Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ONTOLOJİ, YENİDEN? NESNE YÖNELİMLİ ONTOLOJİ VE ELEŞTİRİLER

Year 2025, Issue: 41, 107 - 124, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.53844/flsf.1703100

Abstract

Bu makalede öncelikle günümüzün etkili felsefi hareketlerinden spekülatif realizmin bir alt dalı olarak gelişen Nesne Yönelimli Ontoloji düşüncesinin genel hatları ve onun ortaya çıkışını hazırlayan düşünsel temeller ele alınacaktır. Bu amaçla bu düşünce hareketinin merkezinde yer alan isim olarak Graham Harman ve onun dört kutuplu nesne görüşü incelenecektir. Bütün felsefenin gerçekçilik karşıtı bir tavırdan mustarip olduğunu düşünen Harman bunu aşmanın tek yolunun nesnelerin merkezde olduğu bir ontolojinin kurulması olduğunu savunmaktadır. Harman bu amaçla nesnenin dörtlü yapısı kavramı aracılığıyla nesneleri tanımlamakta, ardından dolaylı nedensellik kavramı ile nesneler arası ilişkiler sorununa değinmekte ve son olarak metafor kavramından yararlanarak nesnelerin nasıl bilinebileceği sorununu ele almaktadır. İlk bölümde bu kavramlar aracılığıyla Nesne Yönelimli Ontoloji düşüncesi serimlenecektir.
Makalenin ikinci kısmındaysa Harman’ın görüşlerine yöneltilen eleştiriler ele alınacaktır. Bu eleştiriler temelde Harman’ın temel amaçlarından biri olan insan merkezci düşünceyi aşmakta başarısız olduğuna yöneliktir. Harman’ın üç temel kavramını -nesnelerin dörtlü yapısı, dolaylı nedensellik ve metafor- da hedef alan bu eleştiriler bu bölümde detaylı olarak ortaya konacaktır. Ayrıca yine bu problemle ilişkilendirilebilecek etik, politik eksiklik ve panpsişizm eleştirilerine de değinilecektir. Bu bölümde aynı zamanda eleştirilerin haklılığı ve Harman’ın bu eleştirilere doyurucu cevaplar verip vermediği de değerlendirilecektir. Nihayetinde de bu kavramlar aracılığıyla Harman’ın görüşlerinin felsefi olanakları değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Boysen, Benjamin. “The Embarrassment of Being Human: A Critique of New Materialism and Object-Oriented Ontology”. Orbis Litterarum 73, no 3 (2018): 225-42.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. İnsan Sonrası. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap, 2018.
  • Brassier, Ray. “Deleveling: Against Flat Ontologies”. İçinde Under Influence - Philosophical Festival Drift, editör Channa van Dijk, Eva van der Graaf, Michiel den Haan, Rosa de Jong, Christiaan Roodenburg, Dyane Til, ve Waal Deva, 65-80. Omnia, 2014.
  • Braver, Lee. A Thing of This World: A History of Continental Anti-Realism. USA: Northwestern University Press, 2007.
  • Bryant, Levi R. The Democracy of Objects. Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2011.
  • Canaslan, Eylem. “Bilim Felsefesine Ekolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Bruno Latour’un Çoğulcu Kavramları”. Felsefi Düşün 17 (2021): 68-91.
  • Cole, Andrew. “Those obscure objects of desire”. Artforum International 53, no 10 (2015).
  • Crutzen, P. J., ve E. F. Stoermer. The ‘Anthropocene’ (2000). İçinde Paul J. Crutzen and the Anthropocene: A New Epoch in Earth’s History, editörler Susanne Benner • Gregor Lax • Paul J. Crutzen • Ulrich Pöschl • Jos Lelieveld • Hans Günter Brauch, 19-21. Springer, 2021.
  • DeLanda, Manuel. Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. London and New York: Continuum, 2002.
  • Ferraris, Maurizio. Yeni Gerçekçilik Manifestosu. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap, 2019.
  • Gasset, Jose Ortega y. “An Essay in Esthetics by Way of a Preface”. Içinde Phenomenology and Art. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1975.
  • Harman, Graham. “Guerrilla Metaphysics Phenomenology and the Carpentry of Things”, t.y.
  • ———. Immaterialism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.
  • ———. Nesne Yönelimli Ontoloji. İstanbul: Tellekt, 2020.
  • ———. “On the Horror of Phenomenology: Lovecraft and Husserl”. Collapse IV (2008): 333-64.
  • ———. “On the Undermining of Objects: Grant, Bruno, and Radical Philosophy”. Içinde The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism, 2011.
  • ———. “Plastic Surgery for the Monadology Leibniz via Heidegger”. Cultural Studies Review 17, no 1 (2011): 211-29.
  • ———. Prince of Networks: Bruno Latour and Metaphysics. Melbourne: re.press, 2009.
  • ———. Quentin Meillassoux: Philosophy in the Making. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “Realism without Materialism”. SubStance #125 40, no 2 (2011): 52-72.
  • ———. Sanat ve Nesneler. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2022.
  • ———. “Strange Realism: On Behalf of Objects”. The St. John’s University Humanities Review 12, no 1 (2015): 3-19.
  • ———. “The only Exit from Modern Philosophy”. Open Philosophy 3, no 1 (2020).
  • ———. The Quadruple Object. Winchester: Zero Books, 2011. Kindle edition.
  • ———. “The Third Table”. Içinde Documenta (13): 100 Notes - 100 Thoughts/100 Notizen - 100 Gedanken (Book 85), editör Katrin Sauerländer. Stuttgard: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2012.
  • ———. “Time, Space, Essence, and Eidos: A New Theory of Causation”. The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 6, no 1 (2010).
  • Harman, Graham, ve Manuel DeLanda. The Rise of Realism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Varlık ve Zaman. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018.
  • Kleinherenbrink, Arjen. “The Two Times of Objects: A Solution to the Problem of Time in Object-Oriented Ontology”. Open Philosophy 2, sy 1 (01 Ocak 2019): 539-51.
  • Latour, Bruno, Graham Harman, ve Peter Erdélyi. The Prince and the Wolf: Latour and Harman at the LSE. Winchester: Zero Books, 2011.
  • Lemke, Thomas. “Materialism without Matter: The Recurrence of Subjectivism in Object-Oriented Ontology”. Distinktion 18, no 2: 133-52.
  • Nail, Thomas. Theory of Object. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2021.
  • Wolfendale, Peter. OBJECT-ORIENTED PHILOSOPHY: The Noumenon’s New Clothes. Falmouth: Urbanomic, 2014.
  • Zahavi, Dan. “The end of what? Phenomenology vs. Speculative Realism”. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 24, no 3: 289-309.
  • Žižek, Slavoj. “Afterword: Objects, Objects Everywhere”. Içinde Slavoj Žižek and Dialectical Materialism, editör Agon Hamza ve Frank Ruda, 177-92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

ONTOLOGY, AGAIN? OBJECT-ORIENTED ONTOLOGY AND CRITICISMS

Year 2025, Issue: 41, 107 - 124, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.53844/flsf.1703100

Abstract

This article will discuss the general outlines of Object-Oriented Ontology, which has developed as a sub-branch of Speculative Realism, one of the most influential philosophical movements of our time, and the intellectual foundations that prepared its emergence. For this purpose, Graham Harman, as the central figure of this movement of thought, and his quadripolar view of the object will be examined. Harman, who thinks that all philosophy suffers from an anti-realist attitude, argues that the only way to overcome this is to establish an ontology in which objects are at the center. To this end, Harman defines objects through the concept of the quadruple structure of the object, then addresses the problem of relations between objects through the concept of indirect causality, and finally addresses the issue of how objects can be known by utilizing the concept of metaphor. In the first section, the idea of Object-Oriented Ontology will be laid out through these concepts.
The criticisms against Harman's views will be discussed in the second part of the article. These criticisms are mainly directed at Harman's failure to overcome anthropocentrism, one of her main aims. These criticisms, which also target Harman's three fundamental concepts - the quadruple structure of objects, indirect causality, and metaphor - will be presented in detail in this section. In addition, criticisms of ethics, political incompleteness, and panpsychism that can be related to this problem will also be addressed. At the same time, this section will also evaluate whether the criticisms are justified and whether Harman has given satisfactory answers to these criticisms. Finally, through these concepts, the philosophical possibilities of Harman's views will be evaluated.

References

  • Boysen, Benjamin. “The Embarrassment of Being Human: A Critique of New Materialism and Object-Oriented Ontology”. Orbis Litterarum 73, no 3 (2018): 225-42.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. İnsan Sonrası. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap, 2018.
  • Brassier, Ray. “Deleveling: Against Flat Ontologies”. İçinde Under Influence - Philosophical Festival Drift, editör Channa van Dijk, Eva van der Graaf, Michiel den Haan, Rosa de Jong, Christiaan Roodenburg, Dyane Til, ve Waal Deva, 65-80. Omnia, 2014.
  • Braver, Lee. A Thing of This World: A History of Continental Anti-Realism. USA: Northwestern University Press, 2007.
  • Bryant, Levi R. The Democracy of Objects. Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2011.
  • Canaslan, Eylem. “Bilim Felsefesine Ekolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Bruno Latour’un Çoğulcu Kavramları”. Felsefi Düşün 17 (2021): 68-91.
  • Cole, Andrew. “Those obscure objects of desire”. Artforum International 53, no 10 (2015).
  • Crutzen, P. J., ve E. F. Stoermer. The ‘Anthropocene’ (2000). İçinde Paul J. Crutzen and the Anthropocene: A New Epoch in Earth’s History, editörler Susanne Benner • Gregor Lax • Paul J. Crutzen • Ulrich Pöschl • Jos Lelieveld • Hans Günter Brauch, 19-21. Springer, 2021.
  • DeLanda, Manuel. Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. London and New York: Continuum, 2002.
  • Ferraris, Maurizio. Yeni Gerçekçilik Manifestosu. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap, 2019.
  • Gasset, Jose Ortega y. “An Essay in Esthetics by Way of a Preface”. Içinde Phenomenology and Art. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1975.
  • Harman, Graham. “Guerrilla Metaphysics Phenomenology and the Carpentry of Things”, t.y.
  • ———. Immaterialism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.
  • ———. Nesne Yönelimli Ontoloji. İstanbul: Tellekt, 2020.
  • ———. “On the Horror of Phenomenology: Lovecraft and Husserl”. Collapse IV (2008): 333-64.
  • ———. “On the Undermining of Objects: Grant, Bruno, and Radical Philosophy”. Içinde The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism, 2011.
  • ———. “Plastic Surgery for the Monadology Leibniz via Heidegger”. Cultural Studies Review 17, no 1 (2011): 211-29.
  • ———. Prince of Networks: Bruno Latour and Metaphysics. Melbourne: re.press, 2009.
  • ———. Quentin Meillassoux: Philosophy in the Making. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “Realism without Materialism”. SubStance #125 40, no 2 (2011): 52-72.
  • ———. Sanat ve Nesneler. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2022.
  • ———. “Strange Realism: On Behalf of Objects”. The St. John’s University Humanities Review 12, no 1 (2015): 3-19.
  • ———. “The only Exit from Modern Philosophy”. Open Philosophy 3, no 1 (2020).
  • ———. The Quadruple Object. Winchester: Zero Books, 2011. Kindle edition.
  • ———. “The Third Table”. Içinde Documenta (13): 100 Notes - 100 Thoughts/100 Notizen - 100 Gedanken (Book 85), editör Katrin Sauerländer. Stuttgard: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2012.
  • ———. “Time, Space, Essence, and Eidos: A New Theory of Causation”. The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 6, no 1 (2010).
  • Harman, Graham, ve Manuel DeLanda. The Rise of Realism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Varlık ve Zaman. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018.
  • Kleinherenbrink, Arjen. “The Two Times of Objects: A Solution to the Problem of Time in Object-Oriented Ontology”. Open Philosophy 2, sy 1 (01 Ocak 2019): 539-51.
  • Latour, Bruno, Graham Harman, ve Peter Erdélyi. The Prince and the Wolf: Latour and Harman at the LSE. Winchester: Zero Books, 2011.
  • Lemke, Thomas. “Materialism without Matter: The Recurrence of Subjectivism in Object-Oriented Ontology”. Distinktion 18, no 2: 133-52.
  • Nail, Thomas. Theory of Object. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2021.
  • Wolfendale, Peter. OBJECT-ORIENTED PHILOSOPHY: The Noumenon’s New Clothes. Falmouth: Urbanomic, 2014.
  • Zahavi, Dan. “The end of what? Phenomenology vs. Speculative Realism”. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 24, no 3: 289-309.
  • Žižek, Slavoj. “Afterword: Objects, Objects Everywhere”. Içinde Slavoj Žižek and Dialectical Materialism, editör Agon Hamza ve Frank Ruda, 177-92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ontology, 21st Century Philosophy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Öner Güler 0000-0002-5848-1412

Submission Date May 20, 2025
Acceptance Date July 30, 2025
Publication Date September 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 41

Cite

Chicago Güler, Öner. “ONTOLOJİ, YENİDEN? NESNE YÖNELİMLİ ONTOLOJİ VE ELEŞTİRİLER”. FLSF Felsefe Ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 41 (September 2025): 107-24. https://doi.org/10.53844/flsf.1703100.

Starting from 2024, our journal will be published in 3 issues as two regular and one special issues. These issues will be published In May (regular issue), September (special issue) and December (regular issue).

Only articles within the scope of the file will be included in our special issue. 

Thank you for your attention.