Arbovirus Enfeksiyonları

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 53 - 62, 01.06.2008

Elvin Çalışkan Burak Güngör

Öz

Arbovirus enfeksiyonları tüm dünyada eklem bacaklılar tarafından omurgalılara bulaştırılan ve son zamanlarda önemi giderek
artan viral enfeksiyonlardır. Dünyadaki iklim değişikliklerinin artmasıyla birlikte bu virusların taşıyıcıları olan eklem bacaklılarında
yaşam alanları değişmekte ve genişlemektedir. Bunun sonucunda arboviruslar da yeni yaşam stratejileri geliştirebilmektedirler.
Son yıllarda insanlarda ve diğer evcil memelilerde bildirilen arbovirus enfeksiyonlarındaki ciddi artış bu stratejilerde başarılı olduklarını
göstermektedir. Bu derlemede arbovirusların yaşam ve yayılma stratejileri ve Türkiye’de görülen ve görülme riski yüksek
olan bazı önemli Arbovirus enfeksiyonları ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etlik Veterinerlik Mikrobniyoloji Dergisi, Arbovirus, Enfeksiyon, Elvin ÇALIŞKAN, Burak ÇALIŞKAN, 2008

Arboviral Infections

Öz

Arboviral infections are emerging important infections transmitted by arthropods to vertebrates across the world. As
the climate of the world changes rapidly, habitats of the arthropod vector of these viruses change and increase. The consequences of
these changes are new survival strategies of Arboviruses. These strategies are seem to be succesfull since the number of reported arboviral
infections both in humans and in domestic animals have been significantly increased for the past years. This review aimes to
give information about Arbovirus survival and spread strategies in nature. Also information about some important arbovirus infections
detected and having potential of beeing detected in Turkey are given.

Kaynakça

• Adam I, Karsany M.S, (2008). Case Report: Rift Valley Fever With Vertical Transmission in A Pregnant Sudanese Woman. J Med Virol. May 80 (5), 929
• Balmaseda A, Hammond Sn, Tellez Y, Imhoff L, Rodriguez Y, (2006). High Seroprevalence Of Antibodies Against Dengue Virus in A Prospective Study Of Schoolchildren in Managua, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health. 11:935–42.
• Bréard E, Saılleau C, Coupıer H, Mure-Ravaud K, Hammoumı S, Gıcquel B, Hamblin C, Dubourget P, Zientara S, (2003). Comparison Of Genome Segments 2, 7 And 10 Of Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 2 For Differentiation Between Field Isolates And The Vaccine Strain. Vet Res 34: 777-89.
• Buckley A, Dawson A, Gould E.A, (2006) Detection Of Seroconversion To West Nile Virus, Usutu Virus And Sindbis Virus in Uk Sentinel Chickens. Virol J. 3, 71.
• Burke D.S, Monath T.P. Flaviviruses. in: Knipe D.M, Howley P.M, (2001) (Eds.), Fields Virology, Fourth Ed. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pp. 1043– 1125.
• Casals J, Henderson Be, Hoogstraal H, Johnson Km, Shelokov A, (1969) A Review Of Soviet Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, J Infect Dis 122, 437–53.
• Casals J,.(1969). Antigenic Similarity Between The Virus Causing Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever And Congo Virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 131, 233–36.
• Coffey L, Vasılakıs N, Brault C, Powers A.M, Trıpet F, Weaver C, (2008). Arbovirus Evolution in Vivo is Constrained by Host Alternation. Pnas. May 13; Vol. 105, 6970-675.
• Erasmus, B. J, (1990). Bluetongue Virus. in: Virus Infections Of Ruminants, Ed: Dinter, Z., Morein, B., Elsevier Science Publishers, Chapter 21, P.: 227-237.
• Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B, Eren S, Baykam N, Esener H, (2004) The Characteristics Of Crimean- Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in A Recent Outbreak in Turkey And The Impact Of Oral Ribavirin Therapy. Clin Infect Dis; 39, 285–89.
• Ergonul O, (2006) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 6, 203-214.
• Ertürk A, Tatar N, Kabakli O, Incoglu S, Cizmeci S.G, Barut F.M, (2004). The Current Situation Of Bluetongue in Turkey. Vet Ital. 40 (3), 137-140.
• Figueiredo L.T.M, (2007). Emergent Arboviruses in Brazil. Medicina Tropical 40(2):224-229.
• Flint S.J, Enguist L.W, Racaniello V.R, Skalla A.M, (2004). Princples Of Virolgy. Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, And Control Of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition. Asm Press. App.A: 803-871.
• Gaydos J.k, Crum J.m, Davidson W, Cross S, Stallknecht D, (2004). Epizootiology Of An Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in West Virginia. Wildl Dis. Jul;40(3):383-93.
• Gear J.H, (1982). The Hemorrhagic Fevers Of Southern Africa With Special Reference To Studies in The South African Institute For Medical Research. Yale J Biol Med. May-Aug;55(3-4):207-12.
• Girard Y.A, Klingler K.A, Higgs S, (2004) West Nile Virus Dissemination And Tissue Tropisms in Orally Infected Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 109–122
• Goddard L.B, Roth A.E, Reisen W.K, Scott T.W, (2002) Vector Competence Of California Mosquitoes Forwest Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391
• Gould E.A, Hıggs S, Buckley A, Grıtsun T.S, (2006) Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications For The United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis.; 12 (4): 549-55
• Gould E.A., Higgs S, (2008). Impact Of Climate Change And Other Factors On Emerging Arbovirus Diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Baskıda.
• Gubler D.J, (2002). The Global Emergence/Resurgence Of Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems. Arch Med Res. Jul-Aug;33(4):330-42.
• Harvala H, Bremner J, Kealey S, Weller B, Mclellan S, Lloyd G, Staples E, Faggian F, Solomon T,.(2008). Case Report: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Imported To The Uk. J Med Virol. Feb;81(2):305-8.
• Heinz, F.X, Collett M.S, Purcell R.H, Gould E.A, Howard C.R, Houghton M, Moormann R.J.M, Rice C.M, Thiel H.J, (2000). Family Flaviviridae. In: Van Regenmortel, C.M., Fauquet, C.M., Et Al.(Eds.), Virus Taxonomy. 7th Report Of The International Committee For The Taxonomy Of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, Pp. 859–878.
• Hoogstraal H, (1979) The Epidemiology Of Tick Borne Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Asia, Europe, And Africa. J Med Entomol; 15: 307–417.
• Hsieh Yc, Chen Sh, Chou Cc, Ting Lj, Itakura C, Wang F, (2005). Bovine Ephemeral Fever In Taiwan (2001- 2002). Vet Med Sci. Apr;67(4):411-6.
• Karti S.S, Odabasi Z, Korten V, (2004).Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis; 19: 1379–84.
• Kuno G, Chang J, (2005). Biological Transmission Of Arboviruses: Reexamination Of And New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, And Unique Traits As Well As Their Evolutionary Trends. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18(4): 608-637.
• Kunz C, (2003). Tbe Vaccination And The Austrian Experience. Vaccine 21 (Suppl. 1), S50–S55.
• Kyle J.L, Haris E, (2008) Global Spread And Persistence Of Dengue. Annu.Rev. Microbiol. 62: 71-92
• Lancıottı R.S, (1999): Origin Of The West Nile Virus Responsible For An Outbreak Of Encephalitis in The Northeastern United States. Science; 286; 2333-37
• Letchworth G.j, Rodriguez L.ı, Del Cbarrera J, (1999). Vesicular Stomatitis. Vet J. May;157(3):239-60.
• Linthicum, K.J, Anyamba A, Tucker C.J, Kelley P.W, Myers M.F, Peters C.J, (1999). Climate And Satellite Indicators To Forecast Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in Kenya, Science 285, Pp. 397–400.
• Luting S, Olchevsky U, Ben-Nathan D, Lachmi B.E, Malkinson M, Kobiler D, Halevy M, (2000). A Live Attenuated West Nile Virus Strain As A Potential Veterinary Vaccine. Viral Immunol. 13: 401-410
• Mandl C.W, (2005) Steps Of The Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Replication Cycle That Affect Neuropathogenesis. Virus Research 111; 161-174.
• Mead, D.G, Ramberg F.B, Besselsen D.G, Mare C.J, (2000). Transmission Of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus From Infected To Noninfected Black Flies Co-Feeding On Nonviremic Deer Mice. Science 287, 485–487.
• Mellor P.S, Wıttmann E.J, (2002). Bluetongue Virus in The Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Vet J 164(1): 20- 37.
• Mertens, P, Mann N, Prasad G, Samuel A.R, Shaw, A.E, Potgieter A.C, Anthony S.J, Mann S, (2007). Design Of Primers And Use Of Rt-Pcr Assays Fortyping European Bluetongue Virus Isolates: Differentiation Of Field And Vaccine Strains. J.Gen. Virol. 88:2811-23.
• Murphy M.D, Howerth EW, Maclachlan NJ, Stallknecht DE, (2005). Genetic Variation Among Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses in The Southeastern United States: 1978-2001. Infect Genet Evol. Mar;5(2):157-65.
• Murphy F.A, Gıbbs J.E.P, Horzıneck C.M, Studdent M.J, (1999). Veterinary Virology, 3th Edition, Raven Press Ltd. Nev York.1999.
• Novella I.S, Ebendıck-Corpus B.E, Zárate S, Mıller E.L, (2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect Vector Cells. J Virol. Jun;81(12):6664-8.
• Novella S, Ebendick-Corpus E, Za´Rate S, Miller L, (2007). Emergence Of Mammalian Cell-Adapted Vesicular Stomatitis Virus From Persistent Infections Of Insect Vector Cells. J. Virol.81(12), 6664-6668.
• Nuttall P.A, Labuda M, (2003). Dynamics Of Infection in Tick Vectors And At The Tick–Host Interface. Adv. Virus Res. 60, 233–272.
• Ohashi S, Yoshida K, Yanase T, Tsuda T, (2002). Analysis Of Intratypic Variation Evident in An Ibaraki Virus Strain And its Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serogroup. Clin. Microiol. Oct;40(10):3684-8
• Ozkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akcalı A, Yılmaz V, Colak D, (2006): Serological Evidence Of West Nile Virus (Wnv) in Mammalian Species in Turkey
• Paessler S, Ni H, Petrakova O, Fayzulin R.Z, Yun N, Anishchenko M, Weaver S.C, Frolov I, (2006). Replication And Clearance Of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus From The Brains Of Animals Vaccinated With Chimeric Sın/Vee Viruses. J Virol. Mar;80(6):2784-96.
• Parreira R, Severino P, Freitas F, Piedade J, Almeida A.P, Esteves A, (2007) Two Distinct Introductions Of The West Nile Virus in Portugal Disclosed By Phylogenetic Analysis Of Genomic Sequences. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7, Pp. 344–352.
• Pittman P.R, Liu C.T, Cannon T.L, Makuch R.S, Mangiafico J.A, Gibbs P.H, Peters CJ, (1999) Immunogenicity of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans: a 12-year experience. Vaccine. Aug 20;18(1- e United States. Virus Res. May e. 2005. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Mar;31(2- nesis and immunity. Vet Res. Sep-Oct;39(5):46. Baskıda. 2):181-9.
• Rodrıguez Ll, (2002). Emergence And Re-Emergence Of Vesicular Stomatitis in Th 10;85(2):211-9. Review.
• Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiy Bölümü Raporu, Ankara.
• Savınıa G, Maclachlanb N.J, Sanchez-Vizcainoc J.M, Zientarad S, (2008). Vaccines Against Bluetongue in Europe. Comp 3):101-20.
• Schwartz-Cornil I, Mertens PP, Contreras V, Hemati B, Pascale F, Bréard E, Mellor PS, MacLachlan NJ, Zientara S, (2008). Bluetongue virus: virology,pathagenesis and immunity. Vet Res.Sep-oct;39(5):46.Baskıda.
• Simpson D.I.H, Knight E.M, Courtois G, Williams M.C, Weinbern M.P, Kibukamusoke J.W, (1967). Congo Virus: A Hitherto Undescribed Virus Occuring in Africa. Human Isolations-Clinical Notes. East Afr Med J; 44: 87
• Walker P.J, (2005). Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Australia And The World. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.;292:57-80.
• Watts D.M, Ksiazek T.G, Linthicum K.I, Hoogstraal H, (1988): Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. in: Monath Tp, Ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology And Ecology, Volume 2. Boca Raton, Fl,Usa: Crc Press, 177–260.
• Watts D.M, Ussery M.A, Nash D, Peters C.J, (1989). Inhibition Of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viral Infectivity Yields in Vitro By Ribavirin. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 41: 581–85.
• Weaver S, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew L, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland J, Scott T, (1994). Evolution Of Alphaviruses in The Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Complex. J Virol. 68:158-69.
• Weaver S.C, Barrett D.T, (2004); Transmission Cycles, Host Range, Evolution And Emergence Of Arboviral Disease Nature Reviews Microbiology; 2; 789-801.
• Weaver S.C, Barrett A.D.T, (2004). Transmission Ycls, Host Cyces, Host Range, Evulation And Emergence Of Arboviruses. Nature Reviews. Microbology Vol.2. 789- 801.
• Whitehouse C.A, (2004) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Antivir Res.; 64: 145–60.
• WHO, (2000). Strengthening Implementation Of The Global Strategy For Dengue Fever/Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Prevention And Control. Presented At Report Of The Informal Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Wittmann, E, Mellor P, Baylis M, (2001). Using Climate Data To Map The Potential Distribution Of Culicoides Imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe. Rev Sci Tech. Dec;20(3):731-40.
• Yonguç A.D, Taylor W.P, Csontos L, Worrall E, (1982). Bluetongue in Western Turkey. Vet. Rec. Aug. 111: 144- 46.