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Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 31 - 52, 01.10.2018

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References

  • [1] A.E. Akinlo. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from 11 Sub-Sahara African countries. Energy Economics, 30, pp. 2391–2400. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.01.008. [2] Abhijit B. and Esther D. (2004). Growth theory through the lens of development economics. Massachusetts institute of technology. [3] Acmoglu D. and Robinson J. (2012). Why nations fail. Crown Publishing Group. [4] ADB. (2012). SME development government procurement and inclusive growth. [5] Aghion, P., N. Bloom, R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and P. Howitt (2005) “Competition and innovation: an inverted-u relationship” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(2). [6] Anand R., Mishra S. and Peiris S.J. (2013). Inclusive growth: Measurement and determinants. [7] Atemnkeng J.T. (2010). Household-level Social Capital in Cameroon and Children’s Schooling: A Gender Analysis. Africa Development / Afrique et Développement, 35(4), pp. 211-236. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/afrdevafrdev.35.4.211. [8] Barro R. 2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth 5. [9] Behrman J. R, Birdsall N. and Pettersson G.(2009), Schooling inequality, crises, and financial liberalization in Latin America. Centre for Global Development Washington DC. [10] Beneria L. and Sen G. (1981). Accumulation, Reproduction, and “Women’s Role in Economic Development”: Boserup Revisited. The University of Chicago Press, 7(2), pp. 279-298. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3173878. [11] Birchall J. and Ketilson L. H. (2009).Resilience of the cooperative business model in times of crisis. International Labor Office and Sustainable Enterprise Programed Geneva. [12] Birdsall N. (2006). Stormy Days on an Open Field: Asymmetries in the Global Economy. Working paper, 2006-81. [13] Birdsall N. and J. Londono (1997) “Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank’s Approach to Poverty Reduction”. American Economic Review Papers and Proceeding, 87(2), pp. 32-37. [14] Bourgignon F. (2004). The poverty growth inequality triangle. [15] Clark C. (1984). The conditions of economic progress. Oxford University Press. [16] Commission on Growth and Development (2008) Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, the World Bank. [17] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1996) “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality.” World Bank Economic Review 10, pp. 565–91. [18] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1996) “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality. “World Bank Economic Review 10, pp. 565–91. [19] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1998) “New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth,” Journal of Development Economics 57, pp. 259-287. [20] DFID (2004) “What is Pro-Poor Growth and Why Do We Need to Know?”, Pro-Poor Growth Briefing Note 1, Department for International Development, London. [21] Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2002) “Growth Is Good for the Poor.” Journal of Economic Growth 7, pp. 195–225. [22] Easterly L. and Levine R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. [23] Easterly W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84, pp. 755– 776. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002. [24] Education for All Global Monitoring Report (2013). Sub-Saharan Africa Teaching and Learning: Achieving quality for all. 2013(4), .www. efareport.unesco.org [25] Elizabeth St. (2011). Making Growth Inclusive: Some lessons from countries and the literature. Oxfam research reports. [26] Fika H. B., and Sokeng G.D. (2016).Participation of Women in the Economic Activity in Cameroon. David publishing, 6(1), pp. 28-45. DOI: 10.17265/2159‐5526/2016.01.003 [27] Fonchingong Charles C. (2006). Expanding horizons: Women’s voices in community-driven development in the Cameroon grasslands. Geo Journal, 65, pp. 137–149. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-005-3597-y. [28] Fonjong L. (2001). Fostering women’ participation in development through non-governmental efforts in Cameroon. The Geographical Journal, 167(3), pp. 223–234. [29] Fonjong L. (2004). Challenges and coping strategies of women Food Crops Entrepreneurs in Fako Division, Cameroon. Journal of international women’s studies, 5(5). [30] Hausmann R., J. Hwang, and D. Rodrik. (2007).“What you export matters” Journal of Economic Growth 12(1). [31] Hausmann R., Rodrik D., and A. Velasco (2005) Growth Diagnostics. Harvard Kennedy School Cambridge. [32] Ifzal A. and Juzhong Z. (2007). Inclusive Growth toward a Prosperous Asia: Policy Implications. Working Paper Asia Development Bank, 97. [33] Imbs, J. and R. Wacziarg (2003) “Stages of Diversification” American Economic Review 93(1), pp. 63-86. [34] International Monetary Fund. (2013). Statement by the Managing Director of the Work Program of the Executive Board Executive Board Meeting. http://bit.ly/1lCzzIo Internet Resources [35] IPC-IG (n.d). “What is inclusive growth?” IPC-IG. www.ipc-undp. org [36] Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) TAC International Inc. (2015). 2015 Country Report of Gender Profile. [37] Jenkins S.P. and Kerm V.P. (2003). Trends in income inequality, propoor income growth and income mobility. Institute for social and economic research 2003-27. http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/pubs/workpaps/ [38] Klasen. (2010). Measuring and Monitoring Inclusive Growth: Multiple Definitions, Open Questions and some Constructive Proposals. Sustainable development working paper series. [39] Knowles S., Lorgelly P.K. and Owen P. D. (2002). Are educational gender gaps a brake on economic development? Some cross country empirical evidence. Oxford University Press, 54, pp. 118-149. [40] Kraay, A. (2004) “When Is Growth Pro-Poor? Cross Country Evidence.” IMF, international monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Working paper 4-47. [41] Li H. and H. Zhou (1998) “Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory and Evidence.” Review of Development Economics 2(3). [42] Lin- Chang M. (2004). Growing Pains: Cross-National Variation in Sex Segregation in Sixteen Developing Countries. American Sociological Review, 69, pp. 114–137. [43] Lopez H. and L. Servén (2004).”The Mechanics of Growth-Poverty- Inequality Relationship.” World Bank. [44] Lopez, H. (2004a). “Pro-Growth, Pro Poor: Is There a Trade Off?” Working PaperWPS3378, World Bank. Washington, DC. [45] Lopez, H. (2004b). “Pro-Poor Growth: A Review of What We Know (and of What WeDon’t)” Mimeo.World Bank. [46] Mbratana T., Kenne A. F. (2018). Investigating gender wage gap in employment: A micro econometric type-analysis for Cameroon. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(5), pp.848-866, https://doi. org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2017-0131. [47] McCulloch N. and B. Baulch (1999) “Tracking pro-poor growth.” ID21 insights No. 31. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. [48] Menga R. (2015). The Challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A Paper Presented On Women, Business and Financial Inclusıon In Africa At The International Conference On Women And The Post 2015 Development Agenda. [49] MINEFOP (2009). Plan d’Action National pour l’emploi des femmes. [50] Nana-Fabu S. (2006). An Analysis of the Economic Status of Women in Cameroon. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 8(1), pp. 148- 162. http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol8/iss1/11 [51] Olatomide W.O. (2012). Concept, Measurement and Causes of Poverty: Nigeria in Perspective. American Journal of Economics, 2(1), pp. 25-36 DOI: 10.5923/j.economics.20120201.04. [52] Ostry J. D., Berg A., and Tsangarides C.G..(2014). Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth. [53] Rahul A., Saurabh M. and Shanaka J. P. (2013). Inclusive Growth Revisited: Measurement and Determinants. The World Bank Economic Premise. [54] Ravallion, M. and S. Chen (1997) “What Can New Survey Data Tell Us About Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty?” The World Bank Economic Review 11(2). [55] Ravallion, M. and S. Chen (2003) “Measuring pro-poor growth.” Economics Letters 78, pp. 93-99. [56] Romer, P. (1990) “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy98(5). [57] Sida (2006) Integrated Economic Analysis for Pro-poor Growth: A Methodological Approach. Method document. Stockholm: Sida. [58] Taksin T. (2014). GDP Growth in Turkey: Inclusive or not? Working paper, 14-08 Central Bank of Turkey. [59] Tchombe M. T. (1994). Access of girls to basic education in Cameroon. National Strategies, pp. 13-14. UNESCO Regional Office in Dakar. [60] Trade and Development report. (2012). [61] UN Women. (2015). Women and Sustainable Development Goals. [62] UNCTAD. (2006). The least developed countries report 2006: Developing productive capacities. http://bit.ly/1oMxwHG. [63] UNDP. (2000). Sustainable Development Goals. [64] UNDP. (2010). The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. Human Development Report 2010. [65] Unesco Institute of Statistics.(2016). [66] White H. and E. Anderson (2001). “Growth vs. Redistribution: Does the Pattern of Growth Matter?” Development Policy Review 19(3), pp. 167-289. [67] World Bank (1990). World Development Report 1990. Washington DC: World Bank. [68] World Bank (2005). Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform.Washington DC: World Bank. [69] World Bank (2007) Mongolia: Sources of Growth Report No. 39009- MN, WashingtonDC: World Bank. [70] World Bank (2008) What Are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No.44286-ZM, Washington DC: World Bank. [71] World Bank (2008).What Are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No. 44286-ZM [72] World Bank. (2016). World Development Indicators. [73] World development report. (2006). Equity and development. [74] Yemishova S. (2017). The under-education of girls in Cameroon.

Female Inclusion and Economic Development: The Case of Cameroon

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 31 - 52, 01.10.2018

Abstract

The present paper aims at investigating the status of the economic
development in Cameroon and female inclusion problems with the use of
annual data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and assets of household
survey between 2007-2011 and 2012-2016 from National Institute of
Statistic of Cameroon and, the different education statistical data available
on UNESCO and World Development Indicator of 2016. Our investigation
particularly aims to uncover the level of women inclusion in Cameroon
while putting a special focus on education. The paper finds that due to
a global amelioration in female inclusion effort, Cameroon has also
improved its condition. It can be concluded that growth in Cameroon has
not been as inclusive because as growth advanced equity did not. Hence,
despite positive developments, women inclusion still faces many problems
in Cameroon which can be confirmed by their very low representation in
important function of the country. In addition, the number of girls having
a chance for proper education is low in Cameroon. Furthermore, we move
forward in education and we observe that lesser percentages of females
are presented in each category of education: pre-primary, primary and
secondary.

References

  • [1] A.E. Akinlo. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from 11 Sub-Sahara African countries. Energy Economics, 30, pp. 2391–2400. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.01.008. [2] Abhijit B. and Esther D. (2004). Growth theory through the lens of development economics. Massachusetts institute of technology. [3] Acmoglu D. and Robinson J. (2012). Why nations fail. Crown Publishing Group. [4] ADB. (2012). SME development government procurement and inclusive growth. [5] Aghion, P., N. Bloom, R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and P. Howitt (2005) “Competition and innovation: an inverted-u relationship” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(2). [6] Anand R., Mishra S. and Peiris S.J. (2013). Inclusive growth: Measurement and determinants. [7] Atemnkeng J.T. (2010). Household-level Social Capital in Cameroon and Children’s Schooling: A Gender Analysis. Africa Development / Afrique et Développement, 35(4), pp. 211-236. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/afrdevafrdev.35.4.211. [8] Barro R. 2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth 5. [9] Behrman J. R, Birdsall N. and Pettersson G.(2009), Schooling inequality, crises, and financial liberalization in Latin America. Centre for Global Development Washington DC. [10] Beneria L. and Sen G. (1981). Accumulation, Reproduction, and “Women’s Role in Economic Development”: Boserup Revisited. The University of Chicago Press, 7(2), pp. 279-298. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3173878. [11] Birchall J. and Ketilson L. H. (2009).Resilience of the cooperative business model in times of crisis. International Labor Office and Sustainable Enterprise Programed Geneva. [12] Birdsall N. (2006). Stormy Days on an Open Field: Asymmetries in the Global Economy. Working paper, 2006-81. [13] Birdsall N. and J. Londono (1997) “Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank’s Approach to Poverty Reduction”. American Economic Review Papers and Proceeding, 87(2), pp. 32-37. [14] Bourgignon F. (2004). The poverty growth inequality triangle. [15] Clark C. (1984). The conditions of economic progress. Oxford University Press. [16] Commission on Growth and Development (2008) Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, the World Bank. [17] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1996) “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality.” World Bank Economic Review 10, pp. 565–91. [18] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1996) “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality. “World Bank Economic Review 10, pp. 565–91. [19] Deininger, K., and L. Squire (1998) “New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth,” Journal of Development Economics 57, pp. 259-287. [20] DFID (2004) “What is Pro-Poor Growth and Why Do We Need to Know?”, Pro-Poor Growth Briefing Note 1, Department for International Development, London. [21] Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2002) “Growth Is Good for the Poor.” Journal of Economic Growth 7, pp. 195–225. [22] Easterly L. and Levine R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. [23] Easterly W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84, pp. 755– 776. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002. [24] Education for All Global Monitoring Report (2013). Sub-Saharan Africa Teaching and Learning: Achieving quality for all. 2013(4), .www. efareport.unesco.org [25] Elizabeth St. (2011). Making Growth Inclusive: Some lessons from countries and the literature. Oxfam research reports. [26] Fika H. B., and Sokeng G.D. (2016).Participation of Women in the Economic Activity in Cameroon. David publishing, 6(1), pp. 28-45. DOI: 10.17265/2159‐5526/2016.01.003 [27] Fonchingong Charles C. (2006). Expanding horizons: Women’s voices in community-driven development in the Cameroon grasslands. Geo Journal, 65, pp. 137–149. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-005-3597-y. [28] Fonjong L. (2001). Fostering women’ participation in development through non-governmental efforts in Cameroon. The Geographical Journal, 167(3), pp. 223–234. [29] Fonjong L. (2004). Challenges and coping strategies of women Food Crops Entrepreneurs in Fako Division, Cameroon. Journal of international women’s studies, 5(5). [30] Hausmann R., J. Hwang, and D. Rodrik. (2007).“What you export matters” Journal of Economic Growth 12(1). [31] Hausmann R., Rodrik D., and A. Velasco (2005) Growth Diagnostics. Harvard Kennedy School Cambridge. [32] Ifzal A. and Juzhong Z. (2007). Inclusive Growth toward a Prosperous Asia: Policy Implications. Working Paper Asia Development Bank, 97. [33] Imbs, J. and R. Wacziarg (2003) “Stages of Diversification” American Economic Review 93(1), pp. 63-86. [34] International Monetary Fund. (2013). Statement by the Managing Director of the Work Program of the Executive Board Executive Board Meeting. http://bit.ly/1lCzzIo Internet Resources [35] IPC-IG (n.d). “What is inclusive growth?” IPC-IG. www.ipc-undp. org [36] Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) TAC International Inc. (2015). 2015 Country Report of Gender Profile. [37] Jenkins S.P. and Kerm V.P. (2003). Trends in income inequality, propoor income growth and income mobility. Institute for social and economic research 2003-27. http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/pubs/workpaps/ [38] Klasen. (2010). Measuring and Monitoring Inclusive Growth: Multiple Definitions, Open Questions and some Constructive Proposals. Sustainable development working paper series. [39] Knowles S., Lorgelly P.K. and Owen P. D. (2002). Are educational gender gaps a brake on economic development? Some cross country empirical evidence. Oxford University Press, 54, pp. 118-149. [40] Kraay, A. (2004) “When Is Growth Pro-Poor? Cross Country Evidence.” IMF, international monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Working paper 4-47. [41] Li H. and H. Zhou (1998) “Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory and Evidence.” Review of Development Economics 2(3). [42] Lin- Chang M. (2004). Growing Pains: Cross-National Variation in Sex Segregation in Sixteen Developing Countries. American Sociological Review, 69, pp. 114–137. [43] Lopez H. and L. Servén (2004).”The Mechanics of Growth-Poverty- Inequality Relationship.” World Bank. [44] Lopez, H. (2004a). “Pro-Growth, Pro Poor: Is There a Trade Off?” Working PaperWPS3378, World Bank. Washington, DC. [45] Lopez, H. (2004b). “Pro-Poor Growth: A Review of What We Know (and of What WeDon’t)” Mimeo.World Bank. [46] Mbratana T., Kenne A. F. (2018). Investigating gender wage gap in employment: A micro econometric type-analysis for Cameroon. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(5), pp.848-866, https://doi. org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2017-0131. [47] McCulloch N. and B. Baulch (1999) “Tracking pro-poor growth.” ID21 insights No. 31. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. [48] Menga R. (2015). The Challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A Paper Presented On Women, Business and Financial Inclusıon In Africa At The International Conference On Women And The Post 2015 Development Agenda. [49] MINEFOP (2009). Plan d’Action National pour l’emploi des femmes. [50] Nana-Fabu S. (2006). An Analysis of the Economic Status of Women in Cameroon. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 8(1), pp. 148- 162. http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol8/iss1/11 [51] Olatomide W.O. (2012). Concept, Measurement and Causes of Poverty: Nigeria in Perspective. American Journal of Economics, 2(1), pp. 25-36 DOI: 10.5923/j.economics.20120201.04. [52] Ostry J. D., Berg A., and Tsangarides C.G..(2014). Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth. [53] Rahul A., Saurabh M. and Shanaka J. P. (2013). Inclusive Growth Revisited: Measurement and Determinants. The World Bank Economic Premise. [54] Ravallion, M. and S. Chen (1997) “What Can New Survey Data Tell Us About Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty?” The World Bank Economic Review 11(2). [55] Ravallion, M. and S. Chen (2003) “Measuring pro-poor growth.” Economics Letters 78, pp. 93-99. [56] Romer, P. (1990) “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy98(5). [57] Sida (2006) Integrated Economic Analysis for Pro-poor Growth: A Methodological Approach. Method document. Stockholm: Sida. [58] Taksin T. (2014). GDP Growth in Turkey: Inclusive or not? Working paper, 14-08 Central Bank of Turkey. [59] Tchombe M. T. (1994). Access of girls to basic education in Cameroon. National Strategies, pp. 13-14. UNESCO Regional Office in Dakar. [60] Trade and Development report. (2012). [61] UN Women. (2015). Women and Sustainable Development Goals. [62] UNCTAD. (2006). The least developed countries report 2006: Developing productive capacities. http://bit.ly/1oMxwHG. [63] UNDP. (2000). Sustainable Development Goals. [64] UNDP. (2010). The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. Human Development Report 2010. [65] Unesco Institute of Statistics.(2016). [66] White H. and E. Anderson (2001). “Growth vs. Redistribution: Does the Pattern of Growth Matter?” Development Policy Review 19(3), pp. 167-289. [67] World Bank (1990). World Development Report 1990. Washington DC: World Bank. [68] World Bank (2005). Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform.Washington DC: World Bank. [69] World Bank (2007) Mongolia: Sources of Growth Report No. 39009- MN, WashingtonDC: World Bank. [70] World Bank (2008) What Are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No.44286-ZM, Washington DC: World Bank. [71] World Bank (2008).What Are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No. 44286-ZM [72] World Bank. (2016). World Development Indicators. [73] World development report. (2006). Equity and development. [74] Yemishova S. (2017). The under-education of girls in Cameroon.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Sedat Aybar This is me

Michele Patricia Pougnı Sıatou This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aybar, A. S., & Pougnı Sıatou, M. P. (2018). Female Inclusion and Economic Development: The Case of Cameroon. Florya Chronicles of Political Economy, 4(2), 31-52.


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