Conventional and Novel Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Materials

Year 2023, , 50 - 58, 28.09.2023

Zeynep Gizem Taşkıran Aleyna Dündar Hilal Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.5152/FSER.2023.23008

Abstract

The extraction method, one of the oldest known chemical processes, the first and most important step in the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from plant material. Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites found in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and stems of plants. These metabolites are produced during the life cycle to help plants survive and overcome natural barriers. Bioactive components include terpenoids, alkaloids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds, and polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, coumarins, and tannins). For the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant tissues, an appropriate extraction technique should be used that balances product quality, process efficiency, production costs, and environmentally friendly methods. To date, many techniques have been developed to obtain bioactive components. Among these techniques, conventional extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction, distillation, maceration, and infusion) are widely used in the food industry. Although these conventional techniques have been used successfully in the extraction of bioactive compounds, there are some disadvantages, such as the difference in equipment used in the techniques, time-consuming and costly methods, the need for organic solvents that harm the environment, and the potential for heat-sensitive bioactive components to be damaged. Therefore, recently, new green extraction technologies have been developed to reduce organic solvent consumption and extraction time. Among these techniques, there are some promising extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. The present review is designed to give information about the different traditional and innovative techniques used in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials and to examine the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their potential for use in the food industry.

Keywords

Bioactive components, conventional methods, extraction methods, innovative technologies

Bitkisel Materyallerdeki Biyoaktif Bileşenlerin Ekstraksiyonunda Kullanılan Konvansiyonel ve Yeni Nesil Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri

Abstract

Ekstraksiyon prosesi bilinen en eski kimyasal işlemlerden biridir ve biyoaktif bileşiklerin bitki materyalinden izolasyonu ve saflaştırılmasındaki ilk ve en önemli adımdır. Biyoaktif bileşikler bitkilerin kök, gövde, yaprak, çiçek ve saplarında bulunan sekonder metabolitlerdir. Bu metabolitler, bitkilerin hayatta kalmasına ve doğal engellerin üstesinden gelmesine yardımcı olmak için gelişim döngüsü sırasında üretilirler. Biyoaktif bileşenler arasında terpenoidler, alkoloidler, nitrojen içeren bileşikler, organosülfür bileşikleri ve polifenoller (fenolik asitler, flavonoidler, stilbenler, lignanlar, kumarinler, tanenler) yer alır. Bitki dokularından biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu için ürün kalitesini, proses verimliliğini, üretim maliyetlerini ve çevresel olarak kabul edilebilir yöntemleri dengeleyen uygun bir ekstraksiyon tekniği kullanılmalıdır. Bugüne kadar biyoaktif bileşenleri elde etmek için birçok teknik geliştirilmiştir. Bu teknikler arasında konvansiyonel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri (Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu, distilasyon, maserasyon ve infüzyon) gıda endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Konvansiyonel bu teknikler biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunda başarılı bir şekilde kullanılmasına rağmen, bu yöntemlerde kullanılan ekipmanların birbirinden farklı olması, yöntemlerin zaman alıcı, zahmetli, maliyetli olmaları ve çevreye zararlı organik çözücüler kullanılma gerekliliği ve ısıya duyarlı biyoaktif bileşenlerin bu tekniklerle zarar görmesi söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla son zamanlarda organik çözücü tüketimini ve ekstraksiyon süresini azaltmak için yeni yeşil ekstraksiyon teknolojileri geliştirilmiş ve bu amaçla mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon, ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon, enzim-destekli ekstraksiyon, süperkritik akışkan ekstraksiyonu gibi daha verimli ekstraksiyon yöntemleri kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derleme, bitki materyallerinden biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunda kullanılan farklı geleneksel ve yenilikçi teknikler hakkında bilgi vermek ve bu tekniklerin avantaj ve dezavantajlarını ve gıda endüstrisinde kullanım potansiyellerini incelemek için tasarlanmıştır.

Keywords

Biyoaktif bileşenler, geleneksel yöntemler, ekstraksiyon yöntemleri, yeni teknolojiler

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