1966 Depremlerinin Göç ve Toplumsal Değişim Üzerindeki Etkisi: Varto (Türkiye) Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 120 Ek, 1183 - 1208, 15.12.2024

Erdogan Gedik

https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.3813

Öz

Bu makale, 1946 ve 1966 Varto (Türkiye) depremlerinin göç ve toplumsal
değişim üzerindeki etkilerini, özellikle İstanbul ve Almanya’ya yönelik göçlere
odaklanarak incelemektedir. Afet sosyolojisi ile göç sosyolojisinin kesişim
noktasında yer alan bu makale, yeni kültürel bağlamlara uyum sağlama sürecinin
göçmenlerin toplumsal ve kültürel hayatlarını, evlilik yapılarını, aile ilişkileri ve
toplumsal cinsiyet dinamiklerini nasıl etkilediğini ele almakta; bu süreçte
Almancı kimliğinin ortaya çıkışını ve “ev” ile “memleket”in göçmenler için
önemini vurgulamaktadır. Makale, ayrıca İstanbul’a yönelik iç göçleri ele alırken;
mahalleler, hemşehri ilişkileri ve köy derneklerinin “tampon mekanizmalar”
olarak önemine değinmekte ve göç bağlamında aşiret yapılarının yeniden
canlanmasına yol açan etkilerini incelemektedir. Makale birinci elden, kişisel
anlatılara dayanan görüşmelerden yola çıkarak, depremlerin neden olduğu ani
travma ve kayıpları vurgulamakta; felaketin uzun vadeli toplumsal ve psikolojik
etkileri konusunda sınırlı olan bilimsel araştırmaları da eleştirmektedir. Deprem
sonrası ortaya çıkan “zorunlu göç” ile ilgili sosyal sorunlar, yatılı okullardaki
barınma olanakları da makalenin bir başka önemli boyutudur. Bu okullar, her ne
kadar Varto dışında eğitim fırsatları sunarak toplumsal ilerlemeye katkıda
bulunsa da, aynı zamanda aileleri çocuklarından ayırarak aile yapıları üzerinde
derin etkiler yaratmıştır. Son olarak, makale (1946 ve) 1966 depremlerinin
ardından Varto’daki geleneksel mimariyi incelemekte; bu mimari değişimlerin
yalnızca deprem sonrası bir yansıma değil, aynı zamanda iç ve ulusötesi göçe bir
yanıt olarak geliştiğini de öne sürmektedir. Burada, yeni malzemelerin ve inşaat
tekniklerinin kullanımı, modern unsurların entegrasyonu ve buna bağlı olarak
gündelik pratiklerdeki değişimlere odaklanıyorum.

Anahtar Kelimeler

deprem ve sosyal mühendislik, göç, travma, Almanya, sosyal değişim, hemşehri dernekleri, toplumsal cinsiyet

The Impact of the 1966 Earthquakes on Migration and Social Change: A Case Study of Varto (Türkiye)

Öz

This article examines the impact of the 1946 and 1966 Varto (Türkiye) earthquakes
on migration and social change, with a particular focus on migration to Istanbul
and Germany. Located at the intersection of sociology of disaster and sociology of
migration, it explores how adaptation to new cultural contexts affected migrants’
social and cultural lives, particularly their marriage patterns, family structures, and
gender dynamics, in part giving way to the emergence of the Almancı identity and
the role and the importance of “home” and “homeland” for these migrants. The
article also addresses internal migration to Istanbul, emphasising the significance
of neighbourhoods, hemşehri relationships, and village associations as “buffer
mechanisms,” which also caused to the revival of tribal structures within the context
of migration. Drawing on the first-hand, personal accounts, I highlight the immediate
trauma and loss caused by the earthquakes, reviewing the limited scientific research
on the long-term social and psychological impacts of the disaster. I examine the
social issues arising from “forced migration” after the earthquake, including state
support and accommodation in boarding schools. Although these schools provided
educational opportunities outside Varto, which facilitated social advancement,
they also separated families from their children, profoundly influencing family
structures. Finally, the article analyses the traditional architecture in Varto after
the (1946 and) 1966 earthquakes, which developed not only as a post-earthquake
reflection but also as a response to internal and transnational migration. Here, the
focus is on the use of new materials and construction techniques, the integration of
modern elements, and the associated shifts in local daily practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

eartguake and social engineering, migration, trauma, Germany, social change, hemşehri associations, gender

Etik Beyan

Research and publication ethics statement: This article is drawn from the field research conducted for my doctoral dissertation (mostly between 2004-2007) that was published in German in 2008 in Germany. The article uses my further fieldwork research on the topic that took place between 2008 and 2012, which helped to expand and re-frame my findings in the light of contemporary theoretical insights. In its current form, the article has not been published elsewhere and has not been submitted for publication as a journal article or book chapter in any other journal or publisher. Authors’ contributions: The article is single-authored. Ethics committee approval: Since the research was conducted before 2020 (mainly between 2004 and 2007), ethical committee approval is not required. Financial support: Research grants from DAAD, Goethe University, and TÜBİTAK were received for my doctoral research. Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest related to this study.

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