Turkey’s Education Diplomacy With Africa

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 93 - 122, 01.06.2016

Bahar Dilşa Kavala

Abstract

The 21st century has witnessed the appearance of new diplomacy practices and non-state players, which has enhanced engagement between societies and shaped state policies by taking into consideration the outlooks and contributions of multiple stakeholders. This article argues that education diplomacy – which can be defined as an approach to develop education policies and achieve educational goals through the involvement of diverse stakeholders – furthers developmental efforts within societies. Within the education diplomacy framework, the article reviews Turkey’s recent opening to Africa and the role that education diplomacy can play as a tool in facilitating bilateral economic and humanitarian relations, as well as support of the developmental goals of African countries

Keywords

Sub-Saharan Africa, Development, Public Diplomacy, Education Diplomacy, Turkey-Africa Relations

References

• [1] Africa Application and Research Center (AFRİKAM), (2015), Final Report of the Working Luncheon on Education Diplomacy with Africa. Istanbul: Istanbul Aydn University.
• [2] Altan, C. (2005). Afrika ülkeleriyle ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerimiz. Uluslararas Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 17, 1- 20.
• [3] Aybar, S. (2006, February 1). Yeni Türk-Afrika ekonomik ilişkileri ve eski engelleyici söylem: Afro-pesimizim. In Türk Asya Stratejik Araştrmalar Merkezi. Retrieved on [February, 2016], from http://www.tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/4093/yeni_turkafrika_ekonomik_iliskileri_ve_eski_engelleyici_soylem_afropesimizm.
• [4] Back, G., & Afacan, I. (2013). Turkey discovers Sub-Saharan Africa: The critical role of agents in the construction of Turkish foreign-policy discourse. Turkish Studies, 14(3), 483- 502. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2013.832040.
• [5] Cull, N. J. (2010). Public diplomacy: Seven lessons for its future from its past. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(1), 11-17. doi: 10.1057/pb.2010.4
• [6] Dş Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu (DEİK). (2014). DEİK Ülke Özel Yaynlar: Afrika, 63.
• [7] Genç, S., & Tekin, O. (2014). Turkey’s increased engagement in Africa: The potential, limits and future perspectives of relations. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 7(1), 87-115.
• [8] Gregory, B. (2008). Public diplomacy: Sunrise of an academic field. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 274-290. doi: 10.1177/0002716207311723.
• [9] GUNI, IAU, & AAU. (2011). The promotion of sustainable development by higher education institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Survey report.
• [10] Gündüz, O. (2012). Uluslararas burslu öğrencilerin Türkiye’de eğitim görme beklentileri ve kariyer hedefleri: Yurtdş Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlğ uzmanlk tezi.
• [11] Haşimi, C. (2014). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation. Insight Turkey, 16(1), 127-145.
• [12] The Istanbul declaration on Africa-Turkey partnership: Solidarity and partnership for a common future. (2008). In ISS Resource Centre. Retrieved on January 12, 2016, from https://www.issafrica.org/uploads/TURKEYAFRIDECAUG08 .PDF.
• [13] Karagül, S. & Aslan, İ. (2013). Türkiye’nin Afrika açlm politikas: Tarihsel arka plan, stratejik ortaklk ve geleceği. Uluslararas Hukuk ve Politika, 9(35), 21-55.
• [14] Nye, Jr., J. S. (2008). Public dipomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 94-109. doi: 10.1177/0002716207311699.
• [15] Özkan, A. (2015). Strategic practices of public diplomacy policies in educational field and Turkey’s potential for cultural diplomacy. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.441.
• [16] Özkan, M. (2012). A new actor or passer-by? The political economy of Turkey’s engagement with Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 14(1), 113-133. doi: 10.1080/19448953.2012.656968.
• [17] Özkan, M. (2010). What drives Turkey’s involvement in Africa? Review of African Political Economy, 37(126), 533- 540. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2010.530952.
• [18] Özkan, M., & Orakç, S. (2015). Viewpoint: Turkey as a “political” actor in Africa – an assessment of Turkish involvement in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(2), 343–352. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2015.1042629.
• [19] Yurt dş ziyaretler. (n.d.). In Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlğ. Retrieved on [2016], from www.tccb.gov.tr/receptayyiperdogan/yurtdisiziyaretler/.
• [20] Sending, O. J., Pouliot, V., & Neumann, I. B. (2011). The future of diplomacy: Changing practices, evolving relationships. International Journal, 66(3), 527-542.
• [21] Shinn, D. (2015). Turkey’s engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Shifting alliances and strategic diversification. London: Chatham House.
• [22] T.C. Kalknma Bakanlğ: Kalknma Araştrmalar Merkezi. (2015) Yükseköğretimin uluslararaslaşmas çerçevesinde Türk üniversitelerinin uluslararas öğrenciler için çekim merkezi haline getirilmesi: Araştrma projesi raporu. Ankara: Türk Cumhuriyeti.
• [23] Turkey-Africa relations. (n.d.). In Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on [date needed], from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa.
• [24] Turkish Airlines again expands its network. (2015, December 15). In Turkish Airlines. Retrieved on [2016], from http://www.turkishairlines.com/en- int/corporate/pressroom/press-releases/press-release-detail/turkish-airlines-again- expands-its-network-661.
• [25] Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2013). Annual Report 2013. Ankara: Government of the Republic of Turkey.
• [26] United Nations Development Program. (2015). Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: United Nations.
• [27] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culrtural Organization. (1996). Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century – Learning: The treasure within. Paris: UNESCO.
• [28] Wheeler, T. (2011). Ankara to Africa: Turkey’s outreach since 2005. South African Journal of International Affairs, 18(1), 43-62. doi: 10.1080/10220461.2011.564426.