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REFORMCU EPİSTEMOLOJİ: TEMEL UNSURLAR, İTİRAZLAR VE YENİ BAKIŞ AÇILARI

Year 2023, Issue: 78, 219 - 260, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1372505

Abstract

Çağdaş epistemoloji içerisinde, dışsalcı, güvenilirci ve erdeme dayalı epistemolojik tartışmaların bir benzerini, dini epistemoloji içerisinde etkili bir şekilde yer edinen ve reformcu epistemoloji olarak bilinen yaklaşım üzerinden görebilmek mümkündür. Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff ve William Alston gibi filozofların öne çıktığı bu yaklaşımın ana iddiası, kanıta ya da argümana dayanmaksızın, Tanrı’nın varlığına inanmanın bütünüyle doğru, rasyonel, makul ve güvenilir olacağı şeklindeki bir tezdir. Kanıtın, gerekçelendirme için zorunlu bir koşul olmadığı fikri, algısal deneyimlerin gerekçelendirilmesine benzer şekilde, dini deneyimlerin de öyle olduğu ve dolayısıyla, aynı epistemik statüye sahip olması gerektiğini öne süren, eşitlik tezine dayanır. İlk ortaya çıktığı günden bugüne, üzerinde çokça konuşulan ve tartışılan bir yaklaşım olan reformcu epistemoloji, özellikle son beş yıl içerisinde, oldukça farklı bir hale gelmiştir. Zira bu yaklaşımı, kanıtsalcılıkla uyumlu, erdem epistemolojisiyle bağlantılı ve diğer teistik dinler üzerinden değerlendiren yeni çalışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, bu makalede, reformcu epistemoloji ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Beraberinde, ona yöneltilen itirazlara değinilmiş ve sonrasında, bahsi geçen yenilik iddiaları soruşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak, teistik inancın rasyonalitesiyle ilgili, farklı bir bakış açısı sunulmuştur.

References

  • Alsamaani, N. A. (2022). “Islamic Beliefs and Epistemic Defeaters: a Response to Baldwin and McNabb”. Sophia, 445-456.
  • Alston, W. P. (1983). “Christian Experience and Christian Belief”. A. Plantinga, & N. Wolterstorff içinde, Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Alvin Plantinga, N. W. (1983). Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Armstrong, D. (1973). Belief, Truth and Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Audi, R. (2018). Epistemoloji: Bilgi Teorisine Çağdaş Bir Giriş. (M. Tuncel, Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Baker, D.-P. (2005). “Plantinga’s Reformed Epistemology: What’s the Question?”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 77-103.
  • Baldwin, E., & McNabb, T. (2019). Plantingian Religious Epistemology and World Religions: Prospects and Problems. London: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.
  • Batak, K. (2008). “Epistemik İçselcilik ve Dışsalcılık”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39-84.
  • Batak, K. (2015). Tanrı’yı Bilmek: Alvin Plantinga’nın Din Felsefesinde Tanrı ve Epistemoloji. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Batak, K. (2016). “Ernest Sosa’nın Erdem Epistemolojisi”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 1-29.
  • Batak, K. (2016). “Ernest Sosa’da Hayvani Bilgi ve Tefekküri Bilgi”. Kutadgubilig Felsefe-Bilim Araştırmaları, 225-255.
  • Beilby, J. (2007). “Plantinga’s Model of Warranted Christian Belief”. D. Baker (Dü.) içinde, Alvin Plantinga. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chisholm, R. (2010). “Bilgi Nedir?”. H. Y. Başdemir (Dü.) içinde, Epistemoloji: Temel Metinler. Ankara: Hitit Yayınları.
  • Clark, K. J., & Barrett, J. (2010). “Reformed Epistemology and the Cognitive Science of Religion”. Faith and Philosophy, 500-513.
  • Clifford, W. K. (2019). “Ethics of Belief”. N. Levin (Dü.) içinde, Philosophy of Western Religions: An Open Educational Resource. CA: Far Press.
  • DeRose, K. (2023, 08 21). “Are Christian Beliefs Properly Basic?”. https://campuspress. yale.edu/keithderose/are-christian-beliefs-properly-basic/: https://campuspress. yale.edu/keithderose/are-christian-beliefs-properly-basic/ adresinden alındı
  • DeRose, K. (2023, 08 24). “Voodoo Epistemology”. https://campuspress.yale.edu/ke- ithderose/voodoo-epistemology/ adresinden alındı
  • Fales, E. (2003). “Alvin Plantinga’s Warranted Christian Belief”. Nous, 353-370.
  • Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Feldman, R., & Conee, E. (2004). “Evidentialism”. E. Conee, & R. Feldman (Dü) içinde, Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Greco, J. (1990). “Internalism and Epistemically Responsible Belief. Synthese, 245-277.
  • Greco, J. (1997). “Catholics vs. Calvinists on Religious Knowledge”. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 13-34.
  • Greco, J. (2010). “Virtue Epistemology”. E. Sosa (Dü.) içinde, A Companion to Episte- mology. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Grigg, R. (1983). “Theism and Proper Basicality: A Response to Plantinga”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 123-127.
  • Helm, P. (2004). “Natural Theology and the Sensus Divinitatis”. P. Helm içinde, John Calvin’s Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, J. (2012). Reformed Epistemology and the Problem of Religious Diversity: Proper Function, Epistemic Disagreement, and Christian Exclusivism. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.
  • Kornblith, H. (2001). “Internalism and Externalism: A Brief Historical Introduction”. H. Kornblith (Dü.) içinde, Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism. Oxford: Bla- ckwell Publishers.
  • Kvanvig, J. L. (1983). “The Evidentialist Objection”. American Philosophical Quarterly, 47-55.
  • Kvanvig, J. L. (1996). “Plantinga’s Proper Function Theory of Warrant”. J. L. Kvanvig içinde, Warrant and Contemporary Epistemology. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Maitzen, S. (2006). “Divine Hiddenness and the Demographics of Theism”. Religious Studies, 177-191.
  • Marsh, J. (2008). “Do the Demographics of Theistic Belief Disconfirm Theism? A reply to Maitzen”. Religious Studies, 465-471.
  • Martin, M. (1992). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Mcallister, B., & Dougherty, T. (2019). “Reforming Reformed Epistemology: A New Take on The Sensus Divinitatis”. Religious Studies, 537-557.
  • McGrew, T. (2003). “A Defense of Classical Foundationalism”. L. P. Pojman (Dü.) içinde, The Theory of Knowledge: Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York: Wadsworth.
  • McLeod, M. S. (1983). “Alston’s Parity Thesis”. M. S. McLeod içinde, Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • McLeod, M. S. (1993). “Plantinga’s Parity Thesis”. M. S. Leod içinde, Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Mehdiyev, N. (2011). “Temelcilik”. N. Mehdiyev (Dü.) içinde, Çağdaş Epistemolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Mehdiyev, N. (2011). “Gettier Sorununa Alternatif bir Yaklaşım: L. Zagzebski’nin Erdem Epistemolojisi”. N. Mehdiyev (Dü.) içinde, Çağdaş Epistemolojiye Giriş. İstan- bul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Miller, C. B. (2005). “Defeaters and the Basicality of Theistic Belief”. R. v. Woudenberg (Dü.) içinde, Basic Belief and Basic Knowledge: Papers in Epistemology. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
  • Plantinga, A. (1967). God and Other Minds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (1981). “Is Belief in God Properly Basic?”. Nous, 41-51.
  • Plantinga, A. (1993). Warrant and Proper Function. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (1993). Warrant: The Current Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (2000). Warranted Christian Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (2010). “Theism, Atheism, Rationality”. (F. A. (çev.), Dü., & F. Akdemir, Çev.) İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 285-294.
  • Plantinga, A. (2015). Knowledge and Christian Belief. Michigan: Eermans Publishing.
  • Plantinga, A. (2017). “Replies to My Commentators”. D. Schönecker (Dü.) içinde, Plantinga’s Warranted Christian Belief: Critical Essays with a Reply by Alvin Plantinga. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Pritchard, D. (2005). “Reforming Reformed Epistemology”. R. v. Woudenberg (Dü.) içinde, Basic Belief and Basic Knowledge: Papers in Epistemology. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
  • Pritchard, D. (2006). What Is This Think Called Knowledge. New York: Routledge.
  • Reçber, M. S. (2003). “Plantinga, Bilgi ve Doğru İşlevselcilik”. Felsefe Dünyası Dergisi, s. 41-57.
  • Sosa, E. (1993). “Review: Proper functionalism and virtue epistemology”. Nous, 51-65.
  • Sosa, E. (1995). “Intellectual Virtue in Perspective”. E. Sosa (Dü.) içinde, Knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuggy, D. (2004). “Reid’s Philosophy of Religion”. R. v. Terence Guneo (Dü.) içinde, The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Reid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Turner, J. B. (2021). “An Islamic Account of Reformed Epistemology”. Philosophy East and West, 767-792.
  • Umut, T. N. (2023). “Bilgiyi Ahlak Sahasında Konumlandırmak: Zagzebski’nin Erdem Teorisi”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6-35.
  • Willard, J. (2003). “Plantinga’s Epistemology of Religious Belief and the Problem of Religious Diversity”. Heythrop Journal, 275-293.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (1983). “Can Belief in God Be Rational If It Has No Foundations?”. N. Wolterstorff, & A. Plantinga içinde, Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2001). Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2009). “How Philosophical Theology Became Possible within the Analytic Tradition of Philosophy”. M. C. Oliver D. Crisp (Dü.) içinde, Analytic The- ology: New Essays in the Philosophy of Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2017). “Epistemology of Religion”. E. S. John Greco (Dü.) içinde, The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Zagzebski, L. (1993). Rational Faith: Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Zagzebski, L. (2007). “Intellectual Motivation and the Good of Truth”. L. Zagzebski, & M. DePaul (Dü) içinde, Intellectual Virtue Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemo- logy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Reformed Epistemology: Basics, Objections, and New Perspectives

Year 2023, Issue: 78, 219 - 260, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1372505

Abstract

In contemporary epistemology, it is possible to see a similar externalist, reliabilist, and virtue-based epistemological debate through the approach known as reformed epistemology, which has taken an effective place in religious epistemology. The main claim of this approach, in which philosophers such as Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, and William Alston come to the fore, is that believing in the existence of God without relying on evidence or argument would be completely correct, rational, reasonable, and reliable. The idea that evidence is not a necessary condition for justification is based on the parity thesis, which holds that in the same way that perceptual experiences are justified, so are religious experiences and, therefore, should have the same epistemic status. Reformed epistemology, which has been a much talked-about and debated approach since the day it first emerged, has become quite different, especially in the last five years. New studies have emerged that evaluate this approach as compatible with evidentialism, linked to virtue epistemology, and based on other theistic religions. Therefore, in this article, reformed epistemology is discussed in outline. Along with this, the objections against it were mentioned, and then the mentioned innovation claims were tried to be investigated. Finally, a different perspective is presented regarding the rationality of theistic belief.

References

  • Alsamaani, N. A. (2022). “Islamic Beliefs and Epistemic Defeaters: a Response to Baldwin and McNabb”. Sophia, 445-456.
  • Alston, W. P. (1983). “Christian Experience and Christian Belief”. A. Plantinga, & N. Wolterstorff içinde, Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Alvin Plantinga, N. W. (1983). Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Armstrong, D. (1973). Belief, Truth and Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Audi, R. (2018). Epistemoloji: Bilgi Teorisine Çağdaş Bir Giriş. (M. Tuncel, Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Baker, D.-P. (2005). “Plantinga’s Reformed Epistemology: What’s the Question?”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 77-103.
  • Baldwin, E., & McNabb, T. (2019). Plantingian Religious Epistemology and World Religions: Prospects and Problems. London: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.
  • Batak, K. (2008). “Epistemik İçselcilik ve Dışsalcılık”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39-84.
  • Batak, K. (2015). Tanrı’yı Bilmek: Alvin Plantinga’nın Din Felsefesinde Tanrı ve Epistemoloji. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Batak, K. (2016). “Ernest Sosa’nın Erdem Epistemolojisi”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 1-29.
  • Batak, K. (2016). “Ernest Sosa’da Hayvani Bilgi ve Tefekküri Bilgi”. Kutadgubilig Felsefe-Bilim Araştırmaları, 225-255.
  • Beilby, J. (2007). “Plantinga’s Model of Warranted Christian Belief”. D. Baker (Dü.) içinde, Alvin Plantinga. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chisholm, R. (2010). “Bilgi Nedir?”. H. Y. Başdemir (Dü.) içinde, Epistemoloji: Temel Metinler. Ankara: Hitit Yayınları.
  • Clark, K. J., & Barrett, J. (2010). “Reformed Epistemology and the Cognitive Science of Religion”. Faith and Philosophy, 500-513.
  • Clifford, W. K. (2019). “Ethics of Belief”. N. Levin (Dü.) içinde, Philosophy of Western Religions: An Open Educational Resource. CA: Far Press.
  • DeRose, K. (2023, 08 21). “Are Christian Beliefs Properly Basic?”. https://campuspress. yale.edu/keithderose/are-christian-beliefs-properly-basic/: https://campuspress. yale.edu/keithderose/are-christian-beliefs-properly-basic/ adresinden alındı
  • DeRose, K. (2023, 08 24). “Voodoo Epistemology”. https://campuspress.yale.edu/ke- ithderose/voodoo-epistemology/ adresinden alındı
  • Fales, E. (2003). “Alvin Plantinga’s Warranted Christian Belief”. Nous, 353-370.
  • Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Feldman, R., & Conee, E. (2004). “Evidentialism”. E. Conee, & R. Feldman (Dü) içinde, Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Greco, J. (1990). “Internalism and Epistemically Responsible Belief. Synthese, 245-277.
  • Greco, J. (1997). “Catholics vs. Calvinists on Religious Knowledge”. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 13-34.
  • Greco, J. (2010). “Virtue Epistemology”. E. Sosa (Dü.) içinde, A Companion to Episte- mology. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Grigg, R. (1983). “Theism and Proper Basicality: A Response to Plantinga”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 123-127.
  • Helm, P. (2004). “Natural Theology and the Sensus Divinitatis”. P. Helm içinde, John Calvin’s Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, J. (2012). Reformed Epistemology and the Problem of Religious Diversity: Proper Function, Epistemic Disagreement, and Christian Exclusivism. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.
  • Kornblith, H. (2001). “Internalism and Externalism: A Brief Historical Introduction”. H. Kornblith (Dü.) içinde, Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism. Oxford: Bla- ckwell Publishers.
  • Kvanvig, J. L. (1983). “The Evidentialist Objection”. American Philosophical Quarterly, 47-55.
  • Kvanvig, J. L. (1996). “Plantinga’s Proper Function Theory of Warrant”. J. L. Kvanvig içinde, Warrant and Contemporary Epistemology. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Maitzen, S. (2006). “Divine Hiddenness and the Demographics of Theism”. Religious Studies, 177-191.
  • Marsh, J. (2008). “Do the Demographics of Theistic Belief Disconfirm Theism? A reply to Maitzen”. Religious Studies, 465-471.
  • Martin, M. (1992). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Mcallister, B., & Dougherty, T. (2019). “Reforming Reformed Epistemology: A New Take on The Sensus Divinitatis”. Religious Studies, 537-557.
  • McGrew, T. (2003). “A Defense of Classical Foundationalism”. L. P. Pojman (Dü.) içinde, The Theory of Knowledge: Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York: Wadsworth.
  • McLeod, M. S. (1983). “Alston’s Parity Thesis”. M. S. McLeod içinde, Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • McLeod, M. S. (1993). “Plantinga’s Parity Thesis”. M. S. Leod içinde, Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Mehdiyev, N. (2011). “Temelcilik”. N. Mehdiyev (Dü.) içinde, Çağdaş Epistemolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Mehdiyev, N. (2011). “Gettier Sorununa Alternatif bir Yaklaşım: L. Zagzebski’nin Erdem Epistemolojisi”. N. Mehdiyev (Dü.) içinde, Çağdaş Epistemolojiye Giriş. İstan- bul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Miller, C. B. (2005). “Defeaters and the Basicality of Theistic Belief”. R. v. Woudenberg (Dü.) içinde, Basic Belief and Basic Knowledge: Papers in Epistemology. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
  • Plantinga, A. (1967). God and Other Minds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (1981). “Is Belief in God Properly Basic?”. Nous, 41-51.
  • Plantinga, A. (1993). Warrant and Proper Function. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (1993). Warrant: The Current Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (2000). Warranted Christian Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Plantinga, A. (2010). “Theism, Atheism, Rationality”. (F. A. (çev.), Dü., & F. Akdemir, Çev.) İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 285-294.
  • Plantinga, A. (2015). Knowledge and Christian Belief. Michigan: Eermans Publishing.
  • Plantinga, A. (2017). “Replies to My Commentators”. D. Schönecker (Dü.) içinde, Plantinga’s Warranted Christian Belief: Critical Essays with a Reply by Alvin Plantinga. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Pritchard, D. (2005). “Reforming Reformed Epistemology”. R. v. Woudenberg (Dü.) içinde, Basic Belief and Basic Knowledge: Papers in Epistemology. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
  • Pritchard, D. (2006). What Is This Think Called Knowledge. New York: Routledge.
  • Reçber, M. S. (2003). “Plantinga, Bilgi ve Doğru İşlevselcilik”. Felsefe Dünyası Dergisi, s. 41-57.
  • Sosa, E. (1993). “Review: Proper functionalism and virtue epistemology”. Nous, 51-65.
  • Sosa, E. (1995). “Intellectual Virtue in Perspective”. E. Sosa (Dü.) içinde, Knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuggy, D. (2004). “Reid’s Philosophy of Religion”. R. v. Terence Guneo (Dü.) içinde, The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Reid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Turner, J. B. (2021). “An Islamic Account of Reformed Epistemology”. Philosophy East and West, 767-792.
  • Umut, T. N. (2023). “Bilgiyi Ahlak Sahasında Konumlandırmak: Zagzebski’nin Erdem Teorisi”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6-35.
  • Willard, J. (2003). “Plantinga’s Epistemology of Religious Belief and the Problem of Religious Diversity”. Heythrop Journal, 275-293.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (1983). “Can Belief in God Be Rational If It Has No Foundations?”. N. Wolterstorff, & A. Plantinga içinde, Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2001). Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2009). “How Philosophical Theology Became Possible within the Analytic Tradition of Philosophy”. M. C. Oliver D. Crisp (Dü.) içinde, Analytic The- ology: New Essays in the Philosophy of Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2017). “Epistemology of Religion”. E. S. John Greco (Dü.) içinde, The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Zagzebski, L. (1993). Rational Faith: Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
  • Zagzebski, L. (2007). “Intellectual Motivation and the Good of Truth”. L. Zagzebski, & M. DePaul (Dü) içinde, Intellectual Virtue Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemo- logy. New York: Oxford University Press.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Musa Yanık 0000-0003-4155-933X

Publication Date December 15, 2023
Submission Date October 6, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 78

Cite

APA Yanık, M. (2023). REFORMCU EPİSTEMOLOJİ: TEMEL UNSURLAR, İTİRAZLAR VE YENİ BAKIŞ AÇILARI. Felsefe Dünyası(78), 219-260. https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1372505