İYİ SANATIN OLASILIĞINI ARTIRMAK: DESCARTES, ESTETİK YARGI VE YÜCE GÖNÜLLÜLÜK

Öz

Descartes'ın ilk kitabı olan 1618 tarihli Compendium Musicae, insan vücudundaki biyomekanik reaksiyonlara odaklanır ancak aynı zamanda sanatın amacının duyguları uyandırmak olduğunu da iddia eder. Ama 1630'ların sonuna gelindiğinde bu uyarılmanın nasıl gerçekleşebileceğini kesin olarak tahmin etmekten vazgeçmişti. Ancak bu makale, Descartes'ın bu projeden vazgeçmesinin, bu tür tahminler için uygun olmayan bir psikolojik model kullanmasının bir sonucu olduğunu ileri sürüyor. Uygun bir model 1649 tarihli son kitabı olan Ruhun Tutkuları’nda geliştirildi. Özellikle yüce gönüllülük ve arzuya önem verilerek estetik yargıların tahmin edilme olasılığı en azından artar. Bunun artışı, Descartes’ın terk edişinin top yekun olmasının önüne geçecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Compendium Musicae
• Ruhun Tutkuları
• estetik yargı
• cömertlik
• arzu
• aşk
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• The Passions of the Soul
• The Passions of the Soul
• aesthetic judgment
• aesthetic judgment
• generosity
• generosity
• desire
• desire
• love
• love

INCREASING THE PROBABILITY OF GOOD ART: DESCARTES, AESTHETIC JUDGMENT, AND GENEROSITY

Abstract

Descartes’ first book, 1618’s Compendium of Music, focuses on biomechanical reactions in the human body but also claims that the purpose of art is to arouse emotions. By the end of the 1630s, however, he had given up on precisely predicting how that arousal may occur. This article contends, though, that Descartes’ abandonment of that project is a result of using an inappropriate psychological model for such predictions. An appropriate model is developed in his last book, 1649’s The Passions of the Soul. Especially by attending to generosity and desire, the probability of predicting aesthetic judgments is at least increased. In increasing it, Descartes’ abandonment need not be total.

Keywords

• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Descartes
• Compendium of Music
• The Passions of the Soul
• aesthetic judgment
• generosity
• desire
• love

References

1. Ariew, Roger, “Descartes’s Fable and Scientific Methodology,” Annales Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, vol. 55, 2005, 127-138. DOI: 10.1484/J.ARIHS.5.101701.
2. Augst, Bertrand, “Descartes’s Compendium on Music,” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 26, no. 1, 1965, 119-132. DOI: 10.2307/2708403.
3. Becker, Marvin B., The Emergence of Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century: A Privileged Moment in the History of England, Scotland, and France, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994.
4. Bond, Steven, “The Occlusion of René Descartes in Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake,” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 35, no. 4, 2012, 32-55. DOI: 10.2979/jmodelite.35.4.32.
5. Brassfield, Shoshana, “Never let the Passions Be Your Guide: Descartes and the Role of the Passions,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vo. 20, no. 3, 2012, 459-477. DOI: 10.1080/09608788.2012.670839.
6. Brewer, Daniel, “The Philosophical Dialogue and the Forcing of Truth,” MLN, vol. 98, no, 5, 1983, 1234-1247. DOI: 10.2307/2906069.
7. Brown, Deborah J., Descartes and the Passionate Mind, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511554513.
8. de Buzon, Frédéric, “The Compendium Musicae and Descartes’s Aesthetics,” in Stephen Nadler, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Delphine Antoine-Mahut (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019, 255-268. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198796909.013.15.

9. Cavaillé, Jean-Pierre, Descartes: La Fable du Monde, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1991.
10. Critchley, Simon, On Humour, London: Routledge, 2002. DOI: 10.4324/9780203870129.
11. Daniel, Stephen H., “Descartes on Myth and Ingenuity/Ingenium,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, vol. 23, no. 2, 1985, 157-170. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-6962.1985.tb00386.x.
12. Descartes, René, Compendium Musicae, in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 10, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897, 89-141.
13. Descartes, René, Compendium of Music, Walter Robert (tr.), Middleton, WI: American Institute of Musicology, 1961.
14. Descartes, René, “Descartes á Elisabeth. [Egmond du Hoef, 21 mai 1643].” in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 3, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1899, 663-668.
15. Descartes, René, “Descartes á Elisabeth. Egmond du Hoef, 28 juin 1633.,” in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 3, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1899, 690-695.
16. Descartes, René, “Descartes á Mersenne. [18 mars 1630.],” in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 1, Paris : Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1969, 128-135.
17. Descartes, René, “Descartes to Elisabeth, Egmond du Hoef, 21 May 1643,” in Lisa Shapiro (ed. and tr.), The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007, 63-67. DOI: 10.7208/9780226204444.
18. Descartes, René, “Descartes to Elisabeth, 28 June 1643, Egmond du Hoef,” in Lisa Shapiro (ed. and tr.), The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007, 69-71. DOI: 10.7208/9780226204444.
19. Descartes, René “Fourth Set of Replies,” in Objections and Replies, John Cottingham (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 154-178.
20. Descartes, René, Meditations on First Philosophy, John Cottingham (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 3-62. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511818998.
21. Descartes, René, Meditationes de prima philosophia, in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 7, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1969, 1-90.
22. Descartes, René, Optics, in Discourse and Essays, Robert Stoothoff (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 152-175.
23. Descartes, René, Les Passions de l’âme, in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 11, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1909, 301-497.
24. Descartes, René, The Passions of the Soul, Robert Stoothoff (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 326-404. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511805042.010.
25. Descartes, René, “Responsio ad quartas Objectiones,” in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 7, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1969, 218-256.
26. Descartes, René, “Responsio ad sextas Objectiones,” in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds.), Œuvres de Descartes, vol. 7, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1969, 422-447.
27. Descartes, René, “Sixth Set of Replies,” in Objections and Replies, John Cottingham (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 285-301. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511818998.
28. Descartes, René “To Mersenne, 18 March 1630,” Anthony Kenny (tr.), in John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, Dugald Murdoch, and Anthony Kenny (trs.) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 19-20. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107340824.
29. Dunn, Kevin, “‘A Great City Is a Great Solitude’: Descartes’s Urban Pastoral,” Yale French Studies vol. 80, 1991, 93-107. DOI: 10.2307/2930263.
30. Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia, “Elisabeth to Descartes, [The Hague] 6 May, 1643,” in Lisa Shapiro (ed. and tr.), The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007, 61-62. DOI: 10.7208/9780226204444.
31. Ellmann, Richard, James Joyce, new and rev. ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
32. Flood, Emmet T., “Descartes’s Comedy of Error,” MLN, vol. 102, no. 4, 1987, 847-866. DOI: 10.2307/2905794.
33. Garber, Daniel, “Understanding Interaction: What Descartes Should Have Told Elisabeth,” in Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 168-188. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511605994.009.
34. Gobert, R. Darren, The Mind-Body Stage: Passion and Interaction in the Cartesian Theater, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.
35. Griffith, James, Fable, Method, and Imagination in Descartes, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70238-4.
36. Hassing, Richard F., Cartesian Psychophysics and the Whole Nature of Man: On Descartes’s Passions of the Soul, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.
37. Jorgensen, Larry M., “Descartes on Music: Between the Ancients and the Aestheticians,” British Journal of Aesthetics vol. 52, no. 4, 2012, 407-424. DOI: 10.1093/aesthj/ays041.
38. La Caze, Marguerite, “The Encounter between Wonder and Generosity,” Hypatia, vol. 17, no. 3, 2002, 1-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb00938.x.
39. Labio, Catherine, Origins and the Enlightenment: Aesthetic Epistemology from Descartes to Kant, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. DOI: 10.7591/9781501727436.
40. Locke, Arthur W., “Descartes and Seventeenth-Century Music,” The Musical Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4, 1935, 423-431. https://www.jstor.org/stable/738661.
41. Malabou, Catherine, “Go Wonder: Subjectivity and Affects in Neurobiological Times,” in Adrian Johnston and Catherine Malabou, Self and Emotional Life: Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, and Neuroscience, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 1-72.
42. Marion, Jean-Luc, On Descartes’ Passive Thought: The Myth of Cartesian Dualism, Christina M. Gschwandtner (tr.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018.
43. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, The Visible and the Invisible, Claude Lefort (ed.), Alphonso Lingis (tr.), Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968.
44. Mitchell, Andreea, “Descartes’s Ethics: Generosity in the Flesh,” Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 27, no. 1, 2022, 51-95. DOI: 10.5840/epoche202282214.
45. Morin, Marie-Eve, Merleau-Ponty and Nancy on Sense and Being: At the Limits of Phenomenology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022.
46. Nancy, Jean-Luc, Ego Sum: Corpus, Anima, Fabula, Marie-Eve Morin (tr.), New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.
47. Phillips, Henry, “Descartes and the Dramatic Experience,” French Studies, vol. 39, no. 4, 1985, 408-422. DOI: 10.1093/fs/XXXIX.4.408.
48. Romagni, Domenica, “Cartesian Sensory Perception, Agreeability, and the Puzzle of Aesthetic Pleasure,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 30, no. 3, 2022, 434-455. DOI: 10.1080/09608788.2021.2002262. Shapiro, Lisa, “Descartes’ Passions of the Soul and the Union of Mind and Body,” Archive für Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. 85, 2003, 211-248. DOI: 10.1515/agph.2003.012.
49. Shapiro, Lisa, “What Are the Passions Doing in the Meditations?” in Joyce Jenkins, Jennifer Whiting, and Christopher Williams (eds.), Persons and Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier, Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 2005, 14-31.
50. Stewart, William McC., “Descartes and Poetry,” The Romanic Review, vol. 29, no. 3, 1938, 212-242. Wienand, Isabelle, “Descartes’ Morals,” South African Journal of Philosophy, vol. 25, no. 2, 2006,177-188. DOI: 10.4314/sajpem.v.25i2.31444.