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Problem with Russian Speakers: How the Soviet Nationality Policies Created and Reinforced Contradicting Views on Linguistic Identities

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 94 - 105, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1552032

Abstract

This article discusses how Soviet nationality policies have continued to influence nation-building efforts in post-Soviet states in relation to the region’s sociolinguistic situation and the question of language use. Despite the Soviet Union's dissolution, the region remains shaped by its legacies, particularly by the tension between ethnolinguistic nationalism and multilingual social reality. This tension also manifests in the political narratives of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The article argues that the tension stems from Soviet policies that promoted immutable ethnolinguistic identities as the basis of nation-building while simultaneously fostering freedom of language choices and welcoming linguistic assimilation. This contradiction continues to complicate post-Soviet efforts to reconcile national identity with linguistic diversity. The article provides a historical account of Soviet policies, emphasizing their linguocentric nature and contradictory character. It concludes by discussing the challenges that post-Soviet states face in balancing national language policies with the sociolinguistic realities inherited from the Soviet era.

References

  • Aktürk, Ş. (2012). Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
  • Alpatov, V. (2004). Istoriia odnogo mifa: Marr i Marrizm (2nd ed.). Editorial URSS.
  • Brezhnev, L. (1971). Otchetnyi doklad tsentralnogo komiteta KPSS XXIV sezdu Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza: Doklad generalnogo sekretaria TSK KPSS tovarishcha L. I. Brezhneva. In XXIV sezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza: Stenograficheskii otchet (vol. 1., pp. 26-131). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Brezhnev, L. (1981) Otchet tsentralnogo komiteta KPSS XXVI sezdu kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza i ocherednye zadachi partii v oblasti vnutrennei i vneshnei politiki: Doklad generalnogo sekretaria TsK KPSS tovarishcha L. I. Brezhneva. In XXVI sezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza: Stenograficheskii otchet (vol. 1, pp.15-99). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Bromley J. & Kozlov, V. (1989). The Theory of Ethnos and Ethnic Processes in Soviet Social Sciences. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31(3), 425-438. https://doi:10.1017/S001041750001598X
  • Bromley, J. (ed.) (1975). Sovremennyie etnicheskie protsessy v SSSR. Nauka.
  • Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chislennost i Sostav Naseleniia SSSR. (1984). Chislennost i Sostav Naseleniia SSSR. Po dannym Vsesoiuznoi prerepisi naseleniia 1979. Finansy i statistika.
  • Federalnyi zakon. (1999). Federalnyi zakon ot 24.05.1999 g. №99-F3 “O gosudarstvennoi politike Rossiiiskoi Federatsii v otnoshenii sootechestvennikov za rubezhom”. Kremlin.ru. http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/13875/page/1
  • Grenoble, L. A. (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Kaltakhchian, S. (1976). Sovetskii narod. In Bolshaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia (3rd ed., 24th vol., book 2, p. 25). Sov. Entsiklopediia.
  • Khrushchev (1962). Doklad Pervogo sekretaria TsK KPSS tovarishcha N. S. Khrushcheva 18 oktiabria 1961 goda: O programme Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza. In Materialy XXII sezda KPSS. Gospolitizadat. http://www.historyru.com/docs/rulers/hruschov/hruschov-doc-10.html#/overview
  • Konstitutsiia (1985). Konstitutsiia (Osnovnoi zakon) Soiuza sovetskikh sotsialisticheskikh respublik 1977 g. Avots.
  • Konstitutsiia. (1993). Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii. http://www.constitution.ru
  • Kremlin. (2022). Obrashcheniie Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii 21 fevralia 2022 goda. Kemlin. 21.02.2022. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828
  • Lenin, V. (1913). Kriticheskiie zametki po natsionalnomu voprosu. In V. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (5th ed., 25th vol., pp. 143-150). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Lenin, V. (1913). S. G. Shaumianu. In V. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (5th ed., 25th vol., pp. 233-236). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Martin, T. D. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Cornell University Press.
  • Pipes, R. (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
  • Radio Svoboda. (2023). Ukraiinska mova stala “liniieiu oborony I suprotyvu” v chas viinyz Rosiieiu. Radio Svoboda. 31.01.2023. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/kremin-pro-povnu-zaboronu-rosiyskoyi-v-mohylyantsi/32247277.html
  • Shevel, O. (2011). Russian Nation-building from Yel'tsin to Medvedev: Ethnic, Civic or Purposefully Ambiguous? Europe-Asia Studies, 63(2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2011.547693
  • Simon, G. (1991). Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Westview Press.
  • Slezkine, Y. (1994). The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism. Slavic Review, 53(2), 414-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300
  • Smith, J. (1999). The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917-23. St. Martin's Press.
  • Stalin, I. (1904). Kak ponimaet sotsial-democratiia natsionalnyi vopros? In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 32-55). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1913). Marksizm i natsionalnyi vopros. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 290-367). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1925). O politicheskikh zadachakh universiteta narodov Vostoka: Rech na sobranii studentov KUTV 18 maia 1925 g. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 133-152). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1929). “Natsionalnyi vopros i leninizm: Otvet tovarishcham Meshkovu, Kovalchuku i drugim. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (11th vol., pp. 333-355). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1950). Marksizm i voprosy iazykoznaniia. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (16th vol., pp. 104-138). Pisatel.
  • Suny, R. G. (1993). The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press.
  • TASS (2024). Lavrov: ni odna initsiativa po Ukraine ne uchityvaiet problem prav russkogovoriashchikh. TASS. 09.09.2024. https://tass.ru/politika/21817639
  • Tishkov, V. (1995). What Is Rossia? Prospects for Nation-Building. Security Dialogue, 26(1), 41–54.
  • Tishkov, V. (2001) Etnologiia i politika. Nauchnaia publitsistika. Nauka.
  • Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia. (1928). Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 17 dekabria 1926 g. Kratkie svodki. Vypusk IV: Narodnost i rodnoi iazyk naseleniia. SSSR.TSSU SSSR.
  • Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia. (1989). Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia.1989 g. Raspredeleniie naseleniia SSSR po natsionalnosti i iazyku, naseleniia soiuznyh respublik po naiboleie mnogochislennym natsionalnostiam i iazyku. Demoscope Weekly. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_lan_89.xls
  • Zakon RSFSR. (1991). Zakon RSFSR № 1807-I “O iazykakh narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii”. Vikiteka. https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Закон_РСФСР_от_25.10.1991_№_1807-I#cite_note-1
  • Zakon SSSR. (1990). Zakon SSSR ot 24.04.1990 “O iazykakh narodov SSSR”. Zakony i parvo. http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=1729
  • Zakonodatelstvo SSSR. (2018). Zakonodatelstvo SSSR-Konstitutsiia. Natsionalno-osvoboditelnoie dvizhenie SSSR. http://nodussr.ru/konstituciya/

Rusça Konuşanlar Sorunu: Sovyet Milliyet Politikaları, Dilsel Kimlikler Üzerindeki Çelişkili Görüşleri Nasıl Yarattı ve Pekiştirdi

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 94 - 105, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1552032

Abstract

Bu makale, Sovyet milliyet politikalarının, bölgenin sosyodilbilimsel durumu ve dil kullanımı meselesi bağlamında, Sovyet sonrası devletlerdeki ulus inşa çabalarını nasıl etkilemeye devam ettiğini tartışmaktadır. Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasına rağmen, bölge hâlâ Sovyet mirasıyla şekillenmiş olup, özellikle etnodilsel milliyetçilik ile çokdilli toplumsal gerçeklik arasındaki gerilimle belirlenmektedir. Bu gerilim, aynı zamanda devam eden Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmasının siyasi anlatılarında da kendini göstermektedir. Makale, bu gerilimin, Sovyet politikalarının ulus inşasının temeli olarak değişmez etnodilsel kimlikleri teşvik ederken, aynı zamanda dil seçim özgürlüğünü destekleyip dilsel asimilasyona açık olmalarından kaynaklandığını savunmaktadır. Bu çelişki, Sovyet sonrası devletlerin ulusal kimliği dilsel çeşitlilikle uzlaştırma çabalarını zorlaştırmaya devam etmektedir. Makale, Sovyet politikalarının tarihsel bir anlatımını sunarak, bu politikaların dil merkezli doğasına ve çelişkili karakterine vurgu yapmaktadır. Son olarak, Sovyet döneminden miras alınan sosyodilbilimsel gerçekliklerle ulusal dil politikalarını dengelemek konusunda Sovyet sonrası devletlerin karşılaştığı zorlukları tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Aktürk, Ş. (2012). Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
  • Alpatov, V. (2004). Istoriia odnogo mifa: Marr i Marrizm (2nd ed.). Editorial URSS.
  • Brezhnev, L. (1971). Otchetnyi doklad tsentralnogo komiteta KPSS XXIV sezdu Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza: Doklad generalnogo sekretaria TSK KPSS tovarishcha L. I. Brezhneva. In XXIV sezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza: Stenograficheskii otchet (vol. 1., pp. 26-131). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Brezhnev, L. (1981) Otchet tsentralnogo komiteta KPSS XXVI sezdu kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza i ocherednye zadachi partii v oblasti vnutrennei i vneshnei politiki: Doklad generalnogo sekretaria TsK KPSS tovarishcha L. I. Brezhneva. In XXVI sezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza: Stenograficheskii otchet (vol. 1, pp.15-99). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Bromley J. & Kozlov, V. (1989). The Theory of Ethnos and Ethnic Processes in Soviet Social Sciences. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31(3), 425-438. https://doi:10.1017/S001041750001598X
  • Bromley, J. (ed.) (1975). Sovremennyie etnicheskie protsessy v SSSR. Nauka.
  • Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chislennost i Sostav Naseleniia SSSR. (1984). Chislennost i Sostav Naseleniia SSSR. Po dannym Vsesoiuznoi prerepisi naseleniia 1979. Finansy i statistika.
  • Federalnyi zakon. (1999). Federalnyi zakon ot 24.05.1999 g. №99-F3 “O gosudarstvennoi politike Rossiiiskoi Federatsii v otnoshenii sootechestvennikov za rubezhom”. Kremlin.ru. http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/13875/page/1
  • Grenoble, L. A. (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Kaltakhchian, S. (1976). Sovetskii narod. In Bolshaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia (3rd ed., 24th vol., book 2, p. 25). Sov. Entsiklopediia.
  • Khrushchev (1962). Doklad Pervogo sekretaria TsK KPSS tovarishcha N. S. Khrushcheva 18 oktiabria 1961 goda: O programme Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza. In Materialy XXII sezda KPSS. Gospolitizadat. http://www.historyru.com/docs/rulers/hruschov/hruschov-doc-10.html#/overview
  • Konstitutsiia (1985). Konstitutsiia (Osnovnoi zakon) Soiuza sovetskikh sotsialisticheskikh respublik 1977 g. Avots.
  • Konstitutsiia. (1993). Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii. http://www.constitution.ru
  • Kremlin. (2022). Obrashcheniie Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii 21 fevralia 2022 goda. Kemlin. 21.02.2022. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828
  • Lenin, V. (1913). Kriticheskiie zametki po natsionalnomu voprosu. In V. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (5th ed., 25th vol., pp. 143-150). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Lenin, V. (1913). S. G. Shaumianu. In V. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (5th ed., 25th vol., pp. 233-236). Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Martin, T. D. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Cornell University Press.
  • Pipes, R. (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
  • Radio Svoboda. (2023). Ukraiinska mova stala “liniieiu oborony I suprotyvu” v chas viinyz Rosiieiu. Radio Svoboda. 31.01.2023. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/kremin-pro-povnu-zaboronu-rosiyskoyi-v-mohylyantsi/32247277.html
  • Shevel, O. (2011). Russian Nation-building from Yel'tsin to Medvedev: Ethnic, Civic or Purposefully Ambiguous? Europe-Asia Studies, 63(2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2011.547693
  • Simon, G. (1991). Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Westview Press.
  • Slezkine, Y. (1994). The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism. Slavic Review, 53(2), 414-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300
  • Smith, J. (1999). The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917-23. St. Martin's Press.
  • Stalin, I. (1904). Kak ponimaet sotsial-democratiia natsionalnyi vopros? In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 32-55). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1913). Marksizm i natsionalnyi vopros. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 290-367). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1925). O politicheskikh zadachakh universiteta narodov Vostoka: Rech na sobranii studentov KUTV 18 maia 1925 g. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (2nd vol., pp. 133-152). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1929). “Natsionalnyi vopros i leninizm: Otvet tovarishcham Meshkovu, Kovalchuku i drugim. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (11th vol., pp. 333-355). Gosudarstvennoie izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
  • Stalin, I. (1950). Marksizm i voprosy iazykoznaniia. In Stalin, I. Sochineniia (16th vol., pp. 104-138). Pisatel.
  • Suny, R. G. (1993). The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press.
  • TASS (2024). Lavrov: ni odna initsiativa po Ukraine ne uchityvaiet problem prav russkogovoriashchikh. TASS. 09.09.2024. https://tass.ru/politika/21817639
  • Tishkov, V. (1995). What Is Rossia? Prospects for Nation-Building. Security Dialogue, 26(1), 41–54.
  • Tishkov, V. (2001) Etnologiia i politika. Nauchnaia publitsistika. Nauka.
  • Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia. (1928). Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 17 dekabria 1926 g. Kratkie svodki. Vypusk IV: Narodnost i rodnoi iazyk naseleniia. SSSR.TSSU SSSR.
  • Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia. (1989). Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia.1989 g. Raspredeleniie naseleniia SSSR po natsionalnosti i iazyku, naseleniia soiuznyh respublik po naiboleie mnogochislennym natsionalnostiam i iazyku. Demoscope Weekly. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_lan_89.xls
  • Zakon RSFSR. (1991). Zakon RSFSR № 1807-I “O iazykakh narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii”. Vikiteka. https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Закон_РСФСР_от_25.10.1991_№_1807-I#cite_note-1
  • Zakon SSSR. (1990). Zakon SSSR ot 24.04.1990 “O iazykakh narodov SSSR”. Zakony i parvo. http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=1729
  • Zakonodatelstvo SSSR. (2018). Zakonodatelstvo SSSR-Konstitutsiia. Natsionalno-osvoboditelnoie dvizhenie SSSR. http://nodussr.ru/konstituciya/
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other), Political History (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yury Katliarou

Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date September 18, 2024
Acceptance Date October 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Katliarou, Y. (2024). Problem with Russian Speakers: How the Soviet Nationality Policies Created and Reinforced Contradicting Views on Linguistic Identities. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1552032