Kültürel Miras ve Folklor

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 114, 347 - 386, 02.05.2023

Dan Ben-amos

https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.2459

Abstract

Son yarım asır boyunca folklor ve miras kavramları birbirinin yerine fakat birbirinden zıt bir şekilde ilerlemiştir. “Folklor” ile “Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras” terimlerinin eşleştirilmesinde ciddi sorunlar olduğuna ve aralarındaki farkların ne onların yaşıyla ne de ikisi arasındaki kuşak farkından değil, ikisi arasındaki kavramsal uyuşmazlıklardan kaynaklandığına inanıyorum. Dorson’un “folkloru mevcut akademik sahnenin en dikkate değer öykülerinden biri olarak” (1970) ilan etmesinden kısa bir zaman sonra, folklorun talihi geriye doğru dönmeye başlarken yıldızı UNESCO ufuklarında, somut ve somut olmayan mirası katılaştıran “Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras”la birlikte ortaya çıkmaya başladı. Yirminci yüzyılın sonlarına doğru terimin kullanımı el kitaplarında, antolojilerde, monografik denemelerde ve çok sayıda makalelerde yer alarak popülerleşti. “Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras”, folklorun içinde bulunduğu kriz için doğru bir çözüm gibi görünüyordu. Sadece ABD’de, Almanya’da değil UNESCO’nun birleştirdiği tüm milletlerde, folklorcular pervanenin ateşe yöneldiği gibi ona akın ettiler. İlk bakışta, bu karşılıklı çekim mükemmel görünüyordu. Uzun yıllar süren baskıdan sonra siyasi özgürlük ve kültürel bağımsızlık kazanmaktan, devletlerin ve liderlerinin tam desteğine sahip olmaktan daha çekici ne olabilirdi ki? Ne var ki, Somut olmayan Kültürel Miras ve Folklorun uyumlu ilişkisi, onların kalıtsal uyumsuzluklardan ve bu birlikteliği sürdüremedikleri için kısa ömürlü olmuştur. Geleneksel kültürün modern tüketiciler için paketlenmesi, kültürü ait olduğu toplumun içindeki kelimelerin, nesnelerin sembolik değerlerinden uzaklaştırır. Mirasın başladığı yerde, gelenek biter. Bu şekilde toplum, kolektif sosyal ve kültürel kimliğinden vazgeçer, kendisini bir sahne gösterisine dönüştürür. Bu kadar önemli bir ayrışma ile Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın folklor disiplinin eşi olmadığı sonucuna varmaktan başka bir yol yoktur

Keywords

folklor, kültürel miras, somut olmayan kültürel miras

Between Intangible Cultural Heritage and Folklore

Abstract

During the last half a century, the concepts of folklore and heritage went respectively
through parallel but inverted courses. I think there are serious problems in the
mating of “Folklore” with “Intangible Cultural Heritage” and the differences
between them are unrelated to age or generation gaps but are inherent conceptual
incongruities between the two ideas. Shortly after Dorson declared folklore as “one
of the remarkable stories of the present academic scene” (1970), folklore’s wheel
of fortune began to turn backward academically while its star rose on UNESCO
horizons, emerging in tandem with the tangible and intangible heritage that has
solidified as “Intangible Cultural Heritage” (ICH). Toward the end of the twentieth
century, the term’s use took off, appearing in handbooks, anthologies, monographic
essays, and numerous articles. “Intangible Cultural Heritage,” seemed the right
resolution for the folklore crisis, not only in the United States and Germany but
in all the nations that UNESCO unites, and folklorists flocked to it like a moth to
the flame. At first glance, the mutual attraction seemed perfect. What could have
been more attractive to folklore, political freedom, and cultural liberation after
many years of suppression, and yet had the full support of states and their political
leaders? But the harmonious relations between Intangible Cultural Heritage and
Folklore were short-lived because their inherent incompatibility could not sustain
this union. The packaging of traditional culture for modern consumers deflates it
from the symbolic values of these words and objects within their communities.
when heritage begins, tradition ends. In this way, a society abdicates its collective
social and cultural identity and turns itself into a staged show. There is no way but
to conclude that with such a significant degree of separation, Intangible Cultural
Heritage is not a mate for the discipline of folklore.

Keywords

folklore, cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage

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