, F.R.: Application of microtitration techniques to bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic susceptibility testing. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 72: 511"516, 1968.
  • Hirsh, D.C., Indiveri, M.C., Jang, S.S. and Biberstein, E.L.: Changes in prevalence and susceptibility of obligate anaerobes in elinical veterinary practice J .A.V.M.A., 186 : 1086-1089, 1985.
  • Indıveri, M.C., and Hirsh, D.C.: Susceptbility of obligate anaerobes to trimethoprim-sulfaınethoxazole. J.A.V.M.A., 188 : 46-48, 1986.
  • Ingham, H.R., Selkon, J.B., Codd, A.A. and Hale, J.H.: A study in vitro of the sensitivity to antibiotics of Bacteriodes fragilis. J. Clin. Pathol., 2i : 432-436, 1968.
  • Itman, R.H., Hassan, A.B., Shawkat, M.E. ant Atta, A.H.: Effect of some drugs on the immune repsonse of farm animals to Clostridial vaccines. Indian Vet. J., 63 : 431-437, 1986.
  • Jawetz, E., Melnick, l.J. and Aderberg, E.A.: Review of Medical Microbiology 12 th Ed. LANGE Medical Publications, Los Atos, California, 1976.
  • Jones, R.N., Barry, A.L., Gavan, T.L. and Washington II, J.A.: Susceptibility Tests : Microdilution and Macrodiluiton Broth Procedure. In : Manuel of Clinical Microbiology. 4 th ed. Ed. EH. LENNETE Am. Soc .. Microbiol., Washington, pp. 972-977, 1985.
  • Kamber, U.: Gıdalarda Cl. perfringens Tip A zehirlenmeleri ve önemi. Vet. Hek. Dern. Derg., 60 : 50-59, 1990.
  • Kayaalp, 0.: Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Ulucan Matbaası, Ankara, s. 475-505, 1984.
  • Keusch, G.T. and O'Connell, C.J.: The ·susceptibility of Bacteroides to the Penicillins and Cephalotin. Am. J. Med. Sci., 251 : 428-432, 1966.
  • Kondo, F. ant Tateyama, S.: In vitro activity of chloropolyspoirn-C, a new glycopeptide-group antibiotic, on Clostridium perfringens isolates and in vivo activity against C perfringens and other intestinal microflora of the caece of broiler chickens. Res. Vet. Sci., 48 : 175-179, 1990.
  • Kurtkaya, M.: Koyun Hastalıkları . Pendik Vet. Kont. ve Araşt. Enst. Yayınları . İstanbul, s. 95-122, 1971.
  • Kwok, Y., Tally, F.P., Sutter, V.L., and Finegold, S.M.: Disk susceptibility testing of slow-growing anaerobic bacteria, Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 7: 1-7, 1975 ..
  • Leitner, F., Pursiano, T.A., Buck, R.E., Tsaı, Y.H., Chis.holm, D.R., Misiek, M., Desideiro, J.V., and Kessler, R.E.: BMY 28100, a new oral cephalosporin. Antimicrob.Ag. Chemother., 31 : 238-243, 1987.
  • Major, A.N., Strawitz, J.G., Lindberg, R.B., Howard, J.M., and Arzt, C.P. Sensitivities of ten species of Clostridia to penicilin, aureomycin, terramycin, and chloramphenicol. Surgery, 37: 392-399, 1955.
  • Minbay, A., Erdinç, H. ve Berker, A.: Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde antibiyotik kullanımının insan sağlığına etkisi. Uludağ Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 7: 151-156, 1988.
  • Ohm-Smith, M.J., Sweet, R.L., and Hadley, W;K.: Occurance of clindamycin-resistant anaerobic bacteria isolated from cultures taken following clindamycin therapy. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30: 11-14, 1986.
  • Rood, J.I., Buddle, J.R., Wales, A.J. and Sidhu, R.: The occurrance of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium perfringens form pigs. Aust. Vet. J., 62: 276-279, 1985.
  • Rotilie, C.A., Pass, R.J., Prior, R.B. and Perkins, R.L.: Microdilution technique for antimicrobial susceptibility testting of anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 7: 311-315, 1975.
  • Sağlam, M., Arıtürk, S., Anter, U. ve Gümrükçü, E.: Değişik konsantrasyonlardaki boyaların antibiyotik duyarlılık diskleri ile oluşan inhibisyon zonu üzerine etkileri. GATA Bülteni, 22: 739-743, 1980.
  • Sapico, F.L., Kwock, Y., Sutter, V.L. and Finegold S.M.: S.M.: Standardized antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing of Clostridium perfringens to nine antibicotics. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 2: 320-325, 1972.
  • Stabler, S.L., Fagerberg, DJ. and Quarlas, C.L.: Effects of oral and injectable Tetracylines on bacterial drug resistance in feedlot cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 43: 1963-1966, 1982.
  • Sutter, V.L., Kwok, Y. and Fineglod, S.M.: Standardized antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacretia. Appl. Microbiol., 23: 268-275, 1972.
  • Sutter, V.L:, Cıtron, D.M. and Finegold, S.M.: Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobes. Wadoworth Anaerobic Hacteriology Manual. The C.V. Mosby Co., Saint Luis, Missouri, 1980. .
  • Şanlı, Y., Aydın, N., İzgür, M., Akman, A. ve Baydan, E.: Sağıtıcı bazı antibiyotiklerin hayvan yatiştiriciliğinde verim artırıcı ve koruycu amaçlarla kullanılması sonucu bakterilerde gelişen direnç kazanma olgusunun in vivo olarak duyarlı mikroorganizmalarla araştırılması. DOGA, TU Vet. ve Hay. Derg., ll: 72-85, 1987.
  • Thadepalli, H., Gollapudi, S.V.S., and Chuah, S.K.: Therapeutic evaluation of Difloxacin (A-56519) and A-56620 for experimentally induced Bacteroides fragilis-associated intra-abdominal abcess. Antimicrob. Ag. Cheınother., 30: 574-576,1986.
  • Traub, W.H.: The susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens Type A to Cephalosporin C antibiotics in vitro. Chemotherapy 16: 11-17, 1971.
  • Traub, W.H. , and Sherris J.C.: The susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens Type A to Ampicillin and Penicilliı1 G in Vitro. Chemother. 13: 303-309, 1968.
  • Witesky, F.G., Maclowry, J.D., and French, S.S.: Broth dilution mınımum inhibitory concentrations: Rationale for use of selected antimicrobial concentrations. J. Clin. Microbiol., 9: 589-595, 1979.

"The Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of CI. welchii Type A with Different Methods and Determination of a Suitable Method Applicable to Diagnostic Laboratories"

Year 1993, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 74 - 91, 01.12.1993

Abstract

In this study, the susceptibility test of CI. welchii type A (CI. perfringens) to·
penicillin, gentamicin and tetracycline were performed by using broth dilution,
micro dilution, agar dilution, broth disc and agar diffusion methods in order to determine a rapid, easy, reliable method applicable to diagnostic laboratories.
The MIC values determined by broth dilution, micro . dilution, agar dilution
and broth disc methods for penicillin were 0.781 µg/ml, 0.390 µg/ml, 4 µg/ml and 1 lU/ml (0.6 µg/ml), for gentamicin were 25 µg/ml, 3.125 µg/ml, 8 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml, for tetracycline were 1.562 µg/ml, 0.781 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml
and 1.5 µg/ml respectively.
The results of broth dilution and broth d ise methods were always in agrement
and the reproducibility of these methods were 100 %.
Broth dilution and broth disc methods were found applicable to diagnostic
laboratories, since they were rapid, easy to perform, reliable and also
applicable with the media, equipment and glasware present in all diagnostic
laboratories in our country.

References

  • Ackerman, V.P., Obbnik, D.J.G. and Sivertsen, T.: Transferable antibiotic resistance in a general hospital. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 6 : 251 - 262, 1983.
  • Appelbaum, P.C., Jacobs, M.R., Spangler, S.K. and Yamabe, S.: Comparative activitiy of β- Lactamase inhibitors YTR 830, clavulanate, and sulbactam combined with β-Lactams against β-Lactamase-Producing Anaerobes. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30 : 789-791, 1986.
  • Arda, M.: Genel Bakteriyoloji. 2 Baskı, Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayınları : 369, Ders Kitabı : 267, s. 184-215, 1981.
  • Arda, M., Minbay, A. ve Aydın, N. : Özel Mikrobiyoloji. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayınları: 386, Ders Kitabı : 284, s. 392-511, 1982.
  • Aydın, N.: Antibiyotik duyarlılık "Antibiyogram" teknikleri. Uygulamalı Hizmet lçi Eğitimi Seminer Notları,İstanbul, 1979.
  • Aydın, N., İstanbulluoğlu , E. ve Aydın, N. : Yemlere katılan çeşitli antibiyotikterin civciv ve piliçlerin barsak florasındaki Koliform grubu bakterilerin direnç durumları üzerine etkisi. Doğa, TU Vet ve Hay. Derg., 8 : 5-16, 1984.
  • Baba, E., Fukua, T., Arakawa, A., Ikawa, H. and Takeda, M.: Antibiotic susceptibility of Fusobacterium necrophorum from bovine hepatic abscesse. Br. Vet. J., 145 : 195-197, 1989.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. and Truck, M.: Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45 : 493-49.6, 1966.
  • Benno, Y., Endo, K. and Mitsuoka, T.: Isolation of fecal Clostridium perfringens form broiler chickens and their susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents for growth promotion. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 50: 832-834, 1988.
  • Beşe, M.: Mikrobiyolojide Kullanılan Antibiyotik Duyarlılık ve Deneme Yöntemleri. Kardeşler Basımevi, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Bilgehan, H.: Kemoterapötik Maddeler ve Mikroorganizmalar. Bilgehan Basımevi, İzmir, s. 196-223, 1983.
  • Brobio, M.V. Pascual. A., Dominguez, M.C., and Perea, E.J.: Effect of medium, pH, and inoculum size on activitiy of Ceftizoxime and Sch-34343 against anaerobik bacteria. Antiınicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30: 626-627, 1986.
  • Bourdon, J.L., Marchall, N.: Tecniques Bacteriologiques, Doin Editeurs, pp. 235- 275, 1973.
  • Brenner, V.C. and Sherris, J.C.: Influence of different media and bloods on the results of diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test. Antiınicrob . Ag. Chemother., 1 : 116-122, 1971.
  • Bryan, E.L.: General mechanism of resistance to antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Cheınother., 22, Suppl. A, 1-15, 1988.
  • Chitwood, L.A.: Tube dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Efficacy of a microtechnique applicable to diagnostic laboratories. Appl. Microbiol., 17 : 707-709,1969.
  • Chopra, I.: Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symposiuın Suppl. 1495-1665, 1988.
  • Degener, J.E., Thonus, l.P. and Michen, M.F.: The antimicrobial susceptibility test A comparison of the results of four methods. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 50: 505-517, 1981.
  • Du Preez, J.H., Greeff, A.S. and Eksteen, N.: Isolation and significance of anaerobic bacteria isolated form cases of bovine mastitis. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 48 : 123-125, 1981.
  • Egerton, J.R., Parsonson, I.M. and Graham, N.P.H.: Parenteral chemotherapy of ovine Foot-Rot. Aust. Vet. J., 44: 275-283, 1968.
  • Erdeğer, J. : Antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri ve uygulama alanları. Etlik Vet. Mikrobiol. Derg., 7: 1-26, 1990. ·
  • Finegold, S.M., Harada, N.E. and Miller, L.G.: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern as aids in classification and characterization of Gram-negative anaerobik bacilli. J. Bacteriol., 94 : 1443-1450, 1967.
  • Gavan, T.L. and Town, M.A.: A microdilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing: An evaluation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 53 : 880-885, 1970.
  • Glisan, G.L., Steele, J.H., Whitford, H., Christensen, B.L. and Kapadia, A.: Antimicrobic resistance and susceptibility in five bacterial pathogens: A comparison of susceptibility tesıs in 1974 and 1978. J.A.V.M.A., 180 : 655-668, 1982.
  • Goldstein, E.J.C., Cıtron, D.M.: Comparative in vitro activities of aınoxicillin-clavulanic acid and lmipenem against anaerobic bacteria isolated from comınunity hospital. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 29 : 158-160, 1986.
  • Gürer, 1.: Disk-Plak difüzyon metodu kullanılarak yapılan antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri sonuçlarına etki yapan çeşitli faktörler üzerinde araştırmalar ve bulgular. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Suppl.,1, 1-24, 1971.
  • Güven, S.: Anaerob Mikroorganizmalar ve Bakteriyolojik Muayene Metodları. Pendik Vet. Kont. Araşt. Enst. Yayınları, Istanbul, 1972.
  • Harwick, H.J.: Weiss, P. and Fekety, F.R.: Application of microtitration techniques to bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic susceptibility testing. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 72: 511"516, 1968.
  • Hirsh, D.C., Indiveri, M.C., Jang, S.S. and Biberstein, E.L.: Changes in prevalence and susceptibility of obligate anaerobes in elinical veterinary practice J .A.V.M.A., 186 : 1086-1089, 1985.
  • Indıveri, M.C., and Hirsh, D.C.: Susceptbility of obligate anaerobes to trimethoprim-sulfaınethoxazole. J.A.V.M.A., 188 : 46-48, 1986.
  • Ingham, H.R., Selkon, J.B., Codd, A.A. and Hale, J.H.: A study in vitro of the sensitivity to antibiotics of Bacteriodes fragilis. J. Clin. Pathol., 2i : 432-436, 1968.
  • Itman, R.H., Hassan, A.B., Shawkat, M.E. ant Atta, A.H.: Effect of some drugs on the immune repsonse of farm animals to Clostridial vaccines. Indian Vet. J., 63 : 431-437, 1986.
  • Jawetz, E., Melnick, l.J. and Aderberg, E.A.: Review of Medical Microbiology 12 th Ed. LANGE Medical Publications, Los Atos, California, 1976.
  • Jones, R.N., Barry, A.L., Gavan, T.L. and Washington II, J.A.: Susceptibility Tests : Microdilution and Macrodiluiton Broth Procedure. In : Manuel of Clinical Microbiology. 4 th ed. Ed. EH. LENNETE Am. Soc .. Microbiol., Washington, pp. 972-977, 1985.
  • Kamber, U.: Gıdalarda Cl. perfringens Tip A zehirlenmeleri ve önemi. Vet. Hek. Dern. Derg., 60 : 50-59, 1990.
  • Kayaalp, 0.: Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Ulucan Matbaası, Ankara, s. 475-505, 1984.
  • Keusch, G.T. and O'Connell, C.J.: The ·susceptibility of Bacteroides to the Penicillins and Cephalotin. Am. J. Med. Sci., 251 : 428-432, 1966.
  • Kondo, F. ant Tateyama, S.: In vitro activity of chloropolyspoirn-C, a new glycopeptide-group antibiotic, on Clostridium perfringens isolates and in vivo activity against C perfringens and other intestinal microflora of the caece of broiler chickens. Res. Vet. Sci., 48 : 175-179, 1990.
  • Kurtkaya, M.: Koyun Hastalıkları . Pendik Vet. Kont. ve Araşt. Enst. Yayınları . İstanbul, s. 95-122, 1971.
  • Kwok, Y., Tally, F.P., Sutter, V.L., and Finegold, S.M.: Disk susceptibility testing of slow-growing anaerobic bacteria, Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 7: 1-7, 1975 ..
  • Leitner, F., Pursiano, T.A., Buck, R.E., Tsaı, Y.H., Chis.holm, D.R., Misiek, M., Desideiro, J.V., and Kessler, R.E.: BMY 28100, a new oral cephalosporin. Antimicrob.Ag. Chemother., 31 : 238-243, 1987.
  • Major, A.N., Strawitz, J.G., Lindberg, R.B., Howard, J.M., and Arzt, C.P. Sensitivities of ten species of Clostridia to penicilin, aureomycin, terramycin, and chloramphenicol. Surgery, 37: 392-399, 1955.
  • Minbay, A., Erdinç, H. ve Berker, A.: Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde antibiyotik kullanımının insan sağlığına etkisi. Uludağ Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 7: 151-156, 1988.
  • Ohm-Smith, M.J., Sweet, R.L., and Hadley, W;K.: Occurance of clindamycin-resistant anaerobic bacteria isolated from cultures taken following clindamycin therapy. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 30: 11-14, 1986.
  • Rood, J.I., Buddle, J.R., Wales, A.J. and Sidhu, R.: The occurrance of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium perfringens form pigs. Aust. Vet. J., 62: 276-279, 1985.
  • Rotilie, C.A., Pass, R.J., Prior, R.B. and Perkins, R.L.: Microdilution technique for antimicrobial susceptibility testting of anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 7: 311-315, 1975.
  • Sağlam, M., Arıtürk, S., Anter, U. ve Gümrükçü, E.: Değişik konsantrasyonlardaki boyaların antibiyotik duyarlılık diskleri ile oluşan inhibisyon zonu üzerine etkileri. GATA Bülteni, 22: 739-743, 1980.
  • Sapico, F.L., Kwock, Y., Sutter, V.L. and Finegold S.M.: S.M.: Standardized antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing of Clostridium perfringens to nine antibicotics. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 2: 320-325, 1972.
  • Stabler, S.L., Fagerberg, DJ. and Quarlas, C.L.: Effects of oral and injectable Tetracylines on bacterial drug resistance in feedlot cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 43: 1963-1966, 1982.
  • Sutter, V.L., Kwok, Y. and Fineglod, S.M.: Standardized antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacretia. Appl. Microbiol., 23: 268-275, 1972.
  • Sutter, V.L:, Cıtron, D.M. and Finegold, S.M.: Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobes. Wadoworth Anaerobic Hacteriology Manual. The C.V. Mosby Co., Saint Luis, Missouri, 1980. .
  • Şanlı, Y., Aydın, N., İzgür, M., Akman, A. ve Baydan, E.: Sağıtıcı bazı antibiyotiklerin hayvan yatiştiriciliğinde verim artırıcı ve koruycu amaçlarla kullanılması sonucu bakterilerde gelişen direnç kazanma olgusunun in vivo olarak duyarlı mikroorganizmalarla araştırılması. DOGA, TU Vet. ve Hay. Derg., ll: 72-85, 1987.
  • Thadepalli, H., Gollapudi, S.V.S., and Chuah, S.K.: Therapeutic evaluation of Difloxacin (A-56519) and A-56620 for experimentally induced Bacteroides fragilis-associated intra-abdominal abcess. Antimicrob. Ag. Cheınother., 30: 574-576,1986.
  • Traub, W.H.: The susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens Type A to Cephalosporin C antibiotics in vitro. Chemotherapy 16: 11-17, 1971.
  • Traub, W.H. , and Sherris J.C.: The susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens Type A to Ampicillin and Penicilliı1 G in Vitro. Chemother. 13: 303-309, 1968.
  • Witesky, F.G., Maclowry, J.D., and French, S.S.: Broth dilution mınımum inhibitory concentrations: Rationale for use of selected antimicrobial concentrations. J. Clin. Microbiol., 9: 589-595, 1979.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Fatma Uyanık This is me

Publication Date December 1, 1993
Submission Date December 1, 1993
Published in Issue Year 1993 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Uyanık, F. (1993). Clostridium Welchii Tip A’nın Antibiyotiklere Duyarlılığında Çeşitli Antibiyogram Tekniklerinin Denenmesi ve Ülkemiz Teşhis Laboratuvarlarında Kullanılabilecek En Uygun Antibiyogram Yönteminin Belirlenmesi. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 7(4), 74-91.

download