Kadın Girişimciliğinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Açısından İncelenmesi: Özbekistan Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması

Öz

Neoliberal politikalarda girişimciliğin ekonomik kalkınma için itici güç olarak vurgulanması ile geç kapitalistleşmiş ülkelerde yoksulluğun azaltılması ve kalkınmak için girişimcilik teşvikleri yaygınlaşmıştır. Özbekistan gibi ataerkil yapıya sahip toplumda girişimcilik, bunun yanı sıra, kadınlar için iş hayatı ve hane içindeki rollerini uzlaştıracak çalışma biçimi olarak teşvik edilmeye başlamıştır. Feminist literatür incelendiğinde, ataerkil düzenin kadınların çalışma ve yaşam deneyimlerini önemli derecede erkeklerden farklılaştırdığı ve kadınların sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi alanlarda erkeklere göre daha dezavantajlı konumda olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte kapitalistleşme sürecinin farklı aşamalarında kapitalist sistemin ihtiyaçlarına kimi zaman çatışan, kimi zaman uzlaşan bir yanıt olarak ataerkil yapının kadın ve erkek için belirlediği roller değişebilmektedir. Bu durum Özbekistan’da geç kapitalistleşme sürecinde kadınların girişimcilik faaliyetini toplumsal cinsiyet açısından değerlendirmeye ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmamızda, kadınların deneyimlerini kendi açıklamalarından anlamaya imkân sağlayan eleştirel yaklaşım ve niteliksel araştırma teknikleri kullanarak Özbekistan’da kadın girişimciliğinin özellikleri ve kadın girişimcilerin deneyimlerini anlamaya çaba gösterilmiştir. Girişimciliğin kadınların toplumsal konumuna etki edip etmediği, ettiyse bu etkinin ne yönde olduğu üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadın Girişimciliği
• Kalkınma
• Özbekistan
• Toplumsal Cinsiyet

Study of Women's Entrepreneurship from Gender Perspective: a Field in Uzbekistan

Abstract

With the emphasis on entrepreneurship as a driving force for economic development in neoliberal policies, entrepreneurship is widely promoted for development and poverty eradication in late capitalist countries. In a patriarchal society such as Uzbekistan, entrepreneurship has also begun to be encouraged as a way of employment that will balance women’s roles in business life and household. From the feminist literature, it is known that women’s work and life experiences differ significantly from men’s due to the patriarchal structure, and women are more disadvantaged than men in social, economic and political areas. However, the roles determined by the patriarchal structure for men and women can change as a response, sometimes conflicting and sometimes reconciliating, to the needs of the capitalist system at different stages. This situation indicates a need to study women’s entrepreneurial activity from a gender perspective in a late capitalist country like Uzbekistan. In this study, we made an effort to understand the characteristics of women entrepreneurship and the experiences of women entrepreneurs in Uzbekistan by using the critical approach and qualitative research techniques that allow us to understand women’s experiences from their own explanations. An evaluation has been made on whether entrepreneurship affects the social position of women and if so, in which way.

Keywords

• women entrepreneurship
• development
• Uzbekitan
• gender

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