Bu çalışmada, mavidil attenüe serotip 4 aşı suşu ile inaktif aşı üretimi yapıldı. Virus Vero hücre hatlarında üretilip, betapropiolactone ile inaktive edilerek, ISA 206 ( Seppic) adjuvant ile emülsifiye edildi. Aşılar daha sonra laboratuar hayvanları ve hedef hayvanlarda sterilite, toksisite ve güvenlik testleri açısından test edildi. Aşının immunojenitesi subkutan olarak 2 ml 10 koyuna, 10 keçiye ve 5 ml 3 sığıra verilerek test edildi. Rapel dozları koyunlarda 28 gün sonra yapıldı ve aşılamalar sonrası hiçbir yan etki tespit edilmedi. Aşılanan keçi, sığırların hepsinde ve koyunların %67’sinde virus spesifik antikorlar gelişti. Elde edilen bu sonuçları değerlendirmek ve minimal aşı dozunu belirlemek amacıyla bütün hedef hayvan türlerini içeren daha büyük bir hayvan grubunda yeni bir çalışma planlandı.
Anonim, (1991). European CommissionCommission Directive 91/412/EEC of 23 July 1991 laying down the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice for veterinary medicinal products. Off J. L228, p. 70-73.
Anonim, (1981). European Council. Council Directive 81/852/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to analytical, pharmacotoxicological and clinical standarts and protocols in respect of the testing of veterinary medicinal products. Off J. L 317, p. 53-98.
Anonim, (2001). European Pharmacopoeia. Addendum No. 0016. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 1657-1661.
Bachmann MF, Bast C, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, (1994). Immunogenecitiy of a viral model vaccine after different inactivation procedures. Med Microbiol Immunol. 183(2), 95-104.
Barnett PV, Pullen L, Willams L, Doel TR, (1996). International Bank for Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine: Assesment of Mantonide ISA 25 and ISA 206 two commertialy avaible oil adjuvant. Vaccine. 14 ,1187-1198.
Berry LJ, Osburn BI, Scott JL, Farver T, Heron B, Patton W, (1981). Inactivated Bluetongue Virus Vaccine in Lambs: Differential Serological Responses Related to Breed. Vet Res Comm. 5(3), 289-293.
Bréarda E, Belbisb G, Hamersc C, Moulind V, Lilin T, Moreaue F, Millemann Y, Montangec C, Sailleau AC, Durand B, Viarougea C, Hoffmanng B, Desmitd H, Goutebrozec S, Hudeletc P, Zientaraa S, (2011). Evaluation of humoral response and protective efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against bluetongue virus after vaccination of goats. Vaccine. (In pres).
Campbell CH, Barber TL, Knudsen RC, Swaney LM, (1985). Immune response of mice and sheep to bluetongue virus inactivated by gamma irradiation. Prog Clin Biol Res. 178, 639-647.
Capodici J, Maigetter R, (2006). Large- scale beta propiolactone inactivation of HIV for vaccines. Bioprocess International. Febr. p. 36-41.
Caporale V, Giovannini A, (2010). Bluetounge control strategy, including recourse to vaccine: a critical review. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 29(3), 573-591.
Di Emidio B, Nicolussi P, Patta C, Ronchi GF, Monaco F, Savini G, Ciarelli A, Caporale V, (2004). Efficacy and safety studies on an inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 2. Vet Ital. 40 (4), 640-644.
Francis MJ, (1990). Pepdide vaccines for viral disease. Sci Progress Oxford. 74, 115-130.
Goldsmit L, Barzilai E, Tadmor A, (1975). The comparative sensitivity of sheep and chicken embryos to bluetongue virus and observations on viraemia in experimentally infected sheep. Aust Vet J. 51 (4), 190-196.
Lobato ZIP, Coupar BEH, Gray CP, Lunt R, Andrew ME, (1997). Antibody Responses and Protective Immunity to Recombinant Vaccinia Virus-expressed Bluetounge Virus Antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 59, 293-309.
Monaco F, Camma C, Serini S, Savini G, (2006). Differentiation between field and vaccine strain of Bluetounge virus serotype 16. Vet Microbiol. 116, 45-52.
Murray PK, Eaton BT, (1996). Vaccines for Bluetongue. Aust Vet J. 73, 207-210.
Odeon AC, Gerswin LJ, Osburn BI, (1999). IgE responses to bluetounge viruse (BTV) serotype 11 after immunization with inactivated BTV and challenge infection. Comp Immun Microb Infec Disease. 22, 145-162.
OIE, (2000). Office International des Epizooties Bluetongue, Chapter 2.1.9. Manual of standarts of diagnostic tests and vaccines, Paris, p. 153-167.
Parker J, Hernimann KAJ, (1975). An experimental inactivated vaccine against bluetongue. Vet Rec. 96, 284-287.
Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB, Singh KP, Sıngh R, Mehrotra ML, (2005). Immune response and protective efficacy of binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated bluetounge virus vaccines in sheep. Vet Res Comm. 29
Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB, Singh KP, Sıngh R, Mehrotra ML, (2005). Immune response and protuctive efficacy in sheep immunised with hydroxylamine-inactivated bluetongue virus vaccine. Vet Ital. 41(3), 149-155.
Roy P, (1992). Bluetounge virus proteins. J Gen Virol. 73, 3051-3064.
Savini G, Ronchi GF, Leone A, Ciarelli A, Migliaccio P, Franchi P, Mercante MT, Pini A, (2007). An inactivated vaccine for the control of bluetounge virus serotype 16 infection in sheep in Italy. Vet Micrbiol. 124, 140-146.
Savini G, Hamers C, Conte A, Migliaccio P, Bonfini B, Teodori L, Ventura MD, Hudelet P, Schumacher C, Caporale V, (2009). Assessment of efficacy of a bivalent BTV-2 and BTV-4 inactivated vaccine by vaccination and challenge in cattle. Vet Microbiol. 133, 1-8.
Sofer G, Lister CD, Boose JA, (2003). Inactivation Methods Grouped by virus. BioPharm International’s April. p. 37-42.
Stott JL, Barber TL, Osburn BI, (1985). Immunologic response of sheep to inactivated and virulent bluetounge virus. Am J Vet Res. 6(5), 1043-1049.
Zientara S, Maclachlan NG, Calistri P, Vizcaino JMS, Savini G, (2010). Bluetongue vaccination in Europe. Expert Revi Vaccines. 9(9), 989-991.
Production of Inactivated Serotype 4 Bluetongue Vaccine
In this study production of inactivated bluetongue vaccine with attenuated bluetongue serotype-4 strain was performed. The vaccine viruses were propagated in Vero cell cultures, and inactivated with Beta-propiolactone. Subsequently by using adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 inactivation studies were carried out. Vaccines prepeared were then tested against sterility, toxicity and safety. Immunogenity of the prepeared vaccine was tested by inoculating 10 sheep and 10 goats, 3 cattle subcutonously. Booster doses were administered to sheep after 28 days. All of the vaccinated goats and cattle and 67% of the sheep showed BTV-4 specifik antibodies. To test further these promising results and to evaluate the minimum protective vaccinal dose, a new trial with a larger number of animals, including all target species, has been planned.
Kaynakça
Anonim, (1991). European CommissionCommission Directive 91/412/EEC of 23 July 1991 laying down the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice for veterinary medicinal products. Off J. L228, p. 70-73.
Anonim, (1981). European Council. Council Directive 81/852/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to analytical, pharmacotoxicological and clinical standarts and protocols in respect of the testing of veterinary medicinal products. Off J. L 317, p. 53-98.
Anonim, (2001). European Pharmacopoeia. Addendum No. 0016. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 1657-1661.
Bachmann MF, Bast C, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, (1994). Immunogenecitiy of a viral model vaccine after different inactivation procedures. Med Microbiol Immunol. 183(2), 95-104.
Barnett PV, Pullen L, Willams L, Doel TR, (1996). International Bank for Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine: Assesment of Mantonide ISA 25 and ISA 206 two commertialy avaible oil adjuvant. Vaccine. 14 ,1187-1198.
Berry LJ, Osburn BI, Scott JL, Farver T, Heron B, Patton W, (1981). Inactivated Bluetongue Virus Vaccine in Lambs: Differential Serological Responses Related to Breed. Vet Res Comm. 5(3), 289-293.
Bréarda E, Belbisb G, Hamersc C, Moulind V, Lilin T, Moreaue F, Millemann Y, Montangec C, Sailleau AC, Durand B, Viarougea C, Hoffmanng B, Desmitd H, Goutebrozec S, Hudeletc P, Zientaraa S, (2011). Evaluation of humoral response and protective efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against bluetongue virus after vaccination of goats. Vaccine. (In pres).
Campbell CH, Barber TL, Knudsen RC, Swaney LM, (1985). Immune response of mice and sheep to bluetongue virus inactivated by gamma irradiation. Prog Clin Biol Res. 178, 639-647.
Capodici J, Maigetter R, (2006). Large- scale beta propiolactone inactivation of HIV for vaccines. Bioprocess International. Febr. p. 36-41.
Caporale V, Giovannini A, (2010). Bluetounge control strategy, including recourse to vaccine: a critical review. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 29(3), 573-591.
Di Emidio B, Nicolussi P, Patta C, Ronchi GF, Monaco F, Savini G, Ciarelli A, Caporale V, (2004). Efficacy and safety studies on an inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 2. Vet Ital. 40 (4), 640-644.
Francis MJ, (1990). Pepdide vaccines for viral disease. Sci Progress Oxford. 74, 115-130.
Goldsmit L, Barzilai E, Tadmor A, (1975). The comparative sensitivity of sheep and chicken embryos to bluetongue virus and observations on viraemia in experimentally infected sheep. Aust Vet J. 51 (4), 190-196.
Lobato ZIP, Coupar BEH, Gray CP, Lunt R, Andrew ME, (1997). Antibody Responses and Protective Immunity to Recombinant Vaccinia Virus-expressed Bluetounge Virus Antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 59, 293-309.
Monaco F, Camma C, Serini S, Savini G, (2006). Differentiation between field and vaccine strain of Bluetounge virus serotype 16. Vet Microbiol. 116, 45-52.
Murray PK, Eaton BT, (1996). Vaccines for Bluetongue. Aust Vet J. 73, 207-210.
Odeon AC, Gerswin LJ, Osburn BI, (1999). IgE responses to bluetounge viruse (BTV) serotype 11 after immunization with inactivated BTV and challenge infection. Comp Immun Microb Infec Disease. 22, 145-162.
OIE, (2000). Office International des Epizooties Bluetongue, Chapter 2.1.9. Manual of standarts of diagnostic tests and vaccines, Paris, p. 153-167.
Parker J, Hernimann KAJ, (1975). An experimental inactivated vaccine against bluetongue. Vet Rec. 96, 284-287.
Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB, Singh KP, Sıngh R, Mehrotra ML, (2005). Immune response and protective efficacy of binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated bluetounge virus vaccines in sheep. Vet Res Comm. 29
Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB, Singh KP, Sıngh R, Mehrotra ML, (2005). Immune response and protuctive efficacy in sheep immunised with hydroxylamine-inactivated bluetongue virus vaccine. Vet Ital. 41(3), 149-155.
Roy P, (1992). Bluetounge virus proteins. J Gen Virol. 73, 3051-3064.
Savini G, Ronchi GF, Leone A, Ciarelli A, Migliaccio P, Franchi P, Mercante MT, Pini A, (2007). An inactivated vaccine for the control of bluetounge virus serotype 16 infection in sheep in Italy. Vet Micrbiol. 124, 140-146.
Savini G, Hamers C, Conte A, Migliaccio P, Bonfini B, Teodori L, Ventura MD, Hudelet P, Schumacher C, Caporale V, (2009). Assessment of efficacy of a bivalent BTV-2 and BTV-4 inactivated vaccine by vaccination and challenge in cattle. Vet Microbiol. 133, 1-8.
Sofer G, Lister CD, Boose JA, (2003). Inactivation Methods Grouped by virus. BioPharm International’s April. p. 37-42.
Stott JL, Barber TL, Osburn BI, (1985). Immunologic response of sheep to inactivated and virulent bluetounge virus. Am J Vet Res. 6(5), 1043-1049.
Zientara S, Maclachlan NG, Calistri P, Vizcaino JMS, Savini G, (2010). Bluetongue vaccination in Europe. Expert Revi Vaccines. 9(9), 989-991.