High intensity sweeteners chemicals structure, properties and applications

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 100 - 106, 30.06.2020

Osama Ibrahim

Abstract

High Intense-sweeteners (HIS) are commonly used as a sugar substitutes or sugar alternatives and provide sweet without calories. HIS are in high demands due to its multiple advantages including assisting people in losing weight or avoiding obesity and assisting diabetics to control their blood sugar level. The first known intensesweetener is Saccharine that was discovered in the year 1878. Since then scientists discovered several other intensive sweeteners that are sweater than sucrose with zero calorie. Some discovered sweeteners are Plants extract (Stevoil glycosides, and Mogrosides), semi-synthetic peptides (Aspartame, Neotame, and sucralose), and synthetic chemicals. (Saccharine, Acesulfame-K, and Cyclamate).
These High intensive sweeteners have been approved as safe for applications (1) in foods, beverages, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals products by Food and Drug administration (FDA) (2) in United States and by other similar agencies in other countries (3). The levels of these non-nutritive high intensive sweeteners used in
foods, beverages, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical products are based on the approved daily intake (ADI) by FDA and by other safety authorities worldwide. This ADI level is 100 fold lower than the safe dose demonstrated in laboratory studies. It is estimated that the global demand of HIS is exceeding 9.0 billion dollars and growing. The only HIS that is declining in global market is the old discovered sweetener Saccharine.

Keywords

High intensive sweeteners, natural sweeteners, artificial sweeteners, Saccharine, Aspartame, Acesuflame-k, Cyclamate, Sucralose, Neaotame, Stevoil glycosides (Rebaudioside-A), Tri-terpine glycoside (Mogroside-V)

References

• Kroger, M; Meister, K; kava, R, T. Low-calorie sweeteners and sugar substitutes; “A review of the safety issues” Comprehensive Review in Food Science and Food Safety. 5(2):35-47 (2006). High-Intensity Sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 19, 2014. Retrieved September 17, (2014). Food Standards Australia New Zealand: "Food Standards Australia New Zealand: Aspartame what it is and why it's used in our food". Retrieved 09-12 (2008). Generally recognized As Safe (GRAS). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 17, (2014). Wood, Jr., H.B., et. al., "Stevioside. I. The structure of the glucose moieties." J. Org. Chem. Washington, 20, 875-883, (1955). Fuiita,H. nd Edshiro,T. “Safety and utilization of stevia sweetener” The Food Industry.22 (22)1-8, (1979). ThomasJE, GladeMJ. Stevia: it’s not just about calories. The Open Obesity Journal;2: 101-109(2010). GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 461 http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.ht Dharmanda S. Luo han guo: sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb. Institute for Traditional Medicine Web site. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/luohanguo.htm. July 29, (2013). Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Doull J, et al. "Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies". Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37 (8): 629–727 (2007). Yagasaki, Makoto; Hashimoto, Shin-ichi "Synthesis and application of dipeptides; current status and perspectives". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 81 (1): 13–22 (2008). The potential intake of phenylalanine that may result from use of neotame as a general-purpose sweetener does not pose any safety concern." (FDA comments in Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 131 / 2002 /pp. 45300-10). Nofre, C.; Tinti, J.-M. "Neotame: Discovery, properties, utility". Food Chemistry 69 (3): 245–257(2000). Ma, J.; Bellon, M.; Wishart, J. M.; Young, R.; Blackshaw, L. A.; Jones, K. L.; Horowitz, M.; Rayner, C. K "Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretion hormone release in healthy subjects". AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296 (4): G735–G739 (2009). Grotz, VL; Munro, IC. "An overview of the safety of sucralose". Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP 55 (1): 1–5, (2009). Food Approves Sucralose”. "FDA Approves Sucralose". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. April 1, 1998. Archived from the original on 02-23 (2008). Renwick AG, Acceptable daily intake and regulation of intensive sweeteners. Food Additives Contam. Jul-Aug 7(4); 463-75 (1990). Moynihan, P.,Peterson,P.E.” Diet, nutrition, and the presentation of dental diseases” Public health nutriotion 7(1A):201-226 (2004). Facts about Sucralose, American Dietetic Association, (2006). Natasha Wiebe, Raj Paswa, Catherine Field, Seth Marks, Rene Jacobs and Marcella Tonelli. A systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcome. BMC Medicine, 9:123 (2011). "Saccharin warning". AP via Telegraph-Herald. -05- 22(1973). Retrieved -06-09 (2011). "EPA Removes Saccharin from Hazardous Substances Listing." December 14, (2010), accessed January 14, (2011). Karstadt,M.L. "Testing Needed for Acesulfame Potassium, an Artificial Sweetener" (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives 114- 9 (2006).Kellen R.H., 1977. Cyclamate Sweeteners. Journal of the American Medical Association. 237 (15): 1558 (1977) Serra-Majem, L. Bassas, L. García-Glosas, R. Ribas, L. Inglés, C. Casals, I. Saavedram, P. Renwick, A. G. Cyclamate intake and cyclohexylamine excretion are not related to male fertility in humans. Food Addit. Contam.; 20(12):1097-104 (2003). Mitchell, Helen. Sweeteners and sugar alternative in foods technology. Oxford UK Wiley Blackwel, P 94 (2006). Swithers SE, Davidson TL "A role for sweet taste: calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats". Behav Neurosci 122 (1): 161–73 (2008). Food and Drug Administration "Food labeling: health claims; dietary noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries". Federal Register 71 (60): 15559– 64(2006). Rizkalla SW, Lu J, Wils D, Bruzzo F, Slama G: Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a new hydrogenated starch hydrolysate in healthy and types 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Metab, 28(5): 385-390 (2002). Hartl, Brigitte. "Influence of Sweetener Solutions on Insulin Secretion and Blood Glucose Level." August Bier European Society for Ecology and Medicine, Medical School of Hanover. Vol. 40, No.4, Berlin (1993)