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The Symbol of Freedom: Phrygian Cap

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 113, 49 - 68, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2356

Abstract

The objects of ancient cultures play an active role in creating their societal traditions. These ancient objects have established their place in the history of societies as
specific tools for building a culture and inventing new traditions. Anatolia is rich in terms of the ancient objects. The rich heritage of Anatolian history has been an
inspiration for Anatolian civilizations. In addition, this heritage has also served as a source of nourishment for many nations, states, and political movements around
the globe. Although regarded as a “social and political animal,” humankind is also an “animal symbolicum.” This characteristic of humankind has led them to furnish
civilizations with symbols. Each state has various symbols to represent its beliefs, thought system, and traditions. The symbolic capacity of humankind has also
had a function in the political sphere. The “Phrygian cap” which belonged to the Phrygian Civilization, one of the Anatolian civilizations dating back to the 1st millennium BC, is a prime example of this. It has become a symbol of freedom and independence not only in Anatolia but all over the globe by representing “freedom and independence.” Anatolian history has a rich culture in ancient history, as is the case with other areas of history. In addition, Anatolia is located at the crossing point where eastern and western civilizations converge. These characteristics of Anatolia enabled the “traditions invented in this region” to spread all over the globe. The present study aims to investigate how the “freedom and independence” themes of the Phrygian cap, an ancient object of Anatolian origin. People have come together around a symbol of freedom in rallies, rebellions, and demonstrations to establish their new systems. The Phrygian cap appears on the coat of arms, flags, pendants, stamps, and coins belonging to many newly established states to symbolize their freedom and independence. The current study analyzes the sources on the Phrygian cap via conducting a thorough literature review using a qualitative/historical approach and examines the cultural value of an object of Anatolia.

References

  • Aristoteles. (2008). Politika (M. Tunçay. Çev.) Remzi.
  • Akurgal, E. (1961). Die kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Akurgal, E. (1995). Anadolu uygarlıkları. Net Turistik.
  • Braudel, F. (1992). Tarih üzerine yazılar (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.) İmge.
  • Berk, Fatih M. (2011). Phryglerin mitolojik etkisinin edebiyat ve sanat dünyasına yansımaları. Tarihin Peşinde. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6, 101-116.
  • Burg, D. F. (2007). The American revolution. Infobase.
  • Casssier, E. (2005). Devlet efsanesi (M. Tunçay, Çev.) Say.
  • Cattini, G., Santacana, C. (2017). Fashion and political identities: The symbolism of headwear in contemprary Spain (G. Motta and A. Biagini, Ed.) in Fashion through history: costumes, symbols, communication, 2, (234-248). Cambridge Scholars.
  • Dunkerly, R. M. (2015). To the bitter end: Appomattox, bennett place, and the surrenders of the confederacy (Emerging civil war series). Savas Beatie LLC.
  • Dürüşken, Ç. (2000). Roma’nın gizem dinleri. Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
  • Epstein, J. (1989). Understanding the cap of liberty: Symbolic practice and social conflict in early nineteenth-century England. Past & Present, No. 122, 75-118.
  • Erdan, E. (2018). Frig kültürü ve uygarlığı. Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
  • Eric S. (2013). A Cultural history of Jewish dress. Bloomsburry.
  • Fant, C. (1985). Four unfinished sarcaphagus lids at Docimeian and the Roman Imperial quarry System in Phrygia. American Journal of Archaeology, 89, 655-672.
  • Frazer, J. G. (2018). Adonis, Attis, Osiris: Doğu dinleri araştırmaları –I (İ. H. Yılmaz, Çev.) Pinhan.
  • Harden, J. D. (1995). The liberty caps and liberty trees. Past & Present, 122, 66-102.
  • Harris, J. (1981). The red cap of liberty: A study of dress worn by French revolutionary partisans 1789- 94. Eighteen-Century Studies, Spring, 14 (3), 283-312.
  • Hertz, N. (1983). Medusa’s head: Male hysteria under political pressure. Representations, 4, 27-54.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J., Ranger, T. (2000). The invention of tradition. Cambridge University.
  • Graham, A., Kamm, A. (2015). The Romans: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Kim, P., Rose, C.B., Holzman, S., Morgan, K., (2016). The legacy of Phrygian culture. (C. B. Rose and G. Darbyshire, Ed.) in The golden age of king Midas: Exhibition catalogue. University of Pennsylvania, 41-48.
  • Korshak, Y. (1987). The liberty cap as a revolutionary symbol in America and France. Smithhsonian Studies in American Art, I, (2), 52-69.
  • Le Coadic, R. (2015). Brittany’s new “bonnets rouges” and their critics. (L. A. Brannelly, G. Darwin, P. McCoy, K. O’Neill, Ed) in Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic colloquium. Harvard University, 1-17.
  • Lindauer, M. S. (2009). Psyche and the literary Muses: The contribution of literary content to scientific psychology. John Benjamins.
  • Lubrich, N. (2015). The wandering hat: Iterations of the medieval Jewish pointed cap. Jewish History, 29, (¾,) 203-244.
  • Mazhjoo, N. (2021). Being mithraist: Embracing ‘other’ in the Roman cultural milieu. (Aaron W. Irvin Ed. ) in Community and Identity at the Edges of the Classical World. W. Blackwell, 139-153.
  • Mellinkoff, R. (1973). The round, cap-shaped hats depicted on Jews in BM cotton Claudius B. Iv. AngloSaxon England, 2, 155-165.
  • Melinkoff, R. (1970). The horned moses in medieval art and thought. Wipf and Stock.
  • Mould, M. (2011). The Routledge dictionary of cultural references in modern French. Routledge.
  • Omissi, A. (2016). The cap of liberty: Roman slavery, cultural memory and magic mushrooms. Folklore, 127 (3), 270-285.
  • Ovidius. (1922). Metamorphoses (B. More, Ed.) Cornhill.
  • Ovidius. (1931). Fasti (J. G. Frazer, Trans.) Harvard University.
  • Ober, W. B., Wharton, R. N. (1956). On the Phrygian cap. New England Journal of Medicine, 255 (12), 571-572.
  • Paul, H. (2014). The myths that made America: An introduction to American studies: CPI – Clausen & Bosse, Leck.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun tarihi coğrafyası (M. Pektas, Çev.) Milli Eğitim.
  • Shilliam, N. J. (1993). Cocardes nationales and bonnets rouges: Symbolic headdresses of the French revolution. Journal of the Museum of Fine Arts, 5, 104-31.
  • Sivas, T. (1997). Eskişehir-Afyonkarahisar- Kütahya il sınırları içindeki Phryg kaya anıtları, Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Strickland, D. H. (2003). Saracens, demons, & Jews: Making monsters in medieval art. Princeton University.
  • Suetonius (1914). The lives of the twelve Caesars: Book VI. (J. C. Rolfe, Trans.) Harvard University.
  • Vermaseren, M. J. (1966). The legend of Attis in Greek and Roman art: With a frontispiece and 40 Plates. E. J. Brill.
  • Yates, J. (1875). Pileus (W. Smith. Ed.) in A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Murray, 919-921.
  • Young, G. R. (1959). The army almanac: A book of facts concerning the United States army. The Military Service.
  • Wrigley, R. (1997). Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The liberty cap in the French revolution. French History, 11 (2), 131-169.
  • Elektronik arşiv: https://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=phrygian (Erişim.15.11.2021).

Özgürlüğün Sembolü Frig Şapkası

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 113, 49 - 68, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2356

Abstract

Toplumların kadim kültürlerine ait nesneler, geleneklerinin inşa edilmesinde etkin rol oynar. Bu kadim materyaller kültür inşa etmede ve gelenekleri icat etmede hazır
bekleyen araçlar olarak toplumların geçmişinde yer alır. Anadolu bu kadim materyallerle doludur. Anadolu tarihinin zengin mirası sadece Anadolu Uygarlıkları’nın sermayesi olmakla kalmayıp dünya üzerinde pek çok ulusun, devletin ve siyasi hareketin beslendiği damar olmuştur. İnsanoğlu “sosyal ve politik bir hayvan” olmasının yanı sıra “simgeleştiren bir hayvandır”. Bu özelliği aracılığıyla inşa edilen uygarlıkların sembollerle donatılmasına neden olmuştur. Her bir devletin inancını, düşüncesini ve geleneklerini anlatan sembolleri vardır. İnsanın simgeleştirme vasfı politik alanlarda da ortaya çıkmış ve MÖ I. Bin Anadolu Uygarlıkları’ndan biri olan Frigya Uygarlığı’na ait olan “Frig Şapkası” “özgürlük ve bağımsızlık” anlamı kazanarak sadece Anadolu’da değil tüm dünyada özgürlüğün ve bağımsızlığın sembolü haline dönüşmüştür. Anadolu tarihinin tarihin diğer alanlarında olduğu gibi Eski Çağ Tarihi alanında da zengin bir kültüre sahip olması ve doğu ve batı medeniyetleri arasında geçiş noktasında olması bu topraklar üzerinde “icat edilmiş geleneklerin” tüm dünyaya yayılmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı kadim bir nesne olan Anadolu kökenli Frig Şapkası’nın “özgürlük ve bağımsızlık” temalı vasfının evrensel bir karaktere sahip olduğunu araştırmaktır. Anadolu kökenli Frig Şapkası tarih boyunca pek çok toplumun birleştirici ruhu olmuş, özgürlük teması altında mitinglerde, isyanlarda ve gösterilerde şapka sembolü etrafında toplanan insanlar yeni oluşumların temelini atmışlardır. Yeni kurulan pek çok devletin arma, bayrak, flama, pul ve sikkesinde kurulan devletin özgürlük ve bağımsızlık teması Frig Bayrağı ile sembolize edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, nitel/tarihsel bir yaklaşımla kaynak taraması yöntemi kullanılarak Frig Şapkası üzerine yazılmış kaynaklar
analiz edilmiş ve Anadolu kökenli bir kültürel değerin evrensel boyutu analiz edilmiştir.

References

  • Aristoteles. (2008). Politika (M. Tunçay. Çev.) Remzi.
  • Akurgal, E. (1961). Die kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Akurgal, E. (1995). Anadolu uygarlıkları. Net Turistik.
  • Braudel, F. (1992). Tarih üzerine yazılar (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.) İmge.
  • Berk, Fatih M. (2011). Phryglerin mitolojik etkisinin edebiyat ve sanat dünyasına yansımaları. Tarihin Peşinde. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6, 101-116.
  • Burg, D. F. (2007). The American revolution. Infobase.
  • Casssier, E. (2005). Devlet efsanesi (M. Tunçay, Çev.) Say.
  • Cattini, G., Santacana, C. (2017). Fashion and political identities: The symbolism of headwear in contemprary Spain (G. Motta and A. Biagini, Ed.) in Fashion through history: costumes, symbols, communication, 2, (234-248). Cambridge Scholars.
  • Dunkerly, R. M. (2015). To the bitter end: Appomattox, bennett place, and the surrenders of the confederacy (Emerging civil war series). Savas Beatie LLC.
  • Dürüşken, Ç. (2000). Roma’nın gizem dinleri. Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
  • Epstein, J. (1989). Understanding the cap of liberty: Symbolic practice and social conflict in early nineteenth-century England. Past & Present, No. 122, 75-118.
  • Erdan, E. (2018). Frig kültürü ve uygarlığı. Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
  • Eric S. (2013). A Cultural history of Jewish dress. Bloomsburry.
  • Fant, C. (1985). Four unfinished sarcaphagus lids at Docimeian and the Roman Imperial quarry System in Phrygia. American Journal of Archaeology, 89, 655-672.
  • Frazer, J. G. (2018). Adonis, Attis, Osiris: Doğu dinleri araştırmaları –I (İ. H. Yılmaz, Çev.) Pinhan.
  • Harden, J. D. (1995). The liberty caps and liberty trees. Past & Present, 122, 66-102.
  • Harris, J. (1981). The red cap of liberty: A study of dress worn by French revolutionary partisans 1789- 94. Eighteen-Century Studies, Spring, 14 (3), 283-312.
  • Hertz, N. (1983). Medusa’s head: Male hysteria under political pressure. Representations, 4, 27-54.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J., Ranger, T. (2000). The invention of tradition. Cambridge University.
  • Graham, A., Kamm, A. (2015). The Romans: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Kim, P., Rose, C.B., Holzman, S., Morgan, K., (2016). The legacy of Phrygian culture. (C. B. Rose and G. Darbyshire, Ed.) in The golden age of king Midas: Exhibition catalogue. University of Pennsylvania, 41-48.
  • Korshak, Y. (1987). The liberty cap as a revolutionary symbol in America and France. Smithhsonian Studies in American Art, I, (2), 52-69.
  • Le Coadic, R. (2015). Brittany’s new “bonnets rouges” and their critics. (L. A. Brannelly, G. Darwin, P. McCoy, K. O’Neill, Ed) in Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic colloquium. Harvard University, 1-17.
  • Lindauer, M. S. (2009). Psyche and the literary Muses: The contribution of literary content to scientific psychology. John Benjamins.
  • Lubrich, N. (2015). The wandering hat: Iterations of the medieval Jewish pointed cap. Jewish History, 29, (¾,) 203-244.
  • Mazhjoo, N. (2021). Being mithraist: Embracing ‘other’ in the Roman cultural milieu. (Aaron W. Irvin Ed. ) in Community and Identity at the Edges of the Classical World. W. Blackwell, 139-153.
  • Mellinkoff, R. (1973). The round, cap-shaped hats depicted on Jews in BM cotton Claudius B. Iv. AngloSaxon England, 2, 155-165.
  • Melinkoff, R. (1970). The horned moses in medieval art and thought. Wipf and Stock.
  • Mould, M. (2011). The Routledge dictionary of cultural references in modern French. Routledge.
  • Omissi, A. (2016). The cap of liberty: Roman slavery, cultural memory and magic mushrooms. Folklore, 127 (3), 270-285.
  • Ovidius. (1922). Metamorphoses (B. More, Ed.) Cornhill.
  • Ovidius. (1931). Fasti (J. G. Frazer, Trans.) Harvard University.
  • Ober, W. B., Wharton, R. N. (1956). On the Phrygian cap. New England Journal of Medicine, 255 (12), 571-572.
  • Paul, H. (2014). The myths that made America: An introduction to American studies: CPI – Clausen & Bosse, Leck.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun tarihi coğrafyası (M. Pektas, Çev.) Milli Eğitim.
  • Shilliam, N. J. (1993). Cocardes nationales and bonnets rouges: Symbolic headdresses of the French revolution. Journal of the Museum of Fine Arts, 5, 104-31.
  • Sivas, T. (1997). Eskişehir-Afyonkarahisar- Kütahya il sınırları içindeki Phryg kaya anıtları, Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Strickland, D. H. (2003). Saracens, demons, & Jews: Making monsters in medieval art. Princeton University.
  • Suetonius (1914). The lives of the twelve Caesars: Book VI. (J. C. Rolfe, Trans.) Harvard University.
  • Vermaseren, M. J. (1966). The legend of Attis in Greek and Roman art: With a frontispiece and 40 Plates. E. J. Brill.
  • Yates, J. (1875). Pileus (W. Smith. Ed.) in A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Murray, 919-921.
  • Young, G. R. (1959). The army almanac: A book of facts concerning the United States army. The Military Service.
  • Wrigley, R. (1997). Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The liberty cap in the French revolution. French History, 11 (2), 131-169.
  • Elektronik arşiv: https://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=phrygian (Erişim.15.11.2021).
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Turkish Folklore
Journal Section Article
Authors

Fatih Mehmet Berk This is me 0000-0003-4176-1781

Publication Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 29 Issue: 113

Cite

APA Berk, F. M. (2023). Özgürlüğün Sembolü Frig Şapkası. Folklor/Edebiyat, 29(113), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2356

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