KUANTUM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA EINSTEIN’IN NEDENSELLİK DÜŞÜNCESİ VE ETKİLERİ

Year 2022, , 297 - 328, 21.05.2022

Mehmet Emin Şeker , Hasan Aydın

https://doi.org/10.53844/flsf.1072633

Abstract

Newton fiziğinde köklü bir yere sahip olan nedensellik ilkesi, maddenin parçacıklı yapısının keşfinden sonra gelişen kuantum fiziğinde ortaya çıkan süreksizlik, belirsizlik, dalga fonksiyonunun çöküşü gibi bulgularla ciddi şekilde sorgulanır ve hatta reddedilir hale gelmiştir. Nitekim kuantumun Kopenhagcı yorumu, makro düzeyde istatistiksel bir nedensellikten söz edebilsek bile, mikro düzeyde doğaya içkin bir nedenselliğin bulunmadığını savunmuştur. Buna karşın Einstein ve onu izleyen kimi fizikçiler, kuantum teorinin eksik olabileceğini veya farklı yorumlanabileceğini, bu yüzden doğaya içkin nedenselliğin reddi konusunda aceleci davranmamak gerektiğini savunmuşlardır. Onlara göre, belki de mikro düzeyde nedenselliğin aleyhine gibi görünen durumlar, ontolojik değil epistemolojik kaynaklıdır; bundan emin olmak gerekir. Bu iddia aslında sorunu felsefi bir bağlama taşımakta, ontolojik ve epistemolojik olan arasında bir ayrım yaparak, epistemik gerekçelerle ontolojik nedenselliğin reddinin sorunlu olabileceğini ima etmektedir. Ancak süreç içerisinde Kopenhagcıların, kuantum düzeyinde, ontolojik bir ilke olarak nedenselliğin işlemediği düşüncesi fizikçilerin çoğunluğunu ikna etmiş ve doğaya içkin bir nedenselliğin bulunmadığı düşüncesi genel kabul görmüştür. Fakat süreç içerisinde Einstein’ı takip ederek bu düşünceye karşı çıkan fizikçiler de yetişmiştir. İşte bu çalışmanın amacı, kuantum fiziğinin Kopenhag yorumuna karşı Einstein ile başlayan ve doğaya içkin nedenselliğin bulunduğu iddiasını dillendiren yaklaşımın geldiği noktayı, Einstein sonrası çalışmalar ve yorumlar ışığında ortaya koymaktır. Böylelikle aslında, doğaya içkin bir nedenselliğin bulunup bulunmadığı konusundaki tartışmaların tümüyle sonlanmadığını, bu konuda hala felsefi ve bilimsel düzlemde lehte ve aleyhte pek çok argümanın geliştirildiğini göstermeyi umuyoruz.

Keywords

Nedensellik, Süreksizlik, Belirsizlik, Einstein, Kuantum Teorisi

EINSTEIN'S INSIGHT OF CAUSALITY AND ITS EFFECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF QUANTUM THEORY

Abstract

The causality principle, which has a deep-rooted place in Newtonian physics, has become seriously questioned and even rejected by findings such as discontinuity, uncertainty, collapse of the wave function, which emerged in quantum physics, which developed after the discovery of the particulate structure of matter. As a matter of fact, the Copenhagenian interpretation of quantum argued that even if we can talk about statistical causality at the macro level, there is no causality inherent in nature at the micro level. On the other hand, Einstein and some physicists who followed him argued that quantum theory might be incomplete or could be interpreted differently, so one should not be hasty in rejecting causality inherent in nature. According to them, perhaps the situations that seem to be against causality at the micro level are epistemological rather than ontological; you need to be sure of that. This claim actually carries the problem to a philosophical context, making a distinction between ontological and epistemological, implying that the rejection of ontological causality on epistemic grounds may be problematic. However, in the process, the Copenhageners thought that causality as an ontological principle did not work at the quantum level convinced the majority of physicists, and the idea that there was no causality inherent in nature was generally accepted. But in the process, physicists who followed Einstein and opposed this idea were also trained. The aim of this study is to reveal the point reached by the approach that started with Einstein against the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics and voiced the claim that there is causality inherent in nature, in the light of post-Einstein studies and interpretations. In this way, we hope to show that the debates about whether there is an inherent causality in nature are not completely over, and that there are still many arguments for and against this issue on the philosophical and scientific plane.

Keywords

Causality, Discontinuity, Uncertanity, Einstein, Quantum Theory

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