BRICS Ülkelerinin Hizmet Ticaretinde Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükleri

Öz

Gelişmişlik düzeyi ne olursa olsun ülkeler için ekonomik yapının değişmesinde, ekonomik büyümenin sağlanmasında, işsizliğin azalmasında ve ihracatın artmasında hizmetler sektörü önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, 2016-2020 dönemi için Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük (RCA) endeksi kullanılarak, BRICS ülke grubu ile grupta yer alan her bir ülke için 12 hizmet alt sektöründe rekabet gücü incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda BRICS ülkelerinin inşaat hizmetleri, telekomünikasyon, bilgisayar ve bilişim hizmetleri ve diğer ticari hizmetlerde dünya karşısında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. BRICS grubundaki ülkeler ayrı değerlendirildiğinde ise Çin başkalarına ait fiziksel girdiler üzerine imalat ve inşaat hizmetlerinde, Rusya ise inşaat hizmetinde güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahiptir. Bununla birlikte Hindistan, Brezilya ve Güney Afrika için güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olunan hizmet alt sektörü bulunmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük Endeksi
• Hizmet Sektörü
• Rekabet Gücü
• BRICS ülkeleri

Revealed Comparative Advantages In the Services Trade of BRICS Countries

Abstract

Regardless of the level of development, the services sector has an important place in changing the economic structure, ensuring economic growth, decreasing unemployment and increasing exports for countries. In this study, competitiveness in 12 service sub-sectors for the BRICS country group and each country in the group was examined by using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index for the period 2016-2020. As a result of the study, it has been determined that BRICS countries have a comparative advantage against the world in construction services, telecommunications, computer and information services and other business services. When the countries in the BRICS group are evaluated separately, China has a strong comparative advantage in manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, and Russia in construction services. However, there is no service sub-sector with strong comparative advantage for India, Brazil and South Africa.

Keywords

• Revealed Comparative Advantage Index
• Service Sector
• Competitiveness
• BRICS countries

References

1. Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and “revealed” comparative advantage. The Manchester School, 33(2), 99-123.
2. Barattieri, A. (2014). Comparative advantage, service trade, and global imbalances. Journal of International Economics, 92(1), 1-13.
3. Buckley, P., & Majumdar, R. (2018). The services power house: Increasingly vital to world economic growth. Deloitte Insights, 12, 1-20.
4. Chemsripong, S., & Mahmood, A. (2008). Services exports: An evolution an devaluation of Thailands services exports in the context of ASEAN-5. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 7(9), 27-34.
5. Cunha, N., & Forte, R. (2017). The Comparative advantages in the services sector of developing economies. Global Economy Journal, 17(4), https://doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0063.
6. Dihel, N., Eschenbach, F., & Shepherd, B. (2006)., South-South Services Trade, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 39, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/314720701370.
7. Eken, A. A., & Yazıcı, D. (2021). Structure of Turkey’s export of services. https://tcmbblog.org/wps/wcm/connect/blog/en/main+menu/analyses/structure+of+turkeys+exports+of+services.
8. Feketekuty, G. (1988). International Trade in Services: An Overview and Blueprint for Negotiations, Cambridge, Mass.: American Enterprise Institute /Ballinger.

9. Freckleton, M. (2013). Revealed comparative advantage of services exports in Cariforum countries. Ibero-americana, 43(1/2), 169-183.
10. Hinloopen, J., & Marrewijk C. V. (2001). On the empirical distribution of the balassa ındex. Review of World Economics / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137, 1-35.
11. Hisanaga, M. (2007). Comparative advantage structure of US international services. KIER Discussion Paper, 633, https://repository.kulib.kyotou.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/129547/1/DP633.pdf.
12. Khanna, A., Papadavid, P., Tyson, J., & te Velde, D. W. (2016). The role of services in economic transformation–with an application to Kenya. Supporting Economic Transformation. https://set.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Role-of-Services-in-Economic-Transformation_Kenya.pdf.
13. Kılıçarslan, Z. (2019). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerinde Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük Analizi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Ekim 2019 Özel Sayısı, 326-339.
14. Langhammer, R. J. (2004). Revealed comparative advantages in the services trade of the United States, the European Union and Japan: what do they tell us?. The journal of World investment & trade, 5(6), 887-896.
15. Mohamed, A. (2020). Why trade in services matters for development and inclusiveness in Africa. http://www.ipsnews.net/2020/02/trade-services-matters-development-inclusiveness-africa/
16. Nath, H. K., Liu, L., & Tochkov, K. (2015). Comparative advantages in US bilateral services trade with China and India. Journal of Asian Economics, 38, 79-92.
17. Park, S. (2020). Quality of transport infrastructure and logistics as source of comparative advantage. Transport Policy, 99, 54-62.
18. Sáez, S., Taglioni, D., Van der Marel, E., Hollweg, C. H., & Zavacka, V. (2015). Valuing services in trade: A toolkit for competitiveness diagnostics. World Bank Publications.
19. Seyoum, B. (2007). Revealed comparative advantage and competitiveness in services: A study with special emphasis on developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies. 34(5), 376-388.
20. Tapp, S. (2016). The growing importance of services in Canadian trade, Policy Options Politiques. https://policyoptions.irpp.org/fr/magazines/aout-2016/the-growing-importance-of-services-in-canadian-trade/
21. UKEssays. (November 2018). Role of service sector in economic development. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/role-service-sector-economic-8066.php?vref=1.
22. UNCTAD, (2010). Services, trade and development, https://unctad.org/topic/trade-agreements/services.
23. United Nations (UN), (2010) Manual on statistics of international trade in services 2010. New York: United Nations Publication.
24. Wang, Y., Cui, L., Ding, L., & Ma, S. (2010, June). The empirical study of comparative advantage of Chinese and Indian service industries: A comparative perspective. In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation & Technology (pp. 384-389).
25. WDI (2020), World development indicators, Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS?end=2020&start=2016, Erişim Tarihi: 07.8.2021.
26. WDI, World Development Indicators, (2019), In 2017, services were the main driver of economic growth in BRICS, https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/services-drive-economic-growth.html
27. Wosiek R, & Visvizi A. (2021). The VWRCA Index: Measuring a country’s comparative advantage and specialization in services. The case of Poland. Economies, 9(2): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020048
28. WTO (2006). The general agreement on trade in services, https://newdoc.nccu.edu.tw/teasyllabus/1082351729001/W1%20Introducion_to_GATS.WTO.pdf.
29. WTO, (2019). World Trade Statistical Review, Erişim Adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2021.