Year 2008,
Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 01.06.2008
Elvin Çalışkan
Burak Güngör
Abstract
Arbovirus enfeksiyonları tüm dünyada eklem bacaklılar tarafından omurgalılara bulaştırılan ve son zamanlarda önemi giderek
artan viral enfeksiyonlardır. Dünyadaki iklim değişikliklerinin artmasıyla birlikte bu virusların taşıyıcıları olan eklem bacaklılarında
yaşam alanları değişmekte ve genişlemektedir. Bunun sonucunda arboviruslar da yeni yaşam stratejileri geliştirebilmektedirler.
Son yıllarda insanlarda ve diğer evcil memelilerde bildirilen arbovirus enfeksiyonlarındaki ciddi artış bu stratejilerde başarılı olduklarını
göstermektedir. Bu derlemede arbovirusların yaşam ve yayılma stratejileri ve Türkiye’de görülen ve görülme riski yüksek
olan bazı önemli Arbovirus enfeksiyonları ele alınmıştır.
References
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Fever With Vertical Transmission in A Pregnant Sudanese
Woman. J Med Virol. May 80 (5), 929
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Y, (2006). High Seroprevalence Of Antibodies
Against Dengue Virus in A Prospective Study Of Schoolchildren
in Managua, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health.
11:935–42.
- Bréard E, Saılleau C, Coupıer H, Mure-Ravaud K,
Hammoumı S, Gıcquel B, Hamblin C, Dubourget P,
Zientara S, (2003). Comparison Of Genome Segments 2,
7 And 10 Of Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 2 For Differentiation
Between Field Isolates And The Vaccine Strain.
Vet Res 34: 777-89.
- Buckley A, Dawson A, Gould E.A, (2006) Detection Of
Seroconversion To West Nile Virus, Usutu Virus And
Sindbis Virus in Uk Sentinel Chickens. Virol J. 3, 71.
- Burke D.S, Monath T.P. Flaviviruses. in: Knipe D.M,
Howley P.M, (2001) (Eds.), Fields Virology, Fourth Ed.
Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pp. 1043–
1125.
- Casals J, Henderson Be, Hoogstraal H, Johnson Km,
Shelokov A, (1969) A Review Of Soviet Viral Hemorrhagic
Fevers, J Infect Dis 122, 437–53.
- Casals J,.(1969). Antigenic Similarity Between The Virus
Causing Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever And Congo Virus.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 131, 233–36.
- Coffey L, Vasılakıs N, Brault C, Powers A.M, Trıpet F,
Weaver C, (2008). Arbovirus Evolution in Vivo is Constrained
by Host Alternation. Pnas. May 13; Vol. 105,
6970-675.
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Of Ruminants, Ed: Dinter, Z., Morein, B., Elsevier
Science Publishers, Chapter 21, P.: 227-237.
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N, Esener H, (2004) The Characteristics Of Crimean-
Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in A Recent Outbreak in Turkey
And The Impact Of Oral Ribavirin Therapy. Clin Infect
Dis; 39, 285–89.
- Ergonul O, (2006) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.
Lancet Infect Dis. 6, 203-214.
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Barut F.M, (2004). The Current Situation Of Bluetongue
in Turkey. Vet Ital. 40 (3), 137-140.
- Figueiredo L.T.M, (2007). Emergent Arboviruses in Brazil.
Medicina Tropical 40(2):224-229.
- Flint S.J, Enguist L.W, Racaniello V.R, Skalla A.M,
(2004). Princples Of Virolgy. Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis,
And Control Of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition.
Asm Press. App.A: 803-871.
- Gaydos J.k, Crum J.m, Davidson W, Cross S,
Stallknecht D, (2004). Epizootiology Of An Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in West Virginia. Wildl
Dis. Jul;40(3):383-93.
- Gear J.H, (1982). The Hemorrhagic Fevers Of Southern
Africa With Special Reference To Studies in The South
African Institute For Medical Research. Yale J Biol Med.
May-Aug;55(3-4):207-12.
- Girard Y.A, Klingler K.A, Higgs S, (2004) West Nile Virus
Dissemination And Tissue Tropisms in Orally Infected
Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic
Dis 4: 109–122
- Goddard L.B, Roth A.E, Reisen W.K, Scott T.W, (2002)
Vector Competence Of California Mosquitoes Forwest
Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391
- Gould E.A, Hıggs S, Buckley A, Grıtsun T.S, (2006) Potential
Arbovirus Emergence and Implications For The
United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis.; 12 (4): 549-55
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And Other Factors On Emerging Arbovirus Diseases.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Baskıda.
- Gubler D.J, (2002). The Global Emergence/Resurgence Of
Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems. Arch Med
Res. Jul-Aug;33(4):330-42.
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Lloyd G, Staples E, Faggian F, Solomon T,.(2008).
Case Report: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Imported
To The Uk. J Med Virol. Feb;81(2):305-8.
- Heinz, F.X, Collett M.S, Purcell R.H, Gould E.A, Howard
C.R, Houghton M, Moormann R.J.M, Rice C.M,
Thiel H.J, (2000). Family Flaviviridae. In: Van Regenmortel,
C.M., Fauquet, C.M., Et Al.(Eds.), Virus Taxonomy.
7th Report Of The International Committee For
The Taxonomy Of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego,
Pp. 859–878.
- Hoogstraal H, (1979) The Epidemiology Of Tick Borne
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Asia, Europe, And
Africa. J Med Entomol; 15: 307–417.
- Hsieh Yc, Chen Sh, Chou Cc, Ting Lj, Itakura C, Wang
F, (2005). Bovine Ephemeral Fever In Taiwan (2001-
2002). Vet Med Sci. Apr;67(4):411-6.
- Karti S.S, Odabasi Z, Korten V, (2004).Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis; 19:
1379–84.
- Kuno G, Chang J, (2005). Biological Transmission Of Arboviruses:
Reexamination Of And New Insights into Components,
Mechanisms, And Unique Traits As Well As
Their Evolutionary Trends. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.
18(4): 608-637.
- Kunz C, (2003). Tbe Vaccination And The Austrian Experience.
Vaccine 21 (Suppl. 1), S50–S55.
- Kyle J.L, Haris E, (2008) Global Spread And Persistence
Of Dengue. Annu.Rev. Microbiol. 62: 71-92
- Lancıottı R.S, (1999): Origin Of The West Nile Virus Responsible
For An Outbreak Of Encephalitis in The Northeastern
United States. Science; 286; 2333-37
- Letchworth G.j, Rodriguez L.ı, Del Cbarrera J, (1999).
Vesicular Stomatitis. Vet J. May;157(3):239-60.
- Linthicum, K.J, Anyamba A, Tucker C.J, Kelley P.W,
Myers M.F, Peters C.J, (1999). Climate And Satellite Indicators
To Forecast Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in
Kenya, Science 285, Pp. 397–400.
- Luting S, Olchevsky U, Ben-Nathan D, Lachmi B.E,
Malkinson M, Kobiler D, Halevy M, (2000). A Live Attenuated
West Nile Virus Strain As A Potential Veterinary
Vaccine. Viral Immunol. 13: 401-410
- Mandl C.W, (2005) Steps Of The Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Virus Replication Cycle That Affect Neuropathogenesis.
Virus Research 111; 161-174.
- Mead, D.G, Ramberg F.B, Besselsen D.G, Mare C.J,
(2000). Transmission Of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus From
Infected To Noninfected Black Flies Co-Feeding On Nonviremic
Deer Mice. Science 287, 485–487.
- Mellor P.S, Wıttmann E.J, (2002). Bluetongue Virus in
The Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Vet J 164(1): 20-
37.
- Mertens, P, Mann N, Prasad G, Samuel A.R, Shaw, A.E,
Potgieter A.C, Anthony S.J, Mann S, (2007). Design Of
Primers And Use Of Rt-Pcr Assays Fortyping European
Bluetongue Virus Isolates: Differentiation Of Field And
Vaccine Strains. J.Gen. Virol. 88:2811-23.
- Murphy M.D, Howerth EW, Maclachlan NJ,
Stallknecht DE, (2005). Genetic Variation Among Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses in The Southeastern
United States: 1978-2001. Infect Genet Evol.
Mar;5(2):157-65.
- Murphy F.A, Gıbbs J.E.P, Horzıneck C.M, Studdent
M.J, (1999). Veterinary Virology, 3th Edition, Raven
Press Ltd. Nev York.1999.
- Novella I.S, Ebendıck-Corpus B.E, Zárate S, Mıller E.L,
(2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular
Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect
Vector Cells. J Virol. Jun;81(12):6664-8.
- Novella S, Ebendick-Corpus E, Za´Rate S, Miller L,
(2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular
Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect
Vector Cells. J. Virol.81(12), 6664-6668.
- Nuttall P.A, Labuda M, (2003). Dynamics Of Infection in
Tick Vectors And At The Tick–Host Interface. Adv. Virus
Res. 60, 233–272.
- Ohashi S, Yoshida K, Yanase T, Tsuda T, (2002). Analysis
Of Intratypic Variation Evident in An Ibaraki Virus
Strain And its Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serogroup.
Clin. Microiol. Oct;40(10):3684-8
- Ozkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akcalı A, Yılmaz V,
Colak D, (2006): Serological Evidence Of West Nile
Virus (Wnv) in Mammalian Species in Turkey
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Anishchenko M, Weaver S.C, Frolov I, (2006). Replication
And Clearance Of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Virus From The Brains Of Animals Vaccinated With Chimeric
Sın/Vee Viruses. J Virol. Mar;80(6):2784-96.
- Parreira R, Severino P, Freitas F, Piedade J, Almeida
A.P, Esteves A, (2007) Two Distinct Introductions Of The
West Nile Virus in Portugal Disclosed By Phylogenetic
Analysis Of Genomic Sequences. Vector Borne Zoonotic
Dis 7, Pp. 344–352.
- Pittman P.R, Liu C.T, Cannon T.L, Makuch R.S,
Mangiafico J.A, Gibbs P.H, Peters CJ, (1999) Immunogenicity
of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans:
a 12-year experience. Vaccine. Aug 20;18(1-
e United States. Virus Res. May
e. 2005. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar
Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Mar;31(2-
nesis
and immunity. Vet Res. Sep-Oct;39(5):46. Baskıda.
2):181-9.
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Vesicular Stomatitis in Th
10;85(2):211-9. Review.
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Bölümü Raporu, Ankara.
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Comp
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46.
Year 2008,
Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 01.06.2008
Elvin Çalışkan
Burak Güngör
Abstract
Arboviral infections are emerging important infections transmitted by arthropods to vertebrates across the world. As
the climate of the world changes rapidly, habitats of the arthropod vector of these viruses change and increase. The consequences of
these changes are new survival strategies of Arboviruses. These strategies are seem to be succesfull since the number of reported arboviral
infections both in humans and in domestic animals have been significantly increased for the past years. This review aimes to
give information about Arbovirus survival and spread strategies in nature. Also information about some important arbovirus infections
detected and having potential of beeing detected in Turkey are given.
References
- Adam I, Karsany M.S, (2008). Case Report: Rift Valley
Fever With Vertical Transmission in A Pregnant Sudanese
Woman. J Med Virol. May 80 (5), 929
- Balmaseda A, Hammond Sn, Tellez Y, Imhoff L, Rodriguez
Y, (2006). High Seroprevalence Of Antibodies
Against Dengue Virus in A Prospective Study Of Schoolchildren
in Managua, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health.
11:935–42.
- Bréard E, Saılleau C, Coupıer H, Mure-Ravaud K,
Hammoumı S, Gıcquel B, Hamblin C, Dubourget P,
Zientara S, (2003). Comparison Of Genome Segments 2,
7 And 10 Of Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 2 For Differentiation
Between Field Isolates And The Vaccine Strain.
Vet Res 34: 777-89.
- Buckley A, Dawson A, Gould E.A, (2006) Detection Of
Seroconversion To West Nile Virus, Usutu Virus And
Sindbis Virus in Uk Sentinel Chickens. Virol J. 3, 71.
- Burke D.S, Monath T.P. Flaviviruses. in: Knipe D.M,
Howley P.M, (2001) (Eds.), Fields Virology, Fourth Ed.
Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pp. 1043–
1125.
- Casals J, Henderson Be, Hoogstraal H, Johnson Km,
Shelokov A, (1969) A Review Of Soviet Viral Hemorrhagic
Fevers, J Infect Dis 122, 437–53.
- Casals J,.(1969). Antigenic Similarity Between The Virus
Causing Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever And Congo Virus.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 131, 233–36.
- Coffey L, Vasılakıs N, Brault C, Powers A.M, Trıpet F,
Weaver C, (2008). Arbovirus Evolution in Vivo is Constrained
by Host Alternation. Pnas. May 13; Vol. 105,
6970-675.
- Erasmus, B. J, (1990). Bluetongue Virus. in: Virus Infections
Of Ruminants, Ed: Dinter, Z., Morein, B., Elsevier
Science Publishers, Chapter 21, P.: 227-237.
- Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B, Eren S, Baykam
N, Esener H, (2004) The Characteristics Of Crimean-
Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in A Recent Outbreak in Turkey
And The Impact Of Oral Ribavirin Therapy. Clin Infect
Dis; 39, 285–89.
- Ergonul O, (2006) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.
Lancet Infect Dis. 6, 203-214.
- Ertürk A, Tatar N, Kabakli O, Incoglu S, Cizmeci S.G,
Barut F.M, (2004). The Current Situation Of Bluetongue
in Turkey. Vet Ital. 40 (3), 137-140.
- Figueiredo L.T.M, (2007). Emergent Arboviruses in Brazil.
Medicina Tropical 40(2):224-229.
- Flint S.J, Enguist L.W, Racaniello V.R, Skalla A.M,
(2004). Princples Of Virolgy. Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis,
And Control Of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition.
Asm Press. App.A: 803-871.
- Gaydos J.k, Crum J.m, Davidson W, Cross S,
Stallknecht D, (2004). Epizootiology Of An Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in West Virginia. Wildl
Dis. Jul;40(3):383-93.
- Gear J.H, (1982). The Hemorrhagic Fevers Of Southern
Africa With Special Reference To Studies in The South
African Institute For Medical Research. Yale J Biol Med.
May-Aug;55(3-4):207-12.
- Girard Y.A, Klingler K.A, Higgs S, (2004) West Nile Virus
Dissemination And Tissue Tropisms in Orally Infected
Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic
Dis 4: 109–122
- Goddard L.B, Roth A.E, Reisen W.K, Scott T.W, (2002)
Vector Competence Of California Mosquitoes Forwest
Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391
- Gould E.A, Hıggs S, Buckley A, Grıtsun T.S, (2006) Potential
Arbovirus Emergence and Implications For The
United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis.; 12 (4): 549-55
- Gould E.A., Higgs S, (2008). Impact Of Climate Change
And Other Factors On Emerging Arbovirus Diseases.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Baskıda.
- Gubler D.J, (2002). The Global Emergence/Resurgence Of
Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems. Arch Med
Res. Jul-Aug;33(4):330-42.
- Harvala H, Bremner J, Kealey S, Weller B, Mclellan S,
Lloyd G, Staples E, Faggian F, Solomon T,.(2008).
Case Report: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Imported
To The Uk. J Med Virol. Feb;81(2):305-8.
- Heinz, F.X, Collett M.S, Purcell R.H, Gould E.A, Howard
C.R, Houghton M, Moormann R.J.M, Rice C.M,
Thiel H.J, (2000). Family Flaviviridae. In: Van Regenmortel,
C.M., Fauquet, C.M., Et Al.(Eds.), Virus Taxonomy.
7th Report Of The International Committee For
The Taxonomy Of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego,
Pp. 859–878.
- Hoogstraal H, (1979) The Epidemiology Of Tick Borne
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Asia, Europe, And
Africa. J Med Entomol; 15: 307–417.
- Hsieh Yc, Chen Sh, Chou Cc, Ting Lj, Itakura C, Wang
F, (2005). Bovine Ephemeral Fever In Taiwan (2001-
2002). Vet Med Sci. Apr;67(4):411-6.
- Karti S.S, Odabasi Z, Korten V, (2004).Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis; 19:
1379–84.
- Kuno G, Chang J, (2005). Biological Transmission Of Arboviruses:
Reexamination Of And New Insights into Components,
Mechanisms, And Unique Traits As Well As
Their Evolutionary Trends. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.
18(4): 608-637.
- Kunz C, (2003). Tbe Vaccination And The Austrian Experience.
Vaccine 21 (Suppl. 1), S50–S55.
- Kyle J.L, Haris E, (2008) Global Spread And Persistence
Of Dengue. Annu.Rev. Microbiol. 62: 71-92
- Lancıottı R.S, (1999): Origin Of The West Nile Virus Responsible
For An Outbreak Of Encephalitis in The Northeastern
United States. Science; 286; 2333-37
- Letchworth G.j, Rodriguez L.ı, Del Cbarrera J, (1999).
Vesicular Stomatitis. Vet J. May;157(3):239-60.
- Linthicum, K.J, Anyamba A, Tucker C.J, Kelley P.W,
Myers M.F, Peters C.J, (1999). Climate And Satellite Indicators
To Forecast Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in
Kenya, Science 285, Pp. 397–400.
- Luting S, Olchevsky U, Ben-Nathan D, Lachmi B.E,
Malkinson M, Kobiler D, Halevy M, (2000). A Live Attenuated
West Nile Virus Strain As A Potential Veterinary
Vaccine. Viral Immunol. 13: 401-410
- Mandl C.W, (2005) Steps Of The Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Virus Replication Cycle That Affect Neuropathogenesis.
Virus Research 111; 161-174.
- Mead, D.G, Ramberg F.B, Besselsen D.G, Mare C.J,
(2000). Transmission Of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus From
Infected To Noninfected Black Flies Co-Feeding On Nonviremic
Deer Mice. Science 287, 485–487.
- Mellor P.S, Wıttmann E.J, (2002). Bluetongue Virus in
The Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Vet J 164(1): 20-
37.
- Mertens, P, Mann N, Prasad G, Samuel A.R, Shaw, A.E,
Potgieter A.C, Anthony S.J, Mann S, (2007). Design Of
Primers And Use Of Rt-Pcr Assays Fortyping European
Bluetongue Virus Isolates: Differentiation Of Field And
Vaccine Strains. J.Gen. Virol. 88:2811-23.
- Murphy M.D, Howerth EW, Maclachlan NJ,
Stallknecht DE, (2005). Genetic Variation Among Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses in The Southeastern
United States: 1978-2001. Infect Genet Evol.
Mar;5(2):157-65.
- Murphy F.A, Gıbbs J.E.P, Horzıneck C.M, Studdent
M.J, (1999). Veterinary Virology, 3th Edition, Raven
Press Ltd. Nev York.1999.
- Novella I.S, Ebendıck-Corpus B.E, Zárate S, Mıller E.L,
(2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular
Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect
Vector Cells. J Virol. Jun;81(12):6664-8.
- Novella S, Ebendick-Corpus E, Za´Rate S, Miller L,
(2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular
Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect
Vector Cells. J. Virol.81(12), 6664-6668.
- Nuttall P.A, Labuda M, (2003). Dynamics Of Infection in
Tick Vectors And At The Tick–Host Interface. Adv. Virus
Res. 60, 233–272.
- Ohashi S, Yoshida K, Yanase T, Tsuda T, (2002). Analysis
Of Intratypic Variation Evident in An Ibaraki Virus
Strain And its Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serogroup.
Clin. Microiol. Oct;40(10):3684-8
- Ozkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akcalı A, Yılmaz V,
Colak D, (2006): Serological Evidence Of West Nile
Virus (Wnv) in Mammalian Species in Turkey
- Paessler S, Ni H, Petrakova O, Fayzulin R.Z, Yun N,
Anishchenko M, Weaver S.C, Frolov I, (2006). Replication
And Clearance Of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Virus From The Brains Of Animals Vaccinated With Chimeric
Sın/Vee Viruses. J Virol. Mar;80(6):2784-96.
- Parreira R, Severino P, Freitas F, Piedade J, Almeida
A.P, Esteves A, (2007) Two Distinct Introductions Of The
West Nile Virus in Portugal Disclosed By Phylogenetic
Analysis Of Genomic Sequences. Vector Borne Zoonotic
Dis 7, Pp. 344–352.
- Pittman P.R, Liu C.T, Cannon T.L, Makuch R.S,
Mangiafico J.A, Gibbs P.H, Peters CJ, (1999) Immunogenicity
of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans:
a 12-year experience. Vaccine. Aug 20;18(1-
e United States. Virus Res. May
e. 2005. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar
Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Mar;31(2-
nesis
and immunity. Vet Res. Sep-Oct;39(5):46. Baskıda.
2):181-9.
- Rodrıguez Ll, (2002). Emergence And Re-Emergence Of
Vesicular Stomatitis in Th
10;85(2):211-9. Review.
- Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiy
Bölümü Raporu, Ankara.
- Savınıa G, Maclachlanb N.J, Sanchez-Vizcainoc J.M,
Zientarad S, (2008). Vaccines Against Bluetongue in Europe.
Comp
3):101-20.
- Schwartz-Cornil I, Mertens PP, Contreras V, Hemati B,
Pascale F, Bréard E, Mellor PS, MacLachlan NJ, Zientara
S, (2008). Bluetongue virus: virology,pathagenesis and immunity. Vet Res.Sep-oct;39(5):46.Baskıda.
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