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Tohum ve Toprak Metaforu Üzerinden Bir Olağanüstü Doğum Ritüeli

Year 2013, Volume: 19 Issue: 74, 47 - 59, 01.08.2013

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı Bektaşi tarikatının kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin kerameti
sonucu taşlaştığına inanılan buğday ve mercimek tanesi şeklindeki taşların yutulmasıyla gebe
kalınması ritüelini tohum ve toprak metaforu üzerinden inceleyerek, içerdiği yaratılış inancıyla ritüelin
ataerkil sistemi nasıl meşrulaştırdığını ve yeniden ürettiğini araştırmaktır. Kurulan tohum/sperm,
toprak/rahim analojisi yaratılışta erkeğe hayat verici, kadına da besleyici taşıyıcı rol atfeder. Doğurmak ve can vermeyi birbirinden ayıran yaratılış inancı dünyevi düzlemde monogenetik yani tekkaynaklı
üreme savıyla, yani doğacak olan çocuğun erkeğin sperminde bulunduğu iddiasıyla, ilahi düzleminde
ise monoteist inançla, evrenin ve insanın tek bir yaratıcısı olduğunu iddiasıyla ifadesini bulur. Tanrı
ve erkek arasında simgesel bir bağ kurulur, hayat verme, yaratma üzerinden erkeklik babalıkla
ilişkilendirilir ve öyle tanımlanır. Yaratılışta kadını edilgen olarak konumlayan ve hayat verme gücüyle
tanımlanan babalık, erkeğin egemenliğinin kurumsallaştığı sistem olan ataerkilliğin temel unsurudur.
Her varlığın Tanrı’nın tecellisi olduğu kabul edilen Alevi-Bektaşi inancında ise, her ne kadar yaratan
ve yaratılan arasında mutlak bir ayrım olmasa da, akla tekabül eden ilke eril ve aktif olarak tanımlanır,
dolayısıyla yaratıcı güç atfedilen yine erkektir. Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin hayatı hakkında bilgi veren ve
15. yüzyılda yazılmış olduğu tahmin edilen Vilayet-name’de geçen iki olağanüstü doğum öyküsünde
kullanılan kan, tohum ve toprak metaforları da, monoteist inanç ve monogenetik yaratılış savıyla
uyumlu biçimde üremede babaya yaratma ve soyunu devam ettirme kudretini, anneye besleyicilik ve
taşıyıcılığı atfederek, baba soylu akrabalık hakkında bilgi verir. Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin kan bağı yoluyla
evlatları olduğuna inanılan Ulusoy ailesi ve onlara bağlı Alevi-Bektaşi topluluklar arasında azalarak
da olsa devam eden taş buğday veya mercimek yutma ritüeli, Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin ilahi düzeydeki
yaratma gücüne vurgu yaparak, onu ritüel sayesinde doğduğuna inanılan buğday ve mercimek
bebeklerin ilahi düzlemdeki babası yapar. Dünyevi düzlemdeki babanın varlığını gerektiren bu ritüel,
ancak doğum sonrasında dünyevi düzlemdeki babanın, ilahi düzlemdeki yaratan Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin
yaratma gücüne kurban keserek saygı ve minnet sunmasıyla sona erer. Kısaca, bu makale, Hacı Bektaş
Veli ile ilgili yaratılış hikâyelerinde ve yaratılış ritüelinde kullanılan metaforlar aracılığıyla ilahi ve
dünyevi düzlemde babalığın nasıl kurgulandığını ve birbiriyle nasıl ilişkilendirildiğini inceliyor.

References

  • Berktay, Fatmagül (2000). Tektanrılı Dinler Karşısında Kadın. İstanbul: Metis
  • Birge, John Kingsley (1965). The Bektashi Order of Dervishes. London: Luzac & Co.,Ltd
  • Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. London, New York: Kegan Paul International; London: In association with Islamic Publications for the Institute of Ismaili Studies
  • Danık, Ertuğrul (2002). Alevilik ve Bektaşilikte Olağanüstü ya da Bakire Doğum Mitosu: İki Damla Kanla Başlayan Yaşam. Folklor Edebiyat Cilt:VIII Sayı:XXIX 2002/1, 239-250.
  • Delaney, Carol (September,1986). The Meaning of Paternity and The Virgin Birth Debate. Man, New Series Vol.21, No.3, 494-513.
  • Delaney, Carol (2001). Tohum ve Toprak (S.Somuncuoğlu ve A. Bora Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
  • Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard (1996). The Father, the Phallus, and the Seminal Word: Dilemmas of Patrilineality in Ancient Judaism (M.J. Maynes, A. Waltner, B. Soland ve U.Strasser, Ed.) (s.27-42). Gender Kinship Power- a Comparative and Interdisciplinary History. NewYork & London: Routledge
  • Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki (Ed.) (1995). Vilayet-name Menakıb-ı Hünkar Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli. İstanbul: İnkılap Yay.
  • Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki (1985). 100 Soruda Tasavvuf. İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi
  • Inhorn, Marcia, C (2003). “Worms are Week”: Male Infertility and Patriarchal Paradoxes in Egypt. Men and Masculinities Vol.5, No.3, 236-256.
  • Korkmaz, Esat (2003). Ansiklopedik Alevilik-Bektaşilik Terimleri Sözlüğü (Gözden geçirilmiş 3. baskı). İstanbul: Kaynak Yay.
  • Kumar, Pushpesh (2006). Gender and Procreative Ideologies Among the Kolams of Maharashtra. Contributions to Indian Sociology 40, 3, 279-310.
  • Lerner, Gerda (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Ortner, Sherry B. (1998). Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? (Peach, Joy, L. Ed.) (s.23-44). Women in Culture-A Women’s Studies Anthology Massachusetts, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
  • Parkin, Robert and Stone, Linda (2004). General Introduction (R. Parkin and L.Stone, Ed.) (s.1-24). Kinship and Family- an Anthropological Reader. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Rosaldo Zimbalist, Michelle (1974). Theoretical Overview (Rosaldo, Zimbalist M and Lamphere, Ed.) (s.17-42). Woman, Culture and Society L. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
  • Stol, Marten (2009). Embryology in Babylonia and the Bible. (V.R. Sasson and J.M. Law, Ed.) (s.137- 155). Imagening the Fetus the Unborn in Myth, Religion and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tuana, Nancy (Spring, 1988). The Weaker Seed The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory. Hypatia vol.3 No.1, 35-59.
  • Van Rooj, F.B; Van Balen, F; Hermanns, J.M.A ( November, 2004). A Review of Islamic Middle Eastern Migrants: Traditional and Religious Cultural Beliefs about Procreation in the Context of Infertility Treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, Vol.22, No.4, 321-331.

AN EXTRAORDINARY BIRTH RITUAL BY USING THE SEED AND SOIL METAPHOR: WHEAT BOYS, LENTIL GIRLS

Year 2013, Volume: 19 Issue: 74, 47 - 59, 01.08.2013

Abstract

This article aims at exploring procreation belief among the Alevi-Bektaşi people who are affiliated
with the Ulusoy family, with the so called descendants of the founder of the Bektaşi order, Hacı Bektaş
Veli by focusing on a ritual about swallowing miraculous stone grains of wheat and lentil in order to
get pregnant and have a baby. In this ritual, an analogy is drawn between seed and sperm and, between
soil and womb. By using seed and soil metaphor, in procreation creative power is ascribed to male and
nurturing role is ascribed to female. Parallel to this metaphor, according to the monogenetic procreation
claim, pre-child is already included within sperm. In the same vein, the monotheist belief claims that
it is God who creates the universe, world and human being. Both monogenetic claim and monotheist
belief depend on the same principle of procreation which comes from one source. Therefore, based on a
symbolic connection between God and male in terms of their ability to create, maleness is defined with
paternity. This kind of paternity is the constitutive part of the patriarchy, the institutionalized system of
the male dominance. Despite the fact that in the Alevi-Bektaşi belief all creatures are accepted as manifestation of God and, there is no absolute distinction between the Creator and created, the masculine
principle of the universe is defined as reason which is at the same time progenitor and active. Thus,
again, masculinity is defined as the generative force of the universe. In Vilayet-name, a hagiography on
Hacı Bektaş Veli probably written in the 15th century, there are two extraordinary birth narratives which
include metaphors of blood, seed and soil. These narratives reveal the same monogenetic and monotheistic
role of males and females in procreation, besides that, gives information about paternity and,
patrilineal kin relations. The blood metaphor connects Hacı Bektaş Veli with the Çelebis (the Ulusoys)
and denotes kinship at human level and divine level. The narrative on and the ritual of swallowing stone
grains of wheat and lentil draws a seed and sperm analogy and designates divine generative power of
Hacı Bektaş Veli. The ritual necessitates sexual intercourse of the couples, thus, Hacı Bektaş becomes
the divine father of the babies. The ritual is ended after “biological” fathers of the newborn babies sacrifice
an animal in order to pay homage to the divine creative power of Hacı Bektaş. Thus, the article
examines how paternity is constructed at the levels of divine and human and how these levels are connected
each other by different metaphors on kinship in the narratives and rituals about Hacı Bektaş Veli.

References

  • Berktay, Fatmagül (2000). Tektanrılı Dinler Karşısında Kadın. İstanbul: Metis
  • Birge, John Kingsley (1965). The Bektashi Order of Dervishes. London: Luzac & Co.,Ltd
  • Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. London, New York: Kegan Paul International; London: In association with Islamic Publications for the Institute of Ismaili Studies
  • Danık, Ertuğrul (2002). Alevilik ve Bektaşilikte Olağanüstü ya da Bakire Doğum Mitosu: İki Damla Kanla Başlayan Yaşam. Folklor Edebiyat Cilt:VIII Sayı:XXIX 2002/1, 239-250.
  • Delaney, Carol (September,1986). The Meaning of Paternity and The Virgin Birth Debate. Man, New Series Vol.21, No.3, 494-513.
  • Delaney, Carol (2001). Tohum ve Toprak (S.Somuncuoğlu ve A. Bora Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
  • Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard (1996). The Father, the Phallus, and the Seminal Word: Dilemmas of Patrilineality in Ancient Judaism (M.J. Maynes, A. Waltner, B. Soland ve U.Strasser, Ed.) (s.27-42). Gender Kinship Power- a Comparative and Interdisciplinary History. NewYork & London: Routledge
  • Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki (Ed.) (1995). Vilayet-name Menakıb-ı Hünkar Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli. İstanbul: İnkılap Yay.
  • Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki (1985). 100 Soruda Tasavvuf. İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi
  • Inhorn, Marcia, C (2003). “Worms are Week”: Male Infertility and Patriarchal Paradoxes in Egypt. Men and Masculinities Vol.5, No.3, 236-256.
  • Korkmaz, Esat (2003). Ansiklopedik Alevilik-Bektaşilik Terimleri Sözlüğü (Gözden geçirilmiş 3. baskı). İstanbul: Kaynak Yay.
  • Kumar, Pushpesh (2006). Gender and Procreative Ideologies Among the Kolams of Maharashtra. Contributions to Indian Sociology 40, 3, 279-310.
  • Lerner, Gerda (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Ortner, Sherry B. (1998). Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? (Peach, Joy, L. Ed.) (s.23-44). Women in Culture-A Women’s Studies Anthology Massachusetts, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
  • Parkin, Robert and Stone, Linda (2004). General Introduction (R. Parkin and L.Stone, Ed.) (s.1-24). Kinship and Family- an Anthropological Reader. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Rosaldo Zimbalist, Michelle (1974). Theoretical Overview (Rosaldo, Zimbalist M and Lamphere, Ed.) (s.17-42). Woman, Culture and Society L. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
  • Stol, Marten (2009). Embryology in Babylonia and the Bible. (V.R. Sasson and J.M. Law, Ed.) (s.137- 155). Imagening the Fetus the Unborn in Myth, Religion and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tuana, Nancy (Spring, 1988). The Weaker Seed The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory. Hypatia vol.3 No.1, 35-59.
  • Van Rooj, F.B; Van Balen, F; Hermanns, J.M.A ( November, 2004). A Review of Islamic Middle Eastern Migrants: Traditional and Religious Cultural Beliefs about Procreation in the Context of Infertility Treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, Vol.22, No.4, 321-331.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA67CB66BY
Journal Section Article
Authors

Meral Salman

Publication Date August 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 19 Issue: 74

Cite

APA Salman, M. (2013). Tohum ve Toprak Metaforu Üzerinden Bir Olağanüstü Doğum Ritüeli. Folklor/Edebiyat, 19(74), 47-59.

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