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Modernist Şiirde Ütopyacı Tahayyül: Aşkınlıktan Dile Geçiş

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 113, 287 - 298, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2327

Abstract

“Modernist edebiyat” hem bir dönemi hem de bu başlık altında toplanan yazarların benimsedikleri veya reddettikleri çeşitli siyasal tutumları belirten son derece kapsamlı bir terimdir. Akademi içinde ve dışında yapılan araştırmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan yüksek ve geç modernizm kavramları bir yandan II. Dünya Savaşı’nın iki kısma ayırdığı, aşağı yukarı 1900 ve 1960lar arasında kalan dönemi işaret eder. Bunlar diğer yandan da modernizmin siyasetine dair kavramlardır. Bu anlamda yazarların ve şairlerin kendi toplumsal-tarihsel koşullarına nasıl yaklaştıklarını, verili öznellik ve toplumsallık biçimlerini aşmaya yönelik radikal ölçüde farklı bir bireysel ve kolektif varoluşu arzulayan ütopyacı vizyonla nasıl bir ilişki kurduklarını ifade ederler. Bu makalede, özellikle bazı kuramcıların modernist mutlak olarak adlandırdıkları bu ütopyacı aşkınlık arzusu açısından modernist edebiyatın zamanla değişen siyasetinin izini sürdüm. Modernist edebiyatın siyaseti konusunu inceleyen ve bu çerçevede genellikle roman türüne ayrıcalıklı bir yer veren araştırmaların çoğundan farklı olarak mevcut çalışmada W. B. Yeats ve Wallace Stevens şiiri üzerinde durdum. Yeats’in “In the Seven Woods” ve “A Collar-bone of a Hare” başlıklı şiirleri ile Stevens’ın “Of Mere Being” adlı şiirinin metinsel ve kuramsal çözümlemeleri aracılığıyla, yüksek modernist aşkınlık tahayyülünün geç modernizmde, bu tür vizyonların dilsel karakterini ve sahip olduğu ütopyacı niteliğin ideolojik işlevini açığa çıkaran bir temaya veya motife dönüştüğünü ortaya koydum. Yürüttüğüm tartışmada, dönemsel olarak yüksek modernist edebiyat kapsamında yer alan Yeats’in aşkınlığı önceleyen siyasal tahayyülü açısından da bu kategoriye dâhil olduğunu öne sürdüm. Bunun yanı sıra Stevens’ın, özellikle son şiirlerinde, geç modernizmin dilin anlam ve değer kurucu rolüne dair postyapısalcı farkındalığı ve postmodern edebiyatın siyasetini haber veren düşünce tarzına yakın bir konumda yer aldığını göstermeyi amaçladım.

References

  • Anderson, P. (1984). Modernity and revolution. New Left Review, (144), 96-113.
  • Berger, C. (2003). The course of a particular. Wallace Stevens: Bloom’s major poets (H. Bloom, Ed.) Chelsea House.
  • Critchley, S. (2005). Things merely are: Philosophy in the poetry of Wallace Stevens. Routledge. Eagleton, F. Jameson & E. Said, Eds.) Uni. of Minnesota. Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke.
  • Grene, N. (2008). Yeats’ poetic codes. Oxford.
  • Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity: An enqury into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
  • Holander, S. (2008). Wallace Stevens and the realities of poetic language. Routledge.
  • Holdeman, D. (2006). The Cambridge introduction to W. B. Yeats. Cambridge.
  • Howes, M. (2006). Introduction. The Cambridge companion to W. B. Yeats (M. Howes & J. Kelly, Eds.)
  • Cambridge. Ragg, E. (2017). Abstraction. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Jameson, F. (1990). Modernism and imperialism. Nationalism, colonialism and literature (T.
  • Jameson, F. (1990). Modernism and imperialism. Nationalism, colonialism and literature (T. Eagleton, F. Jameson & E. Said, Eds.) Uni. of Minnesota.
  • Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke.
  • Jameson, F. (1994). The seeds of time. Columbia.
  • Kermode, F. (1980). Dwelling poetically in Connecticut. Wallace Stevens: A celebration (F. Doggett & R. Buttel, Eds.) Princeton.
  • Leggett, B. J. (2007). Stevens’ late poetry. The Cambridge companion to Wallace Stevens (J. N. Serio, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Lentricchia, F. (1983). After the new criticism. Uni. of Chicago.
  • Longenbach, J. (1991) Wallace Stevens: The plain sense of things. Oxford.
  • McCready, S. (1997). A William Butler Yeats encyclopedia. Greenwood.
  • Ragg, E. (2017). Abstraction. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Ross, D. A. (2009). Critical companion to William Butler Yeats. Facts on File.
  • Stevens, W. (1971). The collected poems. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Stevens, W. (1972). The palm at the end of the mind: Selected poems and a play by Wallace Stevens (H. Stevens, Ed.) Vintage.
  • Vendler, H. (1984). Wallace Stevens: Words chosen out of desire. Harvard.
  • Vendler, H. (2007). Our secret discipline: Yeats and lyric form. Harvard.
  • Yeats, W. B. (1989). The collected poems of W. B. Yeats: A new edition (R. J. Finneran, Ed.) Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ziarek, K. (2017). European philosophy. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.

Utopian Imagination in Modernist Poetry: Passage from Transcendence to Language

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 113, 287 - 298, 01.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2327

Abstract

“Modernist literature” is a capacious term that designates both an epoch and a variety of political attitudes espoused or rejected by the authors grouped under this
title. On the one hand, the widely used concepts of high and late modernism refer to the period approximately between 1900 and the 1960s, divided by World War II.
On the other, they concern the politics of literary modernism discussed on the basis of how writers and poets relate to their own social-historical conditions and to the
utopian vision of a radically different kind of individual and collective existence that aims to transcend the given modes of subjectivity and sociality. In this article,
I have traced specifically the changing politics of modernist literature with respect to that utopian desire for transcendence which some theorists call the modernist
absolute. Differing from much of the scholarship on the politics of modernist literature that privileges the novel genre, in the present study, I have focused on the poetry of W. B. Yeats and Wallace Stevens. Through textual and theoretical analyses of “In the Seven Woods” and “A Collar-bone of a Hare” by Yeats and “Of Mere Being” by Stevens, I have demonstrated how the high modernist imagining of transcendence turns with late modernism into a theme or a motif that reveals the linguistic character of such visions and the ideological function of their utopianism. In my discussion, I have tried to show that Yeats, who is part of high modernist literature in terms of periodization, belongs to this category due to his political imagining that prioritizes transcendence. Furthermore, unlike Yeats, Stevens stands close, especially in his last poems, to the late modernist mindset that
anticipates the politics of postmodern literature and the poststructuralist awareness of the role of language in constructing meaning and value.

References

  • Anderson, P. (1984). Modernity and revolution. New Left Review, (144), 96-113.
  • Berger, C. (2003). The course of a particular. Wallace Stevens: Bloom’s major poets (H. Bloom, Ed.) Chelsea House.
  • Critchley, S. (2005). Things merely are: Philosophy in the poetry of Wallace Stevens. Routledge. Eagleton, F. Jameson & E. Said, Eds.) Uni. of Minnesota. Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke.
  • Grene, N. (2008). Yeats’ poetic codes. Oxford.
  • Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity: An enqury into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
  • Holander, S. (2008). Wallace Stevens and the realities of poetic language. Routledge.
  • Holdeman, D. (2006). The Cambridge introduction to W. B. Yeats. Cambridge.
  • Howes, M. (2006). Introduction. The Cambridge companion to W. B. Yeats (M. Howes & J. Kelly, Eds.)
  • Cambridge. Ragg, E. (2017). Abstraction. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Jameson, F. (1990). Modernism and imperialism. Nationalism, colonialism and literature (T.
  • Jameson, F. (1990). Modernism and imperialism. Nationalism, colonialism and literature (T. Eagleton, F. Jameson & E. Said, Eds.) Uni. of Minnesota.
  • Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke.
  • Jameson, F. (1994). The seeds of time. Columbia.
  • Kermode, F. (1980). Dwelling poetically in Connecticut. Wallace Stevens: A celebration (F. Doggett & R. Buttel, Eds.) Princeton.
  • Leggett, B. J. (2007). Stevens’ late poetry. The Cambridge companion to Wallace Stevens (J. N. Serio, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Lentricchia, F. (1983). After the new criticism. Uni. of Chicago.
  • Longenbach, J. (1991) Wallace Stevens: The plain sense of things. Oxford.
  • McCready, S. (1997). A William Butler Yeats encyclopedia. Greenwood.
  • Ragg, E. (2017). Abstraction. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.
  • Ross, D. A. (2009). Critical companion to William Butler Yeats. Facts on File.
  • Stevens, W. (1971). The collected poems. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Stevens, W. (1972). The palm at the end of the mind: Selected poems and a play by Wallace Stevens (H. Stevens, Ed.) Vintage.
  • Vendler, H. (1984). Wallace Stevens: Words chosen out of desire. Harvard.
  • Vendler, H. (2007). Our secret discipline: Yeats and lyric form. Harvard.
  • Yeats, W. B. (1989). The collected poems of W. B. Yeats: A new edition (R. J. Finneran, Ed.) Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ziarek, K. (2017). European philosophy. Wallace Stevens in context (G. MacLeod, Ed.) Cambridge.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Article
Authors

Serhat Uyurkulak 0000-0002-7717-5402

Publication Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 29 Issue: 113

Cite

APA Uyurkulak, S. (2023). Utopian Imagination in Modernist Poetry: Passage from Transcendence to Language. Folklor/Edebiyat, 29(113), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2327

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(Frankfurt University- birkalan-gedik@em.uni.frankfurt.de)
Prof. Dr. Arzu Öztürkmen
(Bosphorus University- ozturkme@boun.edu.tr)
Edebiyat-Literature
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Prof. Dr. Akile Gürsoy
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Dil-Dilbilim/Linguistics
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(Maltepe University - aysuerden777@gmail.com)
Prof. Dr. V. Doğan Günay
(Dokuz Eylul University- dogan.gunay@deu.edu.tr)